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Trauma, Violence & Abuse Apr 2023COVID-19 outbreak and the followed confinement measures have raised concerns to specialists worldwide regarding the imminent increase in domestic violence cases. The... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
COVID-19 outbreak and the followed confinement measures have raised concerns to specialists worldwide regarding the imminent increase in domestic violence cases. The present systematic review aims to identify the international trends in domestic violence during the COVID-19 epidemic and to examine the possible differences among all population groups and different geographic areas worldwide.
METHOD
The following databases were accessed: DOAJ, ERIC, Google Scholar, ProQuest, Pubmed, PsycNet, and SCOPUS, up to July 22, 2020.
RESULTS
A total of 32 studies were considered eligible. Data from North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific Area, Africa, and worldwide researches were retrieved. COVID-19 has caused an increase in domestic violence cases, especially during the first week of the COVID-19 lockdown in each country. In children, however, although the specialists' estimations suggested an increase in child maltreatment and abuse cases, the rate of police and social services' reports has declined during the COVID-19 pandemic. School closures that isolated students at home seemed to have contributed to this decrease.
CONCLUSIONS
Domestic violence has been a considerable issue imposed by the COVID-19 epidemic to a worldwide context. The home confinement led to constant contact between perpetrators and victims, resulting in increased violence and decreased reports. In order to minimize such issues, prevention measures and supporting programs are necessary.
Topics: Humans; Child; COVID-19; Pandemics; Communicable Disease Control; Domestic Violence; Child Abuse
PubMed: 34402325
DOI: 10.1177/15248380211038690 -
Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 2022to identify scientific evidence on gender violence perpetrated against trans women. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
to identify scientific evidence on gender violence perpetrated against trans women.
METHODS
integrative review, carried out in June 2020, without time frame, in the Scopus, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, WoS, PsycInfo and LILACS databases. The controlled descriptors of DeCS, MeSH and their entry terms were used: "Transgender People", "Transgender", "Gender Identity", "Transsexuality", "Gender Violence", "Aggression", "Sexual Offenses", "Rape", "Violence", "Domestic Violence". The presentation and synthesis of the results were presented in the PRISMA-2009 flowchart.
RESULTS
the final sample, consisting of 16 articles, identified different types of violence (sexual, physical, verbal, psychological and financial), perpetrated by family members, strangers, police officers, intimate partners, health professionals, acquaintances, or friends.
CONCLUSIONS
trans women suffer violence and social exclusion that result from stigma and discrimination due to gender identity and result in unrestricted damage to physical health.
Topics: Domestic Violence; Female; Gender Identity; Gender-Based Violence; Humans; Intimate Partner Violence; Male; Sex Offenses; Transsexualism
PubMed: 35262561
DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2021-0173 -
JAMA Pediatrics Nov 2018Early adversity is associated with leading causes of adult morbidity and mortality and effects on life opportunities.
IMPORTANCE
Early adversity is associated with leading causes of adult morbidity and mortality and effects on life opportunities.
OBJECTIVE
To provide an updated prevalence estimate of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in the United States using a large, diverse, and representative sample of adults in 23 states.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
Data were collected through the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), an annual, nationally representative telephone survey on health-related behaviors, health conditions, and use of preventive services, from January 1, 2011, through December 31, 2014. Twenty-three states included the ACE assessment in their BRFSS. Respondents included 248 934 noninstitutionalized adults older than 18 years. Data were analyzed from March 15 to April 25, 2017.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
The ACE module consists of 11 questions collapsed into the following 8 categories: physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, household mental illness, household substance use, household domestic violence, incarcerated household member, and parental separation or divorce. Lifetime ACE prevalence estimates within each subdomain were calculated (range, 1.00-8.00, with higher scores indicating greater exposure) and stratified by sex, age group, race/ethnicity, annual household income, educational attainment, employment status, sexual orientation, and geographic region.
RESULTS
Of the 214 157 respondents included in the sample (51.51% female), 61.55% had at least 1 and 24.64% reported 3 or more ACEs. Significantly higher ACE exposures were reported by participants who identified as black (mean score, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.62-1.76), Hispanic (mean score, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.70-1.91), or multiracial (mean score, 2.52; 95% CI, 2.36-2.67), those with less than a high school education (mean score, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.88-2.05), those with income of less than $15 000 per year (mean score, 2.16; 95% CI, 2.09-2.23), those who were unemployed (mean score, 2.30; 95% CI, 2.21-2.38) or unable to work (mean score, 2.33; 95% CI, 2.25-2.42), and those identifying as gay/lesbian (mean score 2.19; 95% CI, 1.95-2.43) or bisexual (mean score, 3.14; 95% CI, 2.82-3.46) compared with those identifying as white, those completing high school or more education, those in all other income brackets, those who were employed, and those identifying as straight, respectively. Emotional abuse was the most prevalent ACE (34.42%; 95% CI, 33.81%-35.03%), followed by parental separation or divorce (27.63%; 95% CI, 27.02%-28.24%) and household substance abuse (27.56%; 95% CI, 27.00%-28.14%).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
This report demonstrates the burden of ACEs among the US adult population using the largest and most diverse sample to date. These findings highlight that childhood adversity is common across sociodemographic characteristics, but some individuals are at higher risk of experiencing ACEs than others. Although identifying and treating ACE exposure is important, prioritizing primary prevention of ACEs is critical to improve health and life outcomes throughout the lifespan and across generations.
Topics: Adult; Adverse Childhood Experiences; Black or African American; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; Domestic Violence; Female; Hispanic or Latino; Humans; Male; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; Young Adult
PubMed: 30242348
DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.2537 -
Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health... Jun 2019
Topics: Diagnosis; Domestic Violence; General Practice; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Intimate Partner Violence; Physicians
PubMed: 31057010
DOI: 10.1080/02813432.2019.1608638 -
British Dental Journal Feb 2023
Topics: Humans; Child; Domestic Violence; Child Abuse; Dentistry
PubMed: 36765222
DOI: 10.1038/s41415-023-5522-5 -
Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal Feb 2022Domestic violence (DV) against infertile women is an important health concern affecting their well-being. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Domestic violence (DV) against infertile women is an important health concern affecting their well-being. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the prevalence of DV against infertile women. The study was done based on the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guideline. Various international electronic databases were utilised in order to retrieve the necessary data. Articles were included if they were cross-sectional studies published in English and in Persian journals and investigated the prevalence of DV against infertile women up to May 2020. Out of 630 studies, 26 cross-sectional studies were systematically reviewed, from which 15 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The experiences of DV varied widely among the infertile women (14.987-88.918%). The results of meta-analysis showed that the prevalence of DV stood at 47.163% (95% Confidence Interval: 34.660-59.850). Psychological and emotional violence were among the most common types of violence. Considering the high rate of DV, it is recommended that policymakers address the issue by providing supportive care to such vulnerable populations, including educational and counselling services.
Topics: Domestic Violence; Female; Humans; Infertility, Female; Prevalence
PubMed: 35299802
DOI: 10.18295/squmj.5.2021.075 -
Health & Social Care in the Community Nov 2022Increased rates of domestic violence (DV) have been associated with events such as public holidays, seasonal variations, disasters and economic crises. Sport is seen as... (Review)
Review
Increased rates of domestic violence (DV) have been associated with events such as public holidays, seasonal variations, disasters and economic crises. Sport is seen as gendered, exemplifying hegemonic masculinity and associated violence, with the link between sporting culture and violence against women well recognised. This paper reports on a systematic review of empirical research literature exploring the link between major sporting events and incidence of DV. We searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus and Proquest Central databases from inception to December 2020 for quantitative studies examining major sports events and reports of DV using a pre-post comparison design. Study quality was assessed using the Kmet quality assessment tool. The review identified 1445 records following duplicate removal. Once screened and assessed for eligibility, 12 studies met the inclusion criteria. Results are presented qualitatively due to the heterogeneity across studies. Most studies originated in North America and the United Kingdom, used police records as their data source for measuring incidences of DV and few looked beyond the day of the sports event for recorded incidences of DV. Studies reviewed suggested that there is an association between certain major sports events and increased reporting of DV. However, studies' findings conflicted with regards to whether increases were associated with contact sports, the rivalry between competing teams, whether the events were emotionally salient and whether alcohol was a contributing factor. In conclusion, there is limited research globally. Heterogeneity and conflicting findings mean that more research is needed to understand the associations and inform community prevention/interventions to address DV.
Topics: Male; Female; Humans; Domestic Violence; Police; Sports; United Kingdom; Masculinity
PubMed: 36129100
DOI: 10.1111/hsc.14028 -
International Journal of Law and... 2020A heightened risk of domestic violence has been associated with infection-reducing measures undertaken by governments during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatric services... (Review)
Review
A heightened risk of domestic violence has been associated with infection-reducing measures undertaken by governments during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatric services can play a key role in addressing this issue by (a) addressing certain risk factors for perpetration of domestic violence through, for example, assertive identification and management of substance misuse; (b) providing support, advocacy and treatment services for victims of domestic violence; and (c) multi-agency working to strengthen medical and social responses to domestic violence. At a time like this, it is important that multi-disciplinary mental health services are strengthened, rather than depleted, in order to address the pressing issues at hand.
Topics: Adult; Battered Women; Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Domestic Violence; Female; Humans; Mental Health Services; Pandemics; Physician's Role; Pneumonia, Viral; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 32768101
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101594 -
International Journal of Environmental... Apr 2022Domestic violence (DV) is an important public health topic with a high prevalence in society. Dentists are also frontline responders to DV, as they not only treat... (Review)
Review
Domestic violence (DV) is an important public health topic with a high prevalence in society. Dentists are also frontline responders to DV, as they not only treat victims of DV with dental injuries, but they can also screen for the presence of DV because they see patients for regular check-ups. Using the WHO definition, which describes domestic violence as intimate partner violence, 17 papers could be included in our analyses. The results of this review clearly indicated that although dentists, as members of the health care sector, are important frontline responders to DV, they are neither trained adequately at medical school nor do most feel competent enough to ask victims about DV or support them as needed. DV is often not taught at dentistry schools at all. The aims of this review were to provide an overview of existing literature on dentists' knowledge and beliefs regarding DV, whether and how DV is taught in medical education and to give recommendations on how to improve the education of dentists on this topic. Based on our findings, we recommend that DV education should be mandatory at dentistry schools and in further training for dentists with a focus on communication with victims, how DV can be identified and how to support victims well.
Topics: Dentists; Domestic Violence; Humans; Prevalence
PubMed: 35410043
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074361 -
International Journal of Environmental... Dec 2021This rapid systematic review describes violence and health outcomes among child domestic workers (CDWs) taken from 17 studies conducted in low- and middle-income... (Review)
Review
This rapid systematic review describes violence and health outcomes among child domestic workers (CDWs) taken from 17 studies conducted in low- and middle-income countries. Our analysis estimated the median reported rates of violence in CDWs aged 5-17-year-olds to be 56.2% (emotional; range: 13-92%), 18.9% (physical; range: 1.7-71.4%), and 2.2% (sexual; range: 0-62%). Both boys and girls reported emotional abuse and sexual violence with emotional abuse being the most common. In Ethiopia and India, violence was associated with severe physical injuries and sexual insecurity among a third to half of CDWs. CDWs in India and Togo reported lower levels of psycho-social well-being than controls. In India, physical punishment was correlated with poor psycho-social well-being of CDWs [OR: 3.6; 95% CI: 3.2-4; < 0.0001]. Across the studies, between 7% and 68% of CDWs reported work-related illness and injuries, and one third to half had received no medical treatment. On average, children worked between 9 and 15 h per day with no rest days. Findings highlight that many CDWs are exposed to abuse and other health hazards but that conditions vary substantially by context. Because of the often-hidden nature of child domestic work, future initiatives will need to be specifically designed to reach children in private households. Young workers will also benefit from strategies to change social norms around the value and vulnerability of children in domestic work and the long-term implications of harm during childhood.
Topics: Child; Child Abuse; Domestic Violence; Family; Family Characteristics; Female; Humans; Male; Sex Offenses; Violence
PubMed: 35010705
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010427