-
Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi Feb 2022Diatom detection is an important method for identifying drowning and throwing corpses after death and inferring the drowning sites in forensic examination of corpses in... (Review)
Review
Diatom detection is an important method for identifying drowning and throwing corpses after death and inferring the drowning sites in forensic examination of corpses in water. In recent years,high-throughput sequencing technology has achieved rapid development and has been widely used in research related to diatom taxonomic investigations. This paper reviews the research status and prospects of high-throughput sequencing technology and its application in forensic diatom detection.
Topics: Cadaver; Diatoms; Drowning; Forensic Pathology; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Lung; Technology
PubMed: 35725700
DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2021.410807 -
Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi Feb 2017These external and internal signs of drowning are non-specific. Therefore, diagnosis of drowning is always one of the most difficult tasks in forensic pathology. This... (Review)
Review
These external and internal signs of drowning are non-specific. Therefore, diagnosis of drowning is always one of the most difficult tasks in forensic pathology. This paper meticulously and comprehensively reviews research progress on the diagnosis of drowning in pathological signs, laboratory examination, immunohistochemistry test and virtopsy technology, and it also prospects the research direction of diagnosis of drowning.
Topics: Drowning; Forensic Pathology; Humans; Immunohistochemistry
PubMed: 29231009
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.01.011 -
Scandinavian Journal of Trauma,... Jul 2017In 2002, the World Congress on Drowning developed a uniform definition for drowning. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of "non-uniform drowning... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
In 2002, the World Congress on Drowning developed a uniform definition for drowning. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of "non-uniform drowning terminology" (NUDT) and "non-uniform drowning definitions" (NUDD) in peer-reviewed scientific literature from 2010 to 2016, and compare these findings with those from our unpublished study performing a similar analysis on literature from 2003 to 2010.
METHODS
A systematic review was performed using drowning-specific search terms in Pubmed and Web of Science. Titles and abstracts published between July 2010 and January 2016 were screened for relevance to the study focus. Articles meeting screening criteria were reviewed for exclusion criteria to produce the final group of studies. These articles were reviewed by four reviewers for NUDT and NUDD. The Fisher exact test was used to determine any statistically significant changes.
RESULTS
The final group of studies included 167 articles. A total of 53 articles (32%) utilized NUDT, with 100% of these including the term "near drowning". The proportion of articles utilizing NUDT was significantly less than reported by our previous study (p < 0.05). In addition, 32% of the articles included a definition for drowning (uniform or non-uniform), with 15% of these utilizing NUDD.
DISCUSSION
Our study reveals a statistically significant improvement over the past thirteen years in the use of uniform drowning terminology in peer-reviewed scientific literature, although year-to-year variability over the current study period does not yield an obvious trend.
CONCLUSIONS
Of the articles reviewed during the 2010-2016 study period, 32% included outdated and non-uniform drowning terminology and definitions. While this reveals an absolute decrease of 11% as compared with the previous study period (2003-2010), there is still significant room for improvement.
Topics: Drowning; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 28716063
DOI: 10.1186/s13049-017-0405-x -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Dec 2018Recent advances in genetic data generation, through massive parallel sequencing (MPS), storage and analysis have fostered significant progresses in microbial forensics... (Review)
Review
Recent advances in genetic data generation, through massive parallel sequencing (MPS), storage and analysis have fostered significant progresses in microbial forensics (or forensic microbiology). Initial applications in circumstances of biocrime, bioterrorism and epidemiology are now accompanied by the prospect of using microorganisms (i) as ancillary evidence in criminal cases; (ii) to clarify causes of death (e.g., drownings, toxicology, hospital-acquired infections, sudden infant death and shaken baby syndromes); (iii) to assist human identification (skin, hair and body fluid microbiomes); (iv) for geolocation (soil microbiome); and (v) to estimate postmortem interval (thanatomicrobiome and epinecrotic microbial community). When compared with classical microbiological methods, MPS offers a diverse range of advantages and alternative possibilities. However, prior to its implementation in the forensic context, critical efforts concerning the elaboration of standards and guidelines consolidated by the creation of robust and comprehensive reference databases must be undertaken.
Topics: Cause of Death; Cross Infection; Drowning; Forensic Sciences; Forensic Toxicology; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Microbiological Techniques; Microbiota; Postmortem Changes; Shaken Baby Syndrome; Soil Microbiology; Sudden Infant Death
PubMed: 30302518
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9414-6 -
PloS One 2021Coastal drowning is a global public health problem which requires evidence to support safety initiatives. The growing multidisciplinary body of coastal drowning research... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Coastal drowning is a global public health problem which requires evidence to support safety initiatives. The growing multidisciplinary body of coastal drowning research and associated prevention countermeasures is diverse and has not been characterised as a whole. The objective of this scoping review was to identify key concepts, findings, evidence and research gaps in the coastal drowning literature to guide future research and inform prevention activities.
METHODS
We conducted a scoping review to identify peer reviewed studies published before May 2020 reporting either (i) fatal unintentional coastal drowning statistics from non-boating, -disaster or -occupational aetiologies; (ii) risk factors for unintentional fatal coastal drowning; or (iii) coastal drowning prevention strategies. Systematic searches were conducted in six databases, two authors independently screened studies for inclusion and one author extracted data using a standardised data charting form developed by the study team.
RESULTS
Of the 146 included studies, the majority (76.7%) were from high income countries, 87 (59.6%) reported coastal drowning deaths, 61 (41.8%) reported risk factors, and 88 (60.3%) reported prevention strategies. Populations, data sources and coastal water site terminology in the studies varied widely; as did reported risk factors, which most frequently related to demographics such as gender and age. Prevention strategies were commonly based on survey data or expert opinion and primarily focused on education, lifeguards and signage. Few studies (n = 10) evaluated coastal drowning prevention strategies.
DISCUSSION
Coastal drowning is an expansive, multidisciplinary field that demands cross-sector collaborative research. Gaps to be addressed in coastal safety research include the lack of research from lower resourced settings, unclear and inconsistent terminology and reporting, and the lack of evaluation for prevention strategies. Advancing coastal drowning science will result in a stronger evidence base from which to design and implement effective countermeasures that ultimately save lives and keep people safe.
Topics: Drowning; Humans; Risk Factors
PubMed: 33524054
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246034 -
Injury Prevention : Journal of the... Feb 2019Epidemiological characteristics and recent trends in unintentional drowning at the national level in China are unreported.
BACKGROUND
Epidemiological characteristics and recent trends in unintentional drowning at the national level in China are unreported.
METHODS
Using data from the Disease Surveillance Points system, the overall, sex-, location-, age- and cause-specific age-standardised mortality from unintentional drowning in China were calculated and compared. Linear regression was used to examine the significance of mortality trend changes over time.
RESULTS
The average mortality was 4.05 per 100 000 persons between 2006 and 2013. Men and rural residents had much higher drowning mortality rates than women and urban residents at all time points. Drowning following a fall into natural water was the most common mechanism (46% of all drowning deaths). The overall drowning mortality rate remained stable for all subgroups except for distinct decreases in urban residents, children aged 5-9 years, and other specified and unspecified drowning (-10%, -36% and -25%, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
The overall drowning mortality rate remained high and stable in China between 2006 and 2013. Effective prevention measures like removing or covering water hazards, wearing personal floatation devices, supervision of children, and teaching survival swimming and resuscitation skills should be implemented nationwide.
Topics: Accident Prevention; Accidental Falls; Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Drowning; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Policy Making; Population Surveillance; Public Health; Sex Distribution; Swimming; Young Adult
PubMed: 29691315
DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042713 -
The American Journal of Emergency... Jun 2021Many victims of drowning fatalities are lay-people attempting to rescue another. This review aims to identify the safest techniques and equipment (improved or purpose... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Many victims of drowning fatalities are lay-people attempting to rescue another. This review aims to identify the safest techniques and equipment (improved or purpose made) for an untrained bystander to use when attempting a water rescue.
METHOD
A sample of 249 papers were included after the bibliographic search, in which 19 were finally selected following PRISMA methodology and 3 peer review proceeding presented at international conferences. A total of 22 documents were added to qualitative synthesis.
RESULTS
Geographical location, economic level, physical fitness, or experience may vary the profile of the lay-rescuers and how to safely perform a water rescue. Four lay-rescuers profiles were identified: 1) Children rescuing children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), 2) Adults rescuing adults or children, 3) Lay-people with some experience and rescue training, 4) Lay-people with cultural or professional motivations. Three types of techniques used by those lay-rescuers profiles: a) non-contact techniques for rescues from land: throw and reach, b) non-contact techniques for rescue using a flotation device and, c) contact techniques for rescue into the water: swim and tow with or without fins.
CONCLUSION
The expert recommendation of the safest technique for a lay-rescuer is to attempt rescue using a pole, rope, or flotation equipment without entering the water. However, despite the recommendations of non-contact rescues from land, there is a global tendency to attempt contact rescues in the water, despite a lack of evidence on which technique, procedure or equipment contributes to a safer rescue. Training strategies for lay-people should be considered.
Topics: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Drowning; Humans; Rescue Work
PubMed: 33578330
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.01.069 -
BMC Public Health Nov 2022Drowning is a serious worldwide and preventable injury problem, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The aim of this paper is to draw on the results...
BACKGROUND
Drowning is a serious worldwide and preventable injury problem, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The aim of this paper is to draw on the results of semi-structured interviews with witnesses, family members and friends of persons involved in fatal and nonfatal drowning incidents to describe the circumstances of drowning in both lakeside and non-lakeside districts and to identify potential contextually appropriate interventions for drowning prevention and surveillance in Uganda.
METHODS
The findings presented in this study were based on data collected from study participants selected through purposive sampling comprising 324 individual face-to-face interviews with drowning witnesses, family members, friends of and survivors of drowning and ten (10) focus group discussions held with community members in 14 districts in Uganda. Data analysis was done using the Framework Analysis Approach with the aid of the Microsoft Atlas ti software (version 8) program.
RESULTS
The study results reveal a range of circumstances under which drowning occurs in Uganda, poor record keeping of drowning incidents, fear of reporting drowning incidences to the authorities, challenges in preventing drowning and proposed strategies for mitigating the problem.
CONCLUSIONS
This study found that there is no specialized record keeping system for drowning cases in Uganda and where such records are kept, the system is entirely manual (in hard copy form) with no electronic storage of data. Secondly, the drowning cases reported to police posts and stations in various parts of the country are not transmitted to the district headquarters and national database. These and other conclusions not only provide valuable insights into understanding of drowning circumstances but also the key policy and programme interventions for water-based economic activities such as fishing and public water transportation in Uganda and other LMICs.
Topics: Humans; Drowning; Uganda; Qualitative Research; Focus Groups; Water
PubMed: 36335357
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14461-6 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Aug 2017This article summarizes the current knowledge of drowning-induced hyperfibrinolytic disseminated intravascular coagulation. Drowning induces respiratory failure with... (Review)
Review
This article summarizes the current knowledge of drowning-induced hyperfibrinolytic disseminated intravascular coagulation. Drowning induces respiratory failure with ensuing cardiac arrest, hypoxaemia and ischaemia. A coagulopathy is induced by ischaemia, acidosis and hypothermia, and clinically the patient develops uncontrolled bleeding due to hyperfibrinolysis. A rapid diagnostic approach is required to recognize this hyperfibrinolytic state, since initiation of treatment with antifibrinolytics and fibrinogen concentrate may bring this life-threatening condition to cessation.
Topics: Antifibrinolytic Agents; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation; Humans; Near Drowning; Thrombelastography; Tranexamic Acid
PubMed: 28874237
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Environmental... Nov 2022Drowning is a serious public health concern. Low-and-middle-income countries are the most affected by drowning, as they carry 90% of the global drowning burden. The...
Drowning is a serious public health concern. Low-and-middle-income countries are the most affected by drowning, as they carry 90% of the global drowning burden. The purpose of this retrospective epidemiological study is to provide an overview of fatal drownings in South Africa between 2016 and 2021. The data used for the study were obtained from the South African Police Service. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. Statistical analyses included a t-test and chi-square test. The results indicate that the average number of fatal drownings per annum is 1477 in South Africa, with an average drowning rate of 2.54 per 100,000 population for the period 2016 to 2021. The KwaZulu-Natal province had the highest incidence of drowning. The 0-4-year-age group has the highest prevalence of drowning among all the age categories. More males drowned in South Africa compared to females.
Topics: Male; Female; Humans; Drowning; South Africa; Retrospective Studies; Incidence; Police
PubMed: 36429836
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215121