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Emergencias : Revista de La Sociedad...This narrative review discusses the evidence relevant to key aspects of drowning, which is defined by the World Health Organization as the process of respiratory... (Review)
Review
This narrative review discusses the evidence relevant to key aspects of drowning, which is defined by the World Health Organization as the process of respiratory difficulty caused by submersion/immersion in liquid. The length of time the victim is submerged is a key factor in survival and neurologic damage. Although respiratory distress and hypoxia are the main events, other complications affecting various systems and organs may develop. Drowning is one of the main causes of accidental death worldwide, yet deaths from drowning are underestimated and morbidity is unknown. Prevention is essential for reducing both mortality and morbidity, but if prevention fails, the speed of access to and the quality of prehospital and hospital care will determine the prognosis. It is therefore essential to understand the factors and mechanisms involved in these emergencies.
Topics: Age Factors; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Cause of Death; Drowning; Emergencies; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Immersion; International Classification of Diseases; Male; Prognosis; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Survivors; Time Factors
PubMed: 31347808
DOI: No ID Found -
Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) Mar 2016Drowning physiology relates to two different events: immersion (upper airway above water) and submersion (upper airway under water). Immersion involves integrated... (Review)
Review
Drowning physiology relates to two different events: immersion (upper airway above water) and submersion (upper airway under water). Immersion involves integrated cardiorespiratory responses to skin and deep body temperature, including cold shock, physical incapacitation, and hypovolemia, as precursors of collapse and submersion. The physiology of submersion includes fear of drowning, diving response, autonomic conflict, upper airway reflexes, water aspiration and swallowing, emesis, and electrolyte disorders. Submersion outcome is determined by cardiac, pulmonary, and neurological injury. Knowledge of drowning physiology is scarce. Better understanding may identify methods to improve survival, particularly related to hot-water immersion, cold shock, cold-induced physical incapacitation, and fear of drowning.
Topics: Animals; Cold Temperature; Diving; Drowning; Heart; Humans; Reflex; Water
PubMed: 26889019
DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00002.2015 -
The New England Journal of Medicine May 2012
Review
Topics: Age Factors; Child; Drowning; Female; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Male; Near Drowning; Resuscitation; Risk Factors
PubMed: 22646632
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1013317 -
BMC Pediatrics Sep 2021We looked at existing recommendations for preventing unintentional injuries in children under five years of age, and we attempted to identify the main sources used as... (Review)
Review
We looked at existing recommendations for preventing unintentional injuries in children under five years of age, and we attempted to identify the main sources used as evidence for formulating these recommendations.We conducted a literature search up to the 18th October 2019 by using key terms and manual search in selected sources. We summarized the recommendations and source of the evidence in tables for each of five areas of unintentional injuries: road traffic injuries, drowning, poisoning, thermal injuries, falls.In 2008, the World Health Organization (WHO) published a comprehensive report with strategies for child injury prevention for the European region. More recently, the WHO published several guidance documents focused on one area such as drowning, usually with a global focus. The PrevInfad workgroup (Spanish Association of Primary Care Pediatrics) updated their document on road safety in April 2019, providing recommendations and a summary of the existing evidence. Preventive strategies for injuries in childhood are mainly based on surveillance data and the identification of risk factors. The key strategies for preventing unintentional injuries are a combination of environmental and behaviour modification, that can be achieved through engineering, enforcement and education. Consequently, for this kind of strategies, it is important to evaluate the effectiveness of both the intervention itself, and the way the intervention is advised to parents and caretakers so that there is good compliance of the recommendation.
Topics: Accidental Falls; Accidental Injuries; Accidents, Traffic; Burns; Child; Child, Preschool; Drowning; Humans; Infant; Risk Factors; Wounds and Injuries
PubMed: 34496772
DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-02517-2 -
Minerva Anestesiologica Jan 2012Approximately 500,000 deaths due to drowning are reported annually, 30,000 of which are reported in Europe. Because of the relatively low incidence of drowning victims... (Review)
Review
Approximately 500,000 deaths due to drowning are reported annually, 30,000 of which are reported in Europe. Because of the relatively low incidence of drowning victims at emergency departments, most emergency physicians do not routinely handle drowning victims. Although confusion regarding the classification and pathophysiology of drowning could be reduced by following the Utstein style consensus, the application of therapeutic modalities and, most important, the estimation of probable prognostic outcomes remain difficult for emergency physicians. This article presents an overview of the classification, pathophysiology, emergency-department treatment and prognostic outcomes of drowning accidents.
Topics: Accidents; Adult; Aging; Algorithms; Child; Drowning; Emergency Medical Services; Humans; Hypothermia; Hypoxia; Near Drowning; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies; Rewarming
PubMed: 21623341
DOI: No ID Found -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Oct 2023According to the International Life Saving Federation (ILS), integrating lifeguards in the local or regional emergency medical service (EMS) is a necessity to prevent... (Review)
Review
According to the International Life Saving Federation (ILS), integrating lifeguards in the local or regional emergency medical service (EMS) is a necessity to prevent drowning and improve prehospital treatment in selected situations. This review describes the organisation of lifeguards in Denmark, focusing on essential skills and equipment to assist prehospital EMS in drowning, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, and search and rescue operations. Standardised requirements for the medical education of lifeguards are warranted to improve prehospital treatment and integration in the EMS.
Topics: Humans; Drowning; Emergency Medical Services; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest; Denmark
PubMed: 37873984
DOI: No ID Found -
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine Jul 2018Drowning is a common and often preventable cause of death, especially in children. The mass media often propagate misinformation about "dry" and "secondary" drowning,... (Review)
Review
Drowning is a common and often preventable cause of death, especially in children. The mass media often propagate misinformation about "dry" and "secondary" drowning, diverting attention from appropriate efforts to prevent drowning and rescue and treat those who do drown.
Topics: Adolescent; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Child; Child, Preschool; Drowning; Humans; Infant; Public Health
PubMed: 30004377
DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.85a.17070 -
The Medico-legal Journal Mar 2022Internationally, drowning is a leading cause of accidental death that features in many legal cases. In these cases, possible mitigations and the 'pain and suffering' in...
Internationally, drowning is a leading cause of accidental death that features in many legal cases. In these cases, possible mitigations and the 'pain and suffering' in terms of the duration and subjective experience of drowning are often pivotal in determining levels of compensation and outcome. As a result, there is a requirement to understand the stages of the drowning process, and the duration and physiological and subjective responses associated with each stage. In this short review we focus on these issues.
Topics: Drowning; Humans
PubMed: 34791956
DOI: 10.1177/00258172211053127 -
American Family Physician Apr 2016Nearly 4,000 drowning deaths occur annually in the United States, with drowning representing the most common injury-related cause of death in children one to four years... (Review)
Review
Nearly 4,000 drowning deaths occur annually in the United States, with drowning representing the most common injury-related cause of death in children one to four years of age. Drowning is a process that runs the spectrum from brief entry of liquid into the airways with subsequent clearance and only minor temporary injury, to the prolonged presence of fluid in the lungs leading to lung dysfunction, hypoxia, neurologic and cardiac abnormalities, and death. The World Health Organization has defined drowning as "the process of experiencing respiratory impairment from submersion/immersion in liquid." Terms such as near, wet, dry, passive, active, secondary, and silent drowning should no longer be used because they are confusing and hinder proper categorization and management. The American Heart Association's Revised Utstein Drowning Form and treatment guidelines are important in guiding care, disposition, and prognosis. Prompt resuscitation at the scene after a shorter duration of submersion is associated with better outcomes. Because cardiac arrhythmias due to drowning are almost exclusively caused by hypoxia, the resuscitation order prioritizes airway and breathing before compressions. Prevention remains the best treatment. Education, swimming and water safety lessons, and proper pool fencing are the interventions with the highest level of current evidence, especially in children two to four years of age. Alcohol use during water activities dramatically increases the risk of drowning; therefore, abstinence is recommended for all participants and supervisors.
Topics: Accident Prevention; Child; Drowning; Humans; Risk; Swimming; United States
PubMed: 27035042
DOI: No ID Found -
Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi Feb 2022Drowning is the death caused by asphyxiation due to fluid blocking the airway. In the practice of forensic medicine, it is the key to determine whether the corpse was... (Review)
Review
Drowning is the death caused by asphyxiation due to fluid blocking the airway. In the practice of forensic medicine, it is the key to determine whether the corpse was drowned or entered the water after death. At the same time, the drowning site inference and postmortem submersion interval (PMSI) play an important role in the investigating the identity of the deceased, narrowing the investigation scope, and solving the case. Based on diatoms testing, molecular biology, imaging and artificial intelligence and other technologies, domestic and foreign forensic scientists have done relative research in the identification of the cause of death, drowning site inference and PMSI, and achieved certain results in forensic medicine application. In order to provide a reference for future study of bodies in the water, this paper summarizes the above research contents.
Topics: Artificial Intelligence; Diatoms; Drowning; Forensic Pathology; Humans; Lung; Water
PubMed: 35725698
DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2021.410625