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Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine Jun 2019Although a safe and effective vaccine has been available for over 6 decades, vaccine hesitancy in the United States and social and political unrest globally have led to... (Review)
Review
Although a safe and effective vaccine has been available for over 6 decades, vaccine hesitancy in the United States and social and political unrest globally have led to undervaccination. As a result, in recent months, vaccine control of measles has been threatened with an alarming upswing in measles cases nationally and internationally. Here, we review the disease and its management in view of recent outbreaks.
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; United States; Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
PubMed: 31204978
DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.86a.19065 -
Medicina 2020In April 2019, UNICEF denounced that more than 20 million children worldwide had not been vaccinated and alerted on possible outbreaks of measles which, due to the high...
In April 2019, UNICEF denounced that more than 20 million children worldwide had not been vaccinated and alerted on possible outbreaks of measles which, due to the high transmissibility of this virus, is the first disease preventable by vaccination to emerge. If the decline in vaccinations continues, pertussis, tetanus and other diseases, which require less coverage to achieve population protection, may also reappear. In Argentina, the current outbreak began in late August 2019. Measles virus is transmitted by air, infects multiple organs, and is associated with immunosuppression. Its genome consists of single stranded RNA. Genotyping is carried out by sequencing a 450-nucleotide fragment of the N protein, which contains the highest density of nucleotide variation. In South America, D8 is the circulating genotype and in North America, B3 accounts for 8% of the cases. Each person with measles infects, on average, another 12-18 people in a susceptible population. Vaccination confers direct and indirect protection, and induces both antibodies and cellular immunity. Newborns are protected by maternal antibodies transmitted via the placenta, up to 6 months. In Argentina, the Vaccination Calendar includes two doses of triple viral vaccine, at 12 months and 5 years, and a zero dose (6-11 months of age) in districts with disease cases. The protection conferred by the vaccine is 93% at 12 months with a dose, and with 2 doses 97% for life.
Topics: Argentina; Child, Preschool; Disease Outbreaks; Genotype; History, 19th Century; Humans; Infant; Measles; Nucleocapsid Proteins; Nucleoproteins; Vaccination; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 32282323
DOI: No ID Found -
The New England Journal of Medicine Jun 2019
Topics: Adult; Anti-Vaccination Movement; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Global Health; Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Pregnancy; United States
PubMed: 30995368
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1905099 -
Current Opinion in Virology Apr 2020Measles caused an estimated minimum of one million fatalities annually before vaccination. Outstanding progress towards controlling the virus has been made since the... (Review)
Review
Measles caused an estimated minimum of one million fatalities annually before vaccination. Outstanding progress towards controlling the virus has been made since the measles vaccine was introduced, but reduction of measles case-fatalities has stalled at around 100,000 annually for the last decade and a 2019 resurgence in several geographical regions threatens some of these past accomplishments. Whereas measles eradication through vaccination is feasible, a potentially open-ended endgame of elimination may loom. Other than doubling-down on existing approaches, is it worthwhile to augment vaccination efforts with antiviral therapeutics to solve the conundrum? This question is hypothetical at present, since no drugs have yet been approved specifically for the treatment of measles, or infection by any other pathogen of the paramyxovirus family. This article will consider obstacles that have hampered anti-measles and anti-paramyxovirus drug development, discuss MeV-specific challenges of clinical testing, and define drug properties suitable to address some of these problems.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Drug Development; Global Health; Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Measles virus
PubMed: 32247280
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.02.007 -
Current Opinion in Virology Apr 2020Clearance of measles virus is complex. Infectious virus is cleared by the adaptive immune response manifested by the characteristic maculopapular rash. CD8 T cells are... (Review)
Review
Clearance of measles virus is complex. Infectious virus is cleared by the adaptive immune response manifested by the characteristic maculopapular rash. CD8 T cells are major effectors of infectious virus clearance, a process that may fail in individuals with compromised cellular immune responses leading to progressive giant cell pneumonia and/or measles inclusion body encephalitis. In contrast to the usual rapid clearance of infectious virus, clearance of viral RNA is slow with persistence in lymphoid tissue for many months. Persistence of MeV RNA may contribute to the late development of the slowly progressive disease subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in children infected at a young age and to measles-associated immune suppression but also to maturation of the immune response and development of life-long immunity.
Topics: Animals; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Humans; Measles; Measles virus; RNA, Viral
PubMed: 32387998
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.03.003 -
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Apr 2024
Topics: Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine
PubMed: 38649173
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.240415 -
Medicina 2020
Topics: Anti-Vaccination Movement; Humans; Mass Vaccination; Measles; Measles Vaccine
PubMed: 32044749
DOI: No ID Found -
The Ulster Medical Journal May 2021
Topics: Humans; Measles; Vaccination
PubMed: 34276090
DOI: No ID Found -
Medicina 2022
Topics: Humans; Measles; Rabies; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 35904912
DOI: No ID Found -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Nov 2021The 2014-15 Disneyland measles outbreak that began at the California theme park in December 2014 sparked an international conversation regarding measles, vaccine... (Review)
Review
The 2014-15 Disneyland measles outbreak that began at the California theme park in December 2014 sparked an international conversation regarding measles, vaccine hesitancy, and vaccine policies. The outbreak capped a year with the highest number of measles cases reported in two decades and came amidst increasing trends in nonmedical vaccine exemptions in California and elsewhere. Because of its sensational story line and spread among unvaccinated populations, the outbreak received a high level of media coverage that focused on vaccine hesitancy as a primary driver of the outbreak. This media coverage and the ostensible public support for vaccines that followed led some to hypothesize that the outbreak might have a "Disneyland effect," or a positive influence on the uptake of pediatric measles vaccine. This article reviews the facts of the outbreak and its context, and explores the evidence for the Disneyland outbreak causing an influence on U.S. pediatric vaccine-related beliefs and behaviors.
Topics: Child; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Vaccination; Vaccination Hesitancy
PubMed: 34495822
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1972707