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Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine Jun 2019Although a safe and effective vaccine has been available for over 6 decades, vaccine hesitancy in the United States and social and political unrest globally have led to... (Review)
Review
Although a safe and effective vaccine has been available for over 6 decades, vaccine hesitancy in the United States and social and political unrest globally have led to undervaccination. As a result, in recent months, vaccine control of measles has been threatened with an alarming upswing in measles cases nationally and internationally. Here, we review the disease and its management in view of recent outbreaks.
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; United States; Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
PubMed: 31204978
DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.86a.19065 -
Medicina 2020In April 2019, UNICEF denounced that more than 20 million children worldwide had not been vaccinated and alerted on possible outbreaks of measles which, due to the high...
In April 2019, UNICEF denounced that more than 20 million children worldwide had not been vaccinated and alerted on possible outbreaks of measles which, due to the high transmissibility of this virus, is the first disease preventable by vaccination to emerge. If the decline in vaccinations continues, pertussis, tetanus and other diseases, which require less coverage to achieve population protection, may also reappear. In Argentina, the current outbreak began in late August 2019. Measles virus is transmitted by air, infects multiple organs, and is associated with immunosuppression. Its genome consists of single stranded RNA. Genotyping is carried out by sequencing a 450-nucleotide fragment of the N protein, which contains the highest density of nucleotide variation. In South America, D8 is the circulating genotype and in North America, B3 accounts for 8% of the cases. Each person with measles infects, on average, another 12-18 people in a susceptible population. Vaccination confers direct and indirect protection, and induces both antibodies and cellular immunity. Newborns are protected by maternal antibodies transmitted via the placenta, up to 6 months. In Argentina, the Vaccination Calendar includes two doses of triple viral vaccine, at 12 months and 5 years, and a zero dose (6-11 months of age) in districts with disease cases. The protection conferred by the vaccine is 93% at 12 months with a dose, and with 2 doses 97% for life.
Topics: Argentina; Child, Preschool; Disease Outbreaks; Genotype; History, 19th Century; Humans; Infant; Measles; Nucleocapsid Proteins; Nucleoproteins; Vaccination; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 32282323
DOI: No ID Found -
The New England Journal of Medicine Jun 2019
Topics: Adult; Anti-Vaccination Movement; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Global Health; Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Pregnancy; United States
PubMed: 30995368
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1905099 -
Medicina 2022
Topics: Humans; Measles; Rabies; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 35904912
DOI: No ID Found -
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Apr 2024
Topics: Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine
PubMed: 38649173
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.240415 -
The Ulster Medical Journal May 2021
Topics: Humans; Measles; Vaccination
PubMed: 34276090
DOI: No ID Found -
Pediatrics Jul 2019From January 2018 to June 2018, World Health Organization (WHO) European Region countries reported >41 000 measles cases, including 37 deaths, a record high since the... (Review)
Review
From January 2018 to June 2018, World Health Organization (WHO) European Region countries reported >41 000 measles cases, including 37 deaths, a record high since the 1990s. Low vaccination coverage in previous years is the biggest contributing factor to the increase in cases. The Ukraine reported the majority of cases, but France, Georgia, Greece, Italy, the Russian Federation, and Serbia also reported high case counts. Europe is the most common travel destination worldwide and is widely perceived as being without substantial infectious disease risks. For this reason, travelers may not consider the relevance of a pretravel health consultation, including vaccination, in their predeparture plans. Measles is highly contagious, and the record number of measles cases in the WHO European Region not only puts unvaccinated and inadequately vaccinated travelers at risk but also increases the risk for nontraveling US residents who come into close contact with returned travelers who are ill. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention encourage US travelers to be aware of measles virus transmission in Europe and receive all recommended vaccinations, including for measles, before traveling abroad. Health care providers must maintain a high degree of suspicion for measles among travelers returning from Europe or people with close contact with international travelers who present with a febrile rash illness. The current WHO European Region outbreak should serve to remind health care providers to stay current with the epidemiology of highly transmissible diseases, such as measles, through media, WHO, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports and encourage measles vaccination for international travelers.
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Europe; Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Travel-Related Illness; United States; Vaccination Coverage
PubMed: 31209161
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-0414 -
Medicina 2020
Topics: Anti-Vaccination Movement; Humans; Mass Vaccination; Measles; Measles Vaccine
PubMed: 32044749
DOI: No ID Found -
British Medical Journal (Clinical...
Topics: Americas; History, 15th Century; History, Ancient; Humans; Indians, Central American; Indians, South American; Measles; Vaccination
PubMed: 6184119
DOI: No ID Found -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Dec 2022Developing and implementing new immunization policies in response to shifting epidemiology is a critical public health component. We adopted a mixed-methods approach... (Review)
Review
Developing and implementing new immunization policies in response to shifting epidemiology is a critical public health component. We adopted a mixed-methods approach (via narrative literature review [101 articles] and 9 semi-structured interviews) to evaluate policy development in response to shifting measles epidemiology in six European countries (Italy, Belgium, Germany, Romania, UK, and Ukraine); where policies and strategies have evolved in response to country-specific disease and vaccination patterns. Periodic outbreaks have occurred in all countries against a background of declining measles-containing-vaccine (MCV) uptake and increasing public vaccine hesitancy (with substantial regional or social differences in measles burden and vaccine uptake). Health-care worker (HCW) vaccine skepticism is also seen. While many outbreaks arise or involve specific susceptible populations (e.g., minority/migrant communities), the broader pattern is spread to the wider (and generally older) population; often among incompletely/non-vaccinated individuals as a legacy of previous low uptake. Immunization policy and strategic responses are influenced by political and social factors, where public mistrust contributes to vaccine hesitancy. A strong centralized immunization framework (allied with effective regional implementation and coherent political commitment) can effectively increase uptake. Mandatory vaccination has increased childhood MCV uptake in Italy, and similar benefits could be anticipated for other countries considering vaccine mandates. Although possible elsewhere, socio-political considerations render mandating impractical in other countries, where targeted immunization activities to bolster routine uptake are more important. Addressing HCW skepticism, knowledge gaps, improving access and increasing public/community engagement and education to address vaccine hesitancy/mistrust (especially in communities with specific unmet needs) is critical.
Topics: Child; Humans; Immunization; Immunization Programs; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Policy Making; Vaccination
PubMed: 35180372
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2031776