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Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Jul 2019
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Eye Infections, Viral; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Keratoconjunctivitis; Male; Molluscum Contagiosum; Molluscum contagiosum virus; Young Adult
PubMed: 31238446
DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1808_18 -
Medecine Et Sante Tropicales Feb 2017This article reviews the different types of poxvirus infections. Smallpox, although eradicated, must continue to be monitored because of the potential risk of accidental... (Review)
Review
This article reviews the different types of poxvirus infections. Smallpox, although eradicated, must continue to be monitored because of the potential risk of accidental or voluntary (by bioterrorism) reintroduction. Monkeypox and cowpox viruses are considered to be emergent today ; their high risk of dissemination is due to the increase in international transport as well as trends for new animals as pets and the loss of vaccinal protection against smallpox. Molluscum contagiosum (molluscipoxvirus) causes mild infections, is particularly frequent in children ; in adults it is a marker of the risk of sexually transmitted infections and can, in cases with profuse lesions, reveal AIDS.
Topics: Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Poxviridae Infections
PubMed: 28406414
DOI: 10.1684/mst.2017.0653 -
Viruses Aug 2017Cells have multiple means to induce apoptosis in response to viral infection. Poxviruses must prevent activation of cellular apoptosis to ensure successful replication.... (Review)
Review
Cells have multiple means to induce apoptosis in response to viral infection. Poxviruses must prevent activation of cellular apoptosis to ensure successful replication. These viruses devote a substantial portion of their genome to immune evasion. Many of these immune evasion products expressed during infection antagonize cellular apoptotic pathways. Poxvirus products target multiple points in both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways, thereby mitigating apoptosis during infection. Interestingly, recent evidence indicates that poxviruses also hijack cellular means of eliminating apoptotic bodies as a means to spread cell to cell through a process called apoptotic mimicry. Poxviruses are the causative agent of many human and veterinary diseases. Further, there is substantial interest in developing these viruses as vectors for a variety of uses including vaccine delivery and as oncolytic viruses to treat certain human cancers. Therefore, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms through which poxviruses regulate the cellular apoptotic pathways remains a top research priority. In this review, we consider anti-apoptotic strategies of poxviruses focusing on three relevant poxvirus genera: , , and . All three genera express multiple products to inhibit both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways with many of these products required for virulence.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Caspases; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immune Evasion; Leporipoxvirus; Molluscipoxvirus; Orthopoxvirus; Poxviridae; Poxviridae Infections; Signal Transduction; Viral Proteins; Virulence; Virus Replication
PubMed: 28786952
DOI: 10.3390/v9080215 -
Marine Drugs Jul 2015Biodiversity of the marine world is only partially subjected to detailed scientific scrutiny in comparison to terrestrial life. Life in the marine world depends heavily... (Review)
Review
Biodiversity of the marine world is only partially subjected to detailed scientific scrutiny in comparison to terrestrial life. Life in the marine world depends heavily on marine fungi scavenging the oceans of lifeless plants and animals and entering them into the nutrient cycle by. Approximately 150 to 200 new compounds, including alkaloids, sesquiterpenes, polyketides, and aromatic compounds, are identified from marine fungi annually. In recent years, numerous investigations demonstrated the tremendous potential of marine fungi as a promising source to develop new antivirals against different important viruses, including herpes simplex viruses, the human immunodeficiency virus, and the influenza virus. Various genera of marine fungi such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, and Fusarium were subjected to compound isolation and antiviral studies, which led to an illustration of the strong antiviral activity of a variety of marine fungi-derived compounds. The present review strives to summarize all available knowledge on active compounds isolated from marine fungi with antiviral activity.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Aquatic Organisms; Fungi; HIV; Humans; Molluscum contagiosum virus; Orthomyxoviridae; Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Simplexvirus; Tobacco Mosaic Virus
PubMed: 26204947
DOI: 10.3390/md13074520 -
The Journal of General Virology Mar 2021Cases of pox-like lesions in horses and donkeys have been associated with poxviruses belonging to different genera of the family . These include the orthopoxviruses...
Cases of pox-like lesions in horses and donkeys have been associated with poxviruses belonging to different genera of the family . These include the orthopoxviruses vaccinia virus (VACV), horsepoxvirus (HPXV) and cowpoxvirus (CPXV), as well as a potentially novel parapoxvirus and molluscum contagiosum virus (MOCV). However, with the exception of VACV, HPXV and CPXV, the genomic characterization of the causative agents remains largely elusive with only single short genome fragments available. Here we present the first full-length genome sequence of an equine molluscum contagiosum-like virus (EMCLV) directly determined from skin biopsies of a horse with generalized papular dermatitis. Histopathological analysis of the lesions revealed severe epidermal hyperplasia with numerous eosinophilic inclusion bodies within keratinocytes. Virions were detected in the lesions in embedded tissue by transmission electron microscopy. The genome sequence determined by next- and third-generation sequencing comprises 166 843 nt with inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) of 3473 nt. Overall, 20 of the predicted 159 ORFs have no equivalents in other poxviruses. Intriguingly, two of these ORFs were identified to encode homologues of mammalian proteins involved in immune signalling pathways, namely (SECTM1) and (IGFLR1), that were not described in any virus family so far. Phylogenetic analysis with all relevant representatives of the suggests that EMCLV should be nominated as a new species within the genus .
Topics: Animals; Female; Genome, Viral; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Horse Diseases; Horses; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Membrane Proteins; Molluscipoxvirus; Molluscum contagiosum virus; Open Reading Frames; Phylogeny; Poxviridae Infections; Skin; Skin Diseases, Viral; Transcription, Genetic; Viral Proteins; Virus Replication; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 31922947
DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001357 -
Viruses Oct 2021Viral infection activates cellular antiviral defenses including programmed cell death (PCD). Many viruses, particularly those of the family, encode cell death...
Viral infection activates cellular antiviral defenses including programmed cell death (PCD). Many viruses, particularly those of the family, encode cell death inhibitors that antagonize different forms of PCD. While some viral inhibitors are broadly active in cells of different species, others have species-specific functions, probably reflecting the co-evolution of the herpesviruses with their respective hosts. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) protein UL36 is a dual cell death pathway inhibitor. It blocks death receptor-dependent apoptosis by inhibiting caspase-8 activation, and necroptosis by binding to the mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) protein and inducing its degradation. While UL36 has been shown to inhibit apoptosis in human and murine cells, the specificity of its necroptosis-inhibiting function has not been investigated. Here we show that UL36 interacts with both human and murine MLKL, but has a higher affinity for human MLKL. When expressed by a recombinant mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV), UL36 caused a modest reduction of murine MLKL levels but did not inhibit necroptosis in murine cells. These data suggest that UL36 inhibits necroptosis, but not apoptosis, in a species-specific manner, similar to ICP6 of herpes simplex virus type 1 and MC159 of molluscum contagiosum virus. Species-specific necroptosis inhibition might contribute to the narrow host range of these viruses.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Cell Line; Cytomegalovirus; Herpesviridae; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Mice; Molluscum contagiosum virus; Muromegalovirus; Necroptosis; Necrosis; Species Specificity; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 34834942
DOI: 10.3390/v13112134 -
Lakartidningen Nov 2016Molluscum contagiosum is a viral infection of the epidermis characterized by skin-colored papules or nodules frequently with a central depression. Atypical variants may...
Molluscum contagiosum is a viral infection of the epidermis characterized by skin-colored papules or nodules frequently with a central depression. Atypical variants may occur, primarily in immunosuppressed individuals. We here report a case of »giant Molluscum contagiosum« in an immunocompetent child. The patient was presented with a fairly smooth nodule of 2 cm in diameter on the ring finger. Molluscipoxvirus-like virus particles were detected by electron microscopy from the nodule, but since the clinical picture was not compatible with MC, next generation sequencing was performed in order to verify the diagnosis. Of the total number of obtained sequences, 25% belonged to molluscipoxvirus (MCV) and de novo assembly revealed three contigs corresponding to 95% of the MCV genome. The assembled genome was compared to previously published sequences of the »major envelope protein« used for genotyping of MCV genus. Several unique single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified, which led us to classify this virus as a new subtype of MCV.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Female; Fingers; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Microscopy, Electron; Molluscum Contagiosum; Molluscum contagiosum virus; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 27898140
DOI: No ID Found -
Acta Ophthalmologica Aug 2018To describe the different clinical presentations of periocular molluscum contagiosum (MC) lesions and their epidemiological, clinical and histopathological features.
PURPOSE
To describe the different clinical presentations of periocular molluscum contagiosum (MC) lesions and their epidemiological, clinical and histopathological features.
METHODS
Medical records and histopathological sections of all cases of periocular MC treated at the oculoplastic clinic of the Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Israel, between 1995 and 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. The following data were extracted: gender, age at the time of MC diagnosis, immune competency, location of the periocular lesions, number of lesions, dimensions of the lesions, clinical presentation, histopathological features, suspected clinical diagnosis before histopathological diagnosis and treatment.
RESULTS
The series was composed of 41 patients (19 males, 22 females) whose mean age at presentation was 20.41 ± 21.10 years (range 1-71 years). Only one patient was immunosuppressed. The cases were classified into six proposed clinical presentations: 'umbilicated nodular', 'big/giant', 'conglomerated', 'erythematous', 'inflamed' and 'pedunculated'.
CONCLUSION
This is the first time that different clinical types of MC lesions are labelled. The current evidence also indicates that MC lesions should be suspected not only in children and in immunosuppressed adult patients but also in immunocompetent patients of all ages.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Biopsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Differential; Eye Infections, Viral; Eyelid Diseases; Eyelids; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Molluscum Contagiosum; Molluscum contagiosum virus; Orbit; Retrospective Studies; Young Adult
PubMed: 29855150
DOI: 10.1111/aos.13717 -
Viruses Oct 2021Viral skin infections often affect the sports community. The aim of this study was to assess the rates, location sites, and seasons of appearance of common viral...
Viral skin infections often affect the sports community. The aim of this study was to assess the rates, location sites, and seasons of appearance of common viral cutaneous diseases in beach volleyball athletes in Greece. Five hundred and forty-nine beach volleyball athletes participated in this study. The average age was 28.4 years. The viral infections were herpes simplex (type 1), molluscum contagiosum and warts. The measured parameters included: gender, age, the season when athletes may be more susceptible to infections and the location of infection in the body. Practicing information such as the number of training years, number of weekly trainings, and average hours of daily training was also recorded. Incidence rates correlated in relation to age: (a) warts ( < 0.001), molluscum contagiosum ( < 0.001), and herpes simplex ( = 0.001); (b) years of training: warts ( < 0.001), molluscum contagiosum ( < 0.001), and herpes simplex ( = 0.004); (c) average hours of daily training: molluscum contagiosum ( = 0.006) and herpes simplex ( < 0.010). The skin is the largest organ, and the risk of infection should not be underestimated. Prevention, early detection, recognition, and treatment are related to health and athletic performance, but also to the risk of transmission.
Topics: Adult; Athletes; Female; Greece; Herpes Simplex; Humans; Male; Molluscum Contagiosum; Molluscum contagiosum virus; Phylogeny; Simplexvirus; Skin Diseases; Volleyball; Warts; Young Adult
PubMed: 34834914
DOI: 10.3390/v13112107 -
Experimental and Molecular Pathology Dec 2023Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) is a poxvirus that causes benign, persistent skin lesions. MCV encodes a variety of immune evasion molecules to dampen host immune...
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) is a poxvirus that causes benign, persistent skin lesions. MCV encodes a variety of immune evasion molecules to dampen host immune responses. Two of these proteins are the MC159 and MC160 proteins. Both MC159 and MC160 contain two tandem death effector domains and share homology to the cellular FLIPs, FADD, and procaspase-8. MC159 and MC160 dampen several innate immune responses such as NF-κB activation and mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS)-mediated induction of type 1 interferon (IFN). The type 1 IFN response is also activated by the cytosolic DNA sensors cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING). Both cGAS and STING play a vital role in sensing a poxvirus infection. In this study, we demonstrate that there are nuanced differences between both MC160 and MC159 in terms of how the viral proteins modulate the cGAS/STING and MAVS pathways. Specifically, MC160 expression, but not MC159 expression, dampens cGAS/STING-mediated induction of IFN in HEK 293 T cells. Further, MC160 expression prevented the K63-ubiquitination of both STING and TBK1, a kinase downstream of cGAS/STING. Ectopic expression of the MC160 protein, but not the MC159 protein, resulted in a measurable decrease in the TBK1 protein levels as detected via immunoblotting. Finally, using a panel of MC160 truncation mutants, we report that the MC160 protein requires both DEDs to inhibit cGAS/STING-induced activation of IFN-β. Our model indicates MC160 likely alters the TBK1 signaling complex to decrease IFN-β activation at the molecular intersection of the cGAS/STING and MAVS signaling pathways.
Topics: Humans; Molluscum contagiosum virus; HEK293 Cells; Viral Proteins; Nucleotidyltransferases; Immunity, Innate; Interferon-beta; Interferons
PubMed: 37890651
DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2023.104876