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Research in Microbiology 2022Bacterial quinones are lipophilic redox compounds involved in important cellular roles such as electron transport in respiratory and photosynthetic chains. However, a... (Review)
Review
Bacterial quinones are lipophilic redox compounds involved in important cellular roles such as electron transport in respiratory and photosynthetic chains. However, a growing body of research has now revealed that quinones have additional functions in bacterial physiology, with significant consequences for colonization and persistence in different ecological niches. The aim of this review is to provide an updated view of the functions of bacterial quinones, with particular emphasis on their importance for bacterial metabolism, gene regulation, and stress resistance. We provide evidence that quinones have also a deep impact on the composition and function of bacterial ecosystems.
Topics: Bacteria; Ecosystem; Electron Transport; Electrons; Oxidation-Reduction; Quinones
PubMed: 35470045
DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2022.103953 -
Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2016
Topics: Carnitine; Congresses as Topic; Fatty Acids; Humans; Oxidation-Reduction
PubMed: 27931016
DOI: 10.1159/000448319 -
Free Radical Biology & Medicine May 2024Redox organization governs an underlying simplicity in living systems. Critically, redox reactions enable the essential characteristics of life: extraction of energy... (Review)
Review
Redox organization governs an underlying simplicity in living systems. Critically, redox reactions enable the essential characteristics of life: extraction of energy from the environment, use of energy to support metabolic and structural organization, use of dynamic redox responses to defend against environmental threats, and use of redox mechanisms to direct differentiation of cells and organ systems essential for reproduction. These processes are sustained through a redox context in which electron donor/acceptor couples are poised at substantially different steady-state redox potentials, some with relatively reducing steady states and others with relatively oxidizing steady states. Redox-sensitive thiols of the redox proteome, as well as low molecular weight redox-active molecules, are maintained individually by the kinetics of oxidation-reduction within this redox system. Recent research has revealed opposing network interactions of the metallome, redox proteome, metabolome and transcriptome, which appear to be an evolved redox response structure to maintain stability of an organism in the presence of variable oxidative environments. Considerable opportunity exists to improve human health through detailed understanding of these redox networks so that targeted interventions can be developed to support new avenues for redox medicine.
Topics: Humans; Proteome; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidants; Sulfhydryl Compounds
PubMed: 38490457
DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.03.008 -
Biomolecules Aug 2023Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their derivatives play a key role in signaling under normal and oxidative stress conditions in all aerobic living organisms [...].
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their derivatives play a key role in signaling under normal and oxidative stress conditions in all aerobic living organisms [...].
Topics: Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Reactive Oxygen Species; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 37759681
DOI: 10.3390/biom13091281 -
Carbohydrate Polymers Sep 2022Xylan is a biopolymer readily available from forest resources. Various modification methods, including oxidation with sodium periodate, have been shown to facilitate the...
Xylan is a biopolymer readily available from forest resources. Various modification methods, including oxidation with sodium periodate, have been shown to facilitate the engineering applications of xylan. However, modification procedures are often optimized for semicrystalline high molecular weight polysaccharide cellulose rather than for lower molecular weight and amorphous polysaccharide xylan. This paper elucidates the procedure for the periodate oxidation of xylan into dialdehyde xylan and its further reduction into a dialcohol form and is focused on the modification work up. The oxidation-reduction reaction decreased the molecular weight of xylan while increased the dispersity more than 50%. Unlike the unmodified xylan, all the modified grades could be solubilized in water, which we see essential for facilitating the future engineering applications of xylan. The selection of quenching and purification procedures and pH-adjustment of the reduction step had no significant effect on the degree of oxidation, molecular weight and only a minor effect on the hydrodynamic radius in water. Hence, it is possible to choose the simplest oxidation-reduction route without time consuming purification steps within the sequence.
Topics: Cellulose; Oxidation-Reduction; Polysaccharides; Water; Xylans
PubMed: 35725206
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119660 -
Annual Review of Chemical and... Jun 2023Electrochemical synthesis of organic chemical commodities provides an alternative to conventional thermochemical manufacturing and enables the direct use of renewable... (Review)
Review
Electrochemical synthesis of organic chemical commodities provides an alternative to conventional thermochemical manufacturing and enables the direct use of renewable electricity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the chemical industry. We discuss electrochemical synthesis approaches that use abundant carbon feedstocks for the production of the largest petrochemical precursors and basic organic chemical products: light olefins, olefin oxidation derivatives, aromatics, and methanol. First, we identify feasible routes for the electrochemical production of each commodity while considering the reaction thermodynamics, available feedstocks, and competing thermochemical processes. Next, we summarize successful catalysis and reaction engineering approaches to overcome technological challenges that prevent electrochemical routes from operating at high production rates, selectivity, stability, and energy conversion efficiency. Finally, we provide an outlook on the strategies that must be implemented to achieve large-scale electrochemical manufacturing of major organic chemical commodities.
Topics: Electricity; Oxidation-Reduction; Catalysis
PubMed: 36930876
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-101121-090840 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2023The chemistry of hypervalent iodine reagents has now become quite valuable due to the reactivity of these compounds under mild reaction conditions and their resemblance... (Review)
Review
The chemistry of hypervalent iodine reagents has now become quite valuable due to the reactivity of these compounds under mild reaction conditions and their resemblance in chemical properties to transition metals. The environmentally friendly nature of these reagents makes them suitable for Green Chemistry. Reagents with a dual nature, such as iodine(III) reagents, are capable electrophiles, while iodine(V) reagents are known for their strong oxidant behavior. Various iodine(V) reagents including IBX and DMP have been used as oxidants in organic synthesis either in stoichiometric or in catalytic amounts. In this review article, we describe various oxidation reactions induced by iodine(V) reagents reported in the past decade.
Topics: Iodine; Oxidants; Oxidation-Reduction; Indicators and Reagents; Catalysis
PubMed: 37446912
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135250 -
Advanced Science (Weinheim,... Apr 2022The ability to control interfacial tension electrochemically is uniquely available for liquid metals (LMs), in particular gallium-based LM alloys. This imparts them with...
The ability to control interfacial tension electrochemically is uniquely available for liquid metals (LMs), in particular gallium-based LM alloys. This imparts them with excellent locomotion and deformation capabilities and enables diverse applications. However, electrochemical oxidation of LM is a highly dynamic process, which often induces Marangoni instabilities that make it almost impossible to elongate LM and manipulate its morphology directly and precisely on a 2D plane without the assistance of other patterning methods. To overcome these limitations, this study investigates the use of an LM-iron (Fe) particle mixture that is capable of suppressing instabilities during the electrochemical oxidation process, thereby allowing for superelongation of the LM core of the mixture to form a thin wire that is tens of times of its original length. More importantly, the elongated LM core can be manipulated freely on a 2D plane to form complex patterns. Eliminating Marangoni instabilities also allows for the effective spreading and filling of the LM-Fe mixture into molds with complex structures and small features. Harnessing these excellent abilities, a channel-less patterning method for fabricating elastomeric wearable sensors is demonstrated to detect motions. This study shows the potential for developing functional and flexible structures of LM with superior performance.
Topics: Oxidation-Reduction; Surface Tension
PubMed: 35128845
DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105289 -
Advances in Cancer Research 2023Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and its superfamilies are mainly endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident proteins with essential roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis,... (Review)
Review
Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and its superfamilies are mainly endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident proteins with essential roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis, via thiol oxidation/reduction cycles, chaperoning, and isomerization of client proteins. Since PDIs play an important role in ER homeostasis, their upregulation supports cell survival and they are found in a variety of cancer types. Despite the fact that the importance of PDI to tumorigenesis remains to be understood, it is emerging as a new therapeutic target in cancer. During the past decade, several PDI inhibitors has been developed and commercialized, but none has been approved for clinical use. In this review, we discuss the properties and redox regulation of PDIs within the ER and provide an overview of the last 5 years of advances regarding PDI inhibitors.
Topics: Humans; Protein Disulfide-Isomerases; Neoplasms; Carcinogenesis; Cell Survival; Oxidation-Reduction
PubMed: 37704292
DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2023.06.001 -
BioMed Research International 2022
Topics: Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 35434128
DOI: 10.1155/2022/9813486