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Molecular Plant Jan 2023Phytohormones integrate external environmental and developmental signals with internal cellular responses for plant survival and multiplication in changing surroundings.... (Review)
Review
Phytohormones integrate external environmental and developmental signals with internal cellular responses for plant survival and multiplication in changing surroundings. Jasmonate (JA), which might originate from prokaryotes and benefit plant terrestrial adaptation, is a vital phytohormone that regulates diverse developmental processes and defense responses against various environmental stresses. In this review, we first provide an overview of ligand-receptor binding techniques used for the characterization of phytohormone-receptor interactions, then introduce the identification of the receptor COI1 and active JA molecules, and finally summarize recent advances on the regulation of JA perception and its evolution.
Topics: Plant Growth Regulators; Arabidopsis Proteins; Ligands; Cyclopentanes; Oxylipins; Plants; Perception; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
PubMed: 36056561
DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.08.011 -
Current Opinion in Plant Biology Dec 2023The emergence of plant hormone signaling pathways is deeply intertwined with land plant evolution. In angiosperms, two plant hormones, salicylic Acid (SA) and Jasmonates... (Review)
Review
The emergence of plant hormone signaling pathways is deeply intertwined with land plant evolution. In angiosperms, two plant hormones, salicylic Acid (SA) and Jasmonates (JAs), play a key role in plant defense, where JAs-mediated defenses are typically activated in response to herbivores and necrotrophic pathogens, whereas SA is prioritized against hemi/biotrophic pathogens. Thus, studying the evolution of SA and JAs and their crosstalk is essential to understand the evolution of molecular plant-microbe interactions (EvoMPMI) in land plants. Recent advances in the evolution of SA and JAs biosynthesis, signaling, and crosstalk in land plants illustrated that the insight gained in angiosperms does not necessarily apply to non-seed plant lineages, where the receptors perceive different ligands and the hormones activate pathways independently on the canonical receptors. In this review, recent findings on the two main defense hormones (JAs and SA) in non-seed plants, including functional studies in the bryophyte model Marchantia polymorpha, will be discussed.
Topics: Salicylic Acid; Plant Diseases; Oxylipins; Cyclopentanes; Embryophyta; Plant Growth Regulators; Hormones; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
PubMed: 37801737
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102470 -
Chembiochem : a European Journal of... Sep 2020Oxylipins constitute a family of oxidized fatty acids, that are well known as tissue hormones in mammals. They contribute to inflammation and its resolution. The major... (Review)
Review
Oxylipins constitute a family of oxidized fatty acids, that are well known as tissue hormones in mammals. They contribute to inflammation and its resolution. The major classes of these lipid mediators are inflammatory prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes (LTs) as well as pro-resolving resolvins (Rvs). Understanding their biosynthetic pathways and modes of action is important for anti-inflammatory interventions. Besides mammals, marine algae also biosynthesize mammalian-like oxylipins and thus offer new opportunities for oxylipin research. They provide prolific sources for these compounds and offer unique opportunities to study alternative biosynthetic pathways to the well-known lipid mediators. Herein, we discuss recent findings on the biosynthesis of oxylipins in mammals and algae including an alternative pathway to prostaglandin E , a novel pathway to a precursor of leukotriene B , and the production of resolvins in algae. We evaluate the pharmacological potential of the algal metabolites with implications in health and disease.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Humans; Inflammation; Leukotrienes; Molecular Structure; Oxylipins; Phaeophyceae; Prostaglandins
PubMed: 32239741
DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000178 -
Toxins Nov 2021Fungal contamination of food, especially by mycotoxigenic fungi, not only reduces the quality of the food, but can also cause serious diseases, thus posing a major food... (Review)
Review
Fungal contamination of food, especially by mycotoxigenic fungi, not only reduces the quality of the food, but can also cause serious diseases, thus posing a major food safety challenge to humans. Apart from sound food control systems, there is also a continual need to explore antifungal agents that can inhibit fungal growth and mycotoxin production in food. Many types of fatty acids (FAs) and their oxidized derivatives, oxylipins, have been found to exhibit such effects. In this review, we provide an update on the most recent literature on the occurrence and formation of FAs and oxylipins in food, their effects on fungal growth and mycotoxin synthesis, as well as the genetic and molecular mechanisms of actions. Research gaps in the field and needs for further studies in order to realizing the potential of FAs and oxylipins as natural antifungal preservatives in food are also discussed.
Topics: Fatty Acids; Food Contamination; Food Microbiology; Food Preservation; Fungi; Fungicides, Industrial; Mycotoxins; Oxylipins
PubMed: 34941690
DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120852 -
Scientific Reports Jul 2023This study determined if 18 days of supplementation with blueberries (BL) compared to placebo (PL) could mitigate muscle soreness and damage and improve inflammation... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
This study determined if 18 days of supplementation with blueberries (BL) compared to placebo (PL) could mitigate muscle soreness and damage and improve inflammation resolution in untrained adults (n = 49, ages 18-50 years) after engaging in a 90-min bout of "weekend warrior" eccentric exercise. The BL freeze dried supplement provided 1 cup of fresh blueberries per day equivalent with 805 mg/day total phenolics and 280 mg/day anthocyanins. Urine levels of eight BL gut-derived phenolics increased after 14- and 18-days supplementation with 83% higher concentrations in BL vs. PL (p < 0.001). The 90-min exercise bout caused significant muscle soreness and damage during 4d of recovery and a decrease in exercise performance with no significant differences between PL and BL. Plasma oxylipins were identified (n = 76) and grouped by fatty acid substrates and enzyme systems. Linoleic acid (LA) oxylipins generated from cytochrome P450 (CYP) (9,10-, 12,13-dihydroxy-9Z-octadecenoic acids) (diHOMEs) were lower in BL vs. PL (treatment effect, p = 0.051). A compositive variable of 9 plasma hydroxydocosahexaenoic acids (HDoHEs) generated from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6) and lipoxygenase (LOX) was significantly higher in BL vs. PL (treatment effect, p = 0.008). The composite variable of plasma 14-HDoHE, 17-HDoHE, and the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-derived oxylipin 18-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (18-HEPE) (specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators, SPM, intermediates) was significantly higher in BL vs PL (treatment effect, p = 0.014). Pearson correlations showed positive relationships between post-exercise DHA-LOX HDoHEs and SPM intermediates with urine blueberry gut-derived phenolics (r = 0.324, p = 0.023, and r = 0.349, p = 0.015, respectively). These data indicate that 18d intake of 1 cup/day blueberries compared to PL was linked to a reduction in pro-inflammatory diHOMES and sustained elevations in DHA- and EPA-derived anti-inflammatory oxylipins in response to a 90-min bout of unaccustomed exercise by untrained adults.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Oxylipins; Anthocyanins; Blueberry Plants; Myalgia; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid
PubMed: 37488250
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39269-1 -
Journal of Chemical Ecology Jul 2014The plant hormone jasmonate (JA) exerts direct control over the production of chemical defense compounds that confer resistance to a remarkable spectrum of... (Review)
Review
The plant hormone jasmonate (JA) exerts direct control over the production of chemical defense compounds that confer resistance to a remarkable spectrum of plant-associated organisms, ranging from microbial pathogens to vertebrate herbivores. The underlying mechanism of JA-triggered immunity (JATI) can be conceptualized as a multi-stage signal transduction cascade involving: i) pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that couple the perception of danger signals to rapid synthesis of bioactive JA; ii) an evolutionarily conserved JA signaling module that links fluctuating JA levels to changes in the abundance of transcriptional repressor proteins; and iii) activation (de-repression) of transcription factors that orchestrate the expression of myriad chemical and morphological defense traits. Multiple negative feedback loops act in concert to restrain the duration and amplitude of defense responses, presumably to mitigate potential fitness costs of JATI. The convergence of diverse plant- and non-plant-derived signals on the core JA module indicates that JATI is a general response to perceived danger. However, the modular structure of JATI may accommodate attacker-specific defense responses through evolutionary innovation of PRRs (inputs) and defense traits (outputs). The efficacy of JATI as a defense strategy is highlighted by its capacity to shape natural populations of plant attackers, as well as the propensity of plant-associated organisms to subvert or otherwise manipulate JA signaling. As both a cellular hub for integrating informational cues from the environment and a common target of pathogen effectors, the core JA module provides a focal point for understanding immune system networks and the evolution of chemical diversity in the plant kingdom.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Cyclopentanes; Disease Resistance; Fungi; Herbivory; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Oxylipins; Plant Immunity; Plant Proteins; Plants; Repressor Proteins; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 24973116
DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0468-3 -
Marine Drugs Oct 2020Marine organisms are constantly exposed to variations in physical parameters (e [...].
Marine organisms are constantly exposed to variations in physical parameters (e [...].
Topics: Animals; Aquatic Organisms; Diatoms; Marine Toxins; Mollusca; Mucus; Oxylipins
PubMed: 33080956
DOI: 10.3390/md18100518 -
Marine Drugs Feb 2023Microalgae are photosynthetic microscopic organisms that serve as the primary food source in aquatic environments. Microalgae can synthesize a wide variety of molecules,...
Microalgae are photosynthetic microscopic organisms that serve as the primary food source in aquatic environments. Microalgae can synthesize a wide variety of molecules, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of the omega-3 and omega-6 series. Oxidative degradation of PUFA due to radical and/or enzymatic conversion leads to the formation of oxylipins, which are compounds known for their bioactive properties. In the present study, we aim to profile oxylipins from five microalgae species grown in 10-L photo-bioreactors under optimal conditions. During their exponential phase, microalgae were harvested, extracted and analyzed by LC-MS/MS to determine the qualitative and quantitative profile of oxylipins for each species. The five different selected microalgae revealed a high diversity of metabolites, up to 33 non-enzymatic and 24 enzymatic oxylipins present in different concentrations. Taken together, these findings highlight an interesting role of marine microalgae as a source of bioactive lipids mediators, which we hypothesize have an important function in preventive health measures such as amelioration of inflammation. The rich mixture of oxylipins may display advantages to biological organisms, especially by providing for human health benefits including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective or immunomodulator activities. Some oxylipins are also well known for their cardiovascular properties.
Topics: Humans; Oxylipins; Microalgae; Chromatography, Liquid; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 36976185
DOI: 10.3390/md21030136 -
Pharmacology & Therapeutics Jun 2023Platelets are small, anucleate cells in the blood that play a crucial role in the hemostatic response but are also implicated in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular... (Review)
Review
Platelets are small, anucleate cells in the blood that play a crucial role in the hemostatic response but are also implicated in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. It is widely appreciated that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play an integral role in the function and regulation of platelets. PUFAs are substrates for oxygenase enzymes cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) and 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX). These enzymes generate oxidized lipids (oxylipins) that exhibit either pro- or anti-thrombotic effects. Although the effects of certain oxylipins, such as thromboxanes and prostaglandins, have been studied for decades, only one oxylipin has been therapeutically targeted to treat cardiovascular disease. In addition to the well-known oxylipins, newer oxylipins that demonstrate activity in the platelet have been discovered, further highlighting the expansive list of bioactive lipids that can be used to develop novel therapeutics. This review outlines the known oxylipins, their activity in the platelet, and current therapeutics that target oxylipin signaling.
Topics: Humans; Oxylipins; Cardiovascular Diseases; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Hemostasis; Thrombosis
PubMed: 37100208
DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108420 -
Toxins Mar 2022Fungal contamination presents several problems: in humans, health issues arise from infections with opportunistic filamentous fungi and yeast, while in food, fungi cause... (Review)
Review
Fungal contamination presents several problems: in humans, health issues arise from infections with opportunistic filamentous fungi and yeast, while in food, fungi cause spoilage and, in particular, in the case of mycotoxigenic fungi, can cause serious health issues. Several types of fatty acids and their derivatives, oxylipins, have been found to have inhibitory effect towards fungal growth and the production of mycotoxins. The use of fatty acids as antifungals could fulfil consumer's requests of more natural and environmentally friendly compounds, while being less likely to promote fungal resistance. In addition, due to their nature, fatty acids are easily used as food additives. In this work, we review the most relevant and recent studies on the antifungal ability of fatty acids. We focused on saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and oxylipins, their different impact on fungal inhibition, their proposed modes of action, and their ability to impair mycotoxin production. Applications of fatty acids as antifungals and their limitations are also addressed.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Fatty Acids; Fungi; Humans; Mycotoxins; Oxylipins
PubMed: 35324685
DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030188