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Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... May 2022Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a prevalent respiratory disease. Aiming at assessing the effect of total saponins from American ginseng on COPD, both the...
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a prevalent respiratory disease. Aiming at assessing the effect of total saponins from American ginseng on COPD, both the chemical composition and anti-COPD activity of total saponins from wild-simulated American ginseng (TSW) and field-grown American ginseng (TSF) were investigated in this study. Firstly, a HPLC-ELSD chromatographic method was established to simultaneously determine the contents of 22 saponins in TSW and TSF. Secondly, CS-induced COPD mouse model was established to evaluate the activity of TSW and TSF. The results indicated that both TSW and TSF had the protective effect against COPD by alleviating oxidative stress and inflammatory response. TSW showed a stronger effect than TSF. Thirdly, an integrated approach involving metabolomics and network pharmacology was used to construct the "biomarker-reaction-enzyme-target" correlation network aiming at further exploring the observed effects. As the results, 15 biomarkers, 9 targets and 5 pathways were identified to play vital roles in the treatment of TSW and TSF on COPD. Fourthly, based on network pharmacology and the CS-stimulated A549 cell model, ginsenoside Rgl, Rc, oleanolic acid, notoginsenoside R1, Fe, silphioside B were certified to be the material basis for the stronger effect of TSW than TSF. Finally, the molecular docking were performed to visualize the binding modes. Our findings suggested that both TSW and TSF could effectively ameliorate the progression of COPD and might be used for the treatment of COPD.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Cigarette Smoking; Metabolomics; Mice; Molecular Docking Simulation; Network Pharmacology; Panax; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Saponins
PubMed: 35334426
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112823 -
BioMed Research International 2018Ginseng is a traditional Chinese medicine with a wide range of pharmacological activities. Ginsenosides are the major constituents of ginseng. Ginsenosides have the... (Review)
Review
Ginseng is a traditional Chinese medicine with a wide range of pharmacological activities. Ginsenosides are the major constituents of ginseng. Ginsenosides have the unique biological activity and medicinal value, such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidation, and inhibition of cell apoptosis. With the increase of stress in life, the incidence of nervous system diseases is also increasing. Neurological diseases pose a huge burden on people's life and health. In recent years, some studies have shown that ginsenosides have a certain role in the prevention and treatment of neurological diseases. However, the research is still in its infancy, and the relevant mechanisms are complex. In the paper, we review the effects and mechanisms of ginsenosides on epilepsy, depression, cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. We hope to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of nervous system diseases by ginsenosides.
Topics: Animals; Ginsenosides; Humans; Medicine, Chinese Traditional; Nervous System Diseases; Neuroprotective Agents; Panax
PubMed: 29854792
DOI: 10.1155/2018/8174345 -
Nutrients Jul 2023Aging is a cellular state characterized by a permanent cessation of cell division and evasion of apoptosis. DNA damage, metabolic dysfunction, telomere damage, and... (Review)
Review
Aging is a cellular state characterized by a permanent cessation of cell division and evasion of apoptosis. DNA damage, metabolic dysfunction, telomere damage, and mitochondrial dysfunction are the main factors associated with senescence. Aging increases β-galactosidase activity, enhances cell spreading, and induces Lamin B1 loss, which further accelerate the aging process. It is associated with a variety of diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's, type 2 diabetes, and chronic inflammation. Ginseng is a traditional Chinese medicine with anti-aging effects. The active components of ginseng, including saponins, polysaccharides, and active peptides, have antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, neuroprotective, and age-delaying effects. DNA damage is the main factor associated with aging, and the mechanism through which the active ingredients of ginseng reduce DNA damage and delay aging has not been comprehensively described. This review focuses on the anti-aging mechanisms of the active ingredients of ginseng. Furthermore, it broadens the scope of ideas for further research on natural products and aging.
Topics: Humans; Panax; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Aging; Saponins; Alzheimer Disease
PubMed: 37571224
DOI: 10.3390/nu15153286 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Dec 2022Metabolic alterations play a key role in promoting tumor initiation and progression, leading to extensive tumor heterogeneity and adaptability. Thus, targeting abnormal... (Review)
Review
Metabolic alterations play a key role in promoting tumor initiation and progression, leading to extensive tumor heterogeneity and adaptability. Thus, targeting abnormal metabolic processes is a promising novel approach for cancer treatment. Numerous pharmacological studies have indicated that many traditional Chinese medicines possess remarkable antitumor activities. Ginsenosides, the main bioactive ingredients of Panax and other types of ginseng, exert beneficial antitumor effects, in addition to the anti-inflammation, anti-oxidant, and anti-fatigue effects. Recently, considerable attention has been paid to the regulation of cancer cell metabolism by ginsenosides. Here, we summarize the structural characteristics and classification of ginsenosides, their antitumor mechanisms, recent progress and the achievements of ginsenoside research in modulating cancer cell metabolism, including the diverse metabolic processes and their regulatory processes, as well as the opportunities and challenges of strategies targeting metabolic vulnerabilities. This review provides novel perspectives on the potential applications of ginsenosides that exert antitumor effects by reshaping cancer metabolism.
Topics: Ginsenosides; Panax; Medicine, Chinese Traditional; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Neoplasms
PubMed: 36228372
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113756 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023This study aims to establish a rapid identification method based on the Proofman-LMTIA technique for distinguishing between and . By targeting specific 18S rDNA...
This study aims to establish a rapid identification method based on the Proofman-LMTIA technique for distinguishing between and . By targeting specific 18S rDNA sequences, suitable primers and Proofman probes labeled FAM or JOE were designed for LMTIA. Initially, single-species-primer Proofman-LMTIA assays were performed separately for each ginseng type to optimize reaction temperature, assess sensitivity and specificity, and determine the detection limit. Subsequently, both sets of primers and their corresponding probes were combined in the same reaction system to further optimize reaction conditions, evaluate sensitivity, and assess stability. Finally, the developed Proofman-duplex-LMTIA technique was employed to detect and slices available in the market. Single-plex Proofman-LMTIA assays revealed that the optimal reaction temperature for both and was 62 °C. The sensitivity was as low as 1 pg/μL, with a detection limit of 0.1%, and both showed excellent specificity. The optimal temperature for Proofman-duplex-LMTIA assays was 58 °C. This method could simultaneously identify and . Testing 6 samples of and 11 samples of from the market resulted in a 100% positive rate for all samples. This study successfully established a rapid, simple, sensitive, and specific Proofman-duplex-LMTIA identification method for and . It provides an effective means for quality control of , , and related products.
Topics: Panax; Temperature; Quality Control
PubMed: 37836715
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196872 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2020Ginsenosides are the major bioactive constituents of , which have pharmacological effects. Although there are several reviews in regards to ginsenosides, new... (Review)
Review
Ginsenosides are the major bioactive constituents of , which have pharmacological effects. Although there are several reviews in regards to ginsenosides, new ginsenosides have been detected continually in recent years. This review updates the ginsenoside list from to 170 by the end of 2019, and aims to highlight the diversity of ginsenosides in multiple dimensions, including chemical structure, tissue spatial distribution, time, and isomeride. Protopanaxadiol, protopanaxatriol and C17 side-chain varied (C17SCV) manners are the major types of ginsenosides, and the constitute of ginsenosides varied significantly among different parts. Only 16 ginsenosides commonly exist in all parts of a ginseng plant. Protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside is dominant in root, rhizome, leaf, stem, and fruit, whereas malonyl- and C17SCV-type ginsenosides occupy a greater proportion in the flower and flower bud compared with other parts. In respects of isomeride, there are 69 molecular formulas corresponding to 170 ginsenosides, and the median of isomers is 2. This is the first review on diversity of ginsenosides, providing information for reasonable utilization of whole ginseng plant, and the perspective on studying the physiological functions of ginsenoside for the ginseng plant itself is also proposed.
Topics: Ginsenosides; Isomerism; Mass Spectrometry; Metabolomics; Organ Specificity; Panax; Plant Extracts; Saponins; Structure-Activity Relationship
PubMed: 32751233
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153452 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Jun 2023Ginseng polysaccharide (GP) is one of the most abundant components in Panax ginseng. However, the absorption pathways and mechanisms of GPs have not been investigated...
BACKGROUND
Ginseng polysaccharide (GP) is one of the most abundant components in Panax ginseng. However, the absorption pathways and mechanisms of GPs have not been investigated systematically due to the challenges of their detection.
METHODS
The fluorescein isothiocyanate derivative (FITC) was employed to label GP and ginseng acidic polysaccharide (GAP) to obtain target samples. HPLC-MS/MS assay was used to determine the pharmacokinetics of GP and GAP in rats. The Caco-2 cell model was used to investigate the uptake and transport mechanisms of GP and GAP in rats.
RESULTS
Our results demonstrated that the absorption of GAP was more than that of GP in rats after gavage administration, while there was no significant difference between both after intravenous administration. In addition, we found that GAP and GP were more distributed in the kidney, liver and genitalia, suggesting that GAP and GP are highly targeted to the liver, kidney and genitalia. Importantly, we explored the uptake mechanism of GAP and GP. GAP and GP are endocytosed into the cell via lattice proteins or niche proteins. Both are transported lysosomally mediated to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and then enter the nucleus through the ER, thus completing the process of intracellular uptake and transportation.
CONCLUSION
Our results confirm that the uptake of GPs by small intestinal epithelial cells is primarily mediated via lattice proteins and the cytosolic cellar. The discovery of important pharmacokinetic properties and the uncovering of the absorption mechanism provide a research rationale for the research of GP formulation and clinical promotion.
Topics: Humans; Rats; Animals; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Panax; Caco-2 Cells; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Polysaccharides
PubMed: 36989718
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114610 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2019As our global population ages, the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is critical to our society. In recent years, researchers have begun to study the role of... (Review)
Review
As our global population ages, the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is critical to our society. In recent years, researchers have begun to study the role of biologically active chemicals from plants and herbs to gain new inspiration and develop new therapeutic drugs. Ginseng ( C.A. Mey.) is a famous Chinese herbal medicine with a variety of pharmacological activities. It has been used to treat various diseases since ancient times. Extensive research over the years has shown that ginseng has potential as a neuroprotective drug, and its neuroprotective effects can be used to treat and prevent neurological damage or pathologically related diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, depression symptoms, and strokes). Moreover, evidence for the medicinal and health benefits of ginsenoside, its main active ingredient, in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases is increasing, and current clinical results have not reported any serious adverse reactions to ginseng. Therefore, we briefly review the recent research and development on the beneficial effects and mechanisms of ginseng and its main active ingredient, ginsenoside, in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, hoping to provide some ideas for the discovery and identification of ginseng neuroprotection.
Topics: Animals; Clinical Studies as Topic; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Ginsenosides; Humans; Molecular Structure; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Neuroprotective Agents; Panax; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 31416121
DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162939 -
Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista... 2022In order to ensure the timely and uninterrupted supply of medicinal plant raw materials, the methods of cultivation of plant cell cultures, namely, the production of...
In order to ensure the timely and uninterrupted supply of medicinal plant raw materials, the methods of cultivation of plant cell cultures, namely, the production of plant root cultures, are relevant. In this paper, the geroprotective potential of Hedysarum neglectum Ledeb and Panax ginseng C. A. Mey root cultures is studied. They were cultured under in vitro conditions by transforming the rhizome (H. neglectum) and seed seedlings (P. ginseng) with Agrobacterium rhizogenes 15834 Swiss. To identify the geroprotective potential, the antimicrobial disc-diffusion method and the antioxidant activity were analyzed by titration of KMnO4 extracts of plant root cultures. The qualitative and quantitative composition was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. In the course of the work, the presence of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of plant root culture extracts was established. Biologically active substances contained in extracts of Hedysarum neglectum Ledeb root crops and Panax ginseng C. A. Mey are characterized by geroprotective potential, so they can act as a source of natural antioxidants in the functional nutrition of the geroprotective orientation.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Antioxidants; Panax; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots
PubMed: 35293535
DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.256944 -
Molecular Medicine Reports Apr 2019Ginseng is one of the main representatives of traditional Chinese medicine and presents a wide range of pharmacological actions. Ginsenosides are the main class of... (Review)
Review
Ginseng is one of the main representatives of traditional Chinese medicine and presents a wide range of pharmacological actions. Ginsenosides are the main class of active compounds found in ginseng. They demonstrate unique biological activity and medicinal value, namely anti-tumour, anti‑inflammatory and antioxidant properties, as well as anti-apoptotic properties. Increasing levels of stress in life are responsible for the increased incidence of nervous system diseases. Neurological diseases create a huge burden on the lives and health of individuals. In recent years, studies have indicated that ginsenosides play a pronounced positive role in the prevention and treatment of neurological diseases. Nevertheless, research is still at an early stage of development, and the complex mechanisms of action involved remain largely unknown. This review aimed to shed light into what is currently known about the mechanisms of action of ginsenosides in relation to Alzheimer's disease. Scientific material and theoretical bases for the treatment of nervous system diseases with purified Panax ginseng extracts are also discussed.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Animals; Ginsenosides; Humans; Panax; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 30816465
DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9972