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Food and Chemical Toxicology : An... Sep 2017The use of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius in traditional Chinese medicine dates back to about 5000 years ago thanks to its several beneficial and healing... (Review)
Review
The use of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius in traditional Chinese medicine dates back to about 5000 years ago thanks to its several beneficial and healing properties. Over the past few years, extensive preclinical and clinical evidence in the scientific literature worldwide has supported the beneficial effects of P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius in significant central nervous system, metabolic, infectious and neoplastic diseases. There has been growing research on ginseng because of its favorable pharmacokinetics, including the intestinal biotransformation which is responsible for the processing of ginsenosides - contained in the roots or extracts of ginseng - into metabolites with high pharmacological activity and how such principles act on numerous cell targets. The aim of this review is to provide a simple and extensive overview of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius, focusing on the clinical evidence which has shown particular effectiveness in specific diseases, such as dementia, diabetes mellitus, respiratory infections, and cancer. Furthermore, the review will also provide data on toxicological factors to support the favorable safety profile of these medicinal plants.
Topics: Animals; Ginsenosides; Humans; Panax; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots
PubMed: 28698154
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.07.019 -
American Family Physician Oct 2003The herbal remedies referred to as "ginseng" are derived from the roots of several plants. One of the most commonly used and researched of the ginsengs is Panax ginseng,... (Review)
Review
The herbal remedies referred to as "ginseng" are derived from the roots of several plants. One of the most commonly used and researched of the ginsengs is Panax ginseng, also called Asian or Korean ginseng. The main active components of Panax ginseng are ginsenosides, which have been shown to have a variety of beneficial effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. Results of clinical research studies demonstrate that Panax ginseng may improve psychologic function, immune function, and conditions associated with diabetes. Overall, Panax ginseng appears to be well tolerated, although caution is advised about concomitant use with some pharmaceuticals, such as warfarin, oral hypoglycemic agents, insulin, and phenelzine. Panax ginseng does not appear to enhance physical performance. Products with a standardized ginsenoside concentration are available.
Topics: Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Herb-Drug Interactions; Humans; Panax; Phytotherapy; Plant Preparations
PubMed: 14596440
DOI: No ID Found -
Pharmacological Research Nov 2020Panax ginseng (Meyer) and Panax notoginseng (Burkill), belonging to the family Araliaceae, are used worldwide as medicinal and functional herbs. Numerous publications... (Review)
Review
Panax ginseng (Meyer) and Panax notoginseng (Burkill), belonging to the family Araliaceae, are used worldwide as medicinal and functional herbs. Numerous publications over the past decades have revealed that both P. notoginseng and P. ginseng contain important bioactive ingredients such as ginsenosides and exert multiple pharmacological effects on nervous system and immune diseases. However, based on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory, their applications clearly differ as ginseng reinforces vital energy and notoginseng promotes blood circulation. In this article, we review the similarities and differences between ginseng and notoginseng in terms of their chemical composition and pharmacological effects. Their chemical comparisons indicate that ginseng contains more polysaccharides and amino acids, while notoginseng has more saponins, volatile oil, and polyacetylenes. Regarding pharmacological effects, ginseng exhibits better protective effects on cardiovascular disease, nerve disease, cancer, and diabetes mellitus, whereas notoginseng displays a superior protective effect on cerebrovascular disease. The evidence presented in this review facilitates further research and clinical applications of these two herbs, and exploration of the relationship between the chemical components and disease efficacy may be the critical next step.
Topics: Animals; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Humans; Medicine, Chinese Traditional; Panax; Panax notoginseng; Phytochemicals
PubMed: 33127555
DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105263 -
Cell Proliferation Nov 2019Panax ginseng, a well-known traditional Chinese medicine with multiple pharmacological activities, plays a crucial role in modulating mood disorders. Several recent... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Panax ginseng, a well-known traditional Chinese medicine with multiple pharmacological activities, plays a crucial role in modulating mood disorders. Several recent studies have identified an underlying role of Panax ginseng in the prevention and treatment of depression. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms remain unclear.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this review, we summarized the recent progress of antidepressant effects and underlying mechanisms of Panax ginseng and its representative herbal formulae.
RESULTS
The molecular and cellular mechanisms of Panax ginseng and its herbal formulae include modulating monoamine neurotransmitter system, upregulating the expression of neurotrophic factors, regulating the function of HPA axis, and anti-inflammatory action.
CONCLUSIONS
Therefore, this review may provide theoretical bases and clinical applications for the treatment of depression by Panax ginseng and its representative herbal formulae.
Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Depression; Humans; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Inflammation; Panax; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 31599060
DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12696 -
Journal of Diabetes Research 2022The mechanism of Panax notoginseng in treating myocardial fibrosis (MF) was investigated using network pharmacology.
OBJECTIVE
The mechanism of Panax notoginseng in treating myocardial fibrosis (MF) was investigated using network pharmacology.
METHODS
Effective ingredients and potential targets of Panax notoginseng were screened in relevant databases to construct a compound-target network. Targets of MF were then screened to select common targets and construct a protein-protein interaction network. This was followed by Gene Ontology and pathway enrichment analyses. Molecular docking then verified the results of network analysis.
RESULTS
A total of 14 effective ingredients and 119 potential targets for MF were predicted. Quercetin, beta-sitosterol, and gossypetin were speculated to be the main active ingredients. The mechanism of action may be related to AGE-RAGE, proteoglycans, and IL-17 signaling pathways. Five key targets (IL6, ALB, AKT1, TNF, and VEGFA) may be involved in the treatment of MF using Panax notoginseng.
CONCLUSIONS
This study embodies the complex network relationship of multicomponents, multitargets, and multipathways of Panax notoginseng in treating MF and provides a novel method for further research on this herb's mechanism.
Topics: Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Fibrosis; Molecular Docking Simulation; Network Pharmacology; Panax notoginseng
PubMed: 35372585
DOI: 10.1155/2022/8895950 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2018The functional aspect of scalp hair is not only to protect from solar radiation and heat/cold exposure but also to contribute to one's appearance and personality.... (Review)
Review
The functional aspect of scalp hair is not only to protect from solar radiation and heat/cold exposure but also to contribute to one's appearance and personality. Progressive hair loss has a cosmetic and social impact. Hair undergoes three stages of hair cycle: the anagen, catagen, and telogen phases. Through cyclical loss and new-hair growth, the number of hairs remains relatively constant. A variety of factors, such as hormones, nutritional status, and exposure to radiations, environmental toxicants, and medications, may affect hair growth. Androgens are the most important of these factors that cause androgenic alopecia. Other forms of hair loss include immunogenic hair loss, that is, alopecia areata. Although a number of therapies, such as finasteride and minoxidil, are approved medications, and a few others (e.g., tofacitinib) are in progress, a wide variety of structurally diverse classes of phytochemicals, including those present in ginseng, have demonstrated hair growth-promoting effects in a large number of preclinical studies. The purpose of this review is to focus on the potential of ginseng and its metabolites on the prevention of hair loss and its underlying mechanisms.
Topics: Alopecia; Animals; Hair; Hair Follicle; Humans; Panax; Phytotherapy; Plant Preparations; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 30208587
DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092703 -
Genes & Genomics Mar 2021Panax ginseng is one of the most valuable medicinal plants in Korea. However, deciphering its full genome sequence information for crop improvement has been hampered due... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Panax ginseng is one of the most valuable medicinal plants in Korea. However, deciphering its full genome sequence information for crop improvement has been hampered due to its complex genomic, genetic, and growth characteristics. Many efforts have been made in the past decade to overcome these limitations and understand the genome structure and the evolutionary history of P. ginseng.
METHODS
This review aims to discuss the current status of genomic studies on P. ginseng and related species, and the experimental clues suggesting phylogenetic classification and evolutionary history of the genus Panax.
CONCLUSION
The development of sequencing technologies made genome sequencing of the large P. ginseng genome possible, providing fundamental information to deciphering the evolutionary history of P. ginseng and related species. P. ginseng went through two rounds of whole genome duplication events after diverging from the closest family Apiaceae, which was unveiled from complete whole genome sequences. Further in-depth comparative genome analysis with other related species and genera will uncover the evolutionary history as well as important morphological and ecological characteristics of Panax species.
Topics: Cytogenetic Analysis; Evolution, Molecular; Genetic Speciation; Genome Size; Genome, Plant; Genomics; Panax; Phylogeny
PubMed: 33609223
DOI: 10.1007/s13258-021-01047-6 -
BioMed Research International 2018Ginseng is a traditional Chinese medicine with a wide range of pharmacological activities. Ginsenosides are the major constituents of ginseng. Ginsenosides have the... (Review)
Review
Ginseng is a traditional Chinese medicine with a wide range of pharmacological activities. Ginsenosides are the major constituents of ginseng. Ginsenosides have the unique biological activity and medicinal value, such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidation, and inhibition of cell apoptosis. With the increase of stress in life, the incidence of nervous system diseases is also increasing. Neurological diseases pose a huge burden on people's life and health. In recent years, some studies have shown that ginsenosides have a certain role in the prevention and treatment of neurological diseases. However, the research is still in its infancy, and the relevant mechanisms are complex. In the paper, we review the effects and mechanisms of ginsenosides on epilepsy, depression, cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. We hope to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of nervous system diseases by ginsenosides.
Topics: Animals; Ginsenosides; Humans; Medicine, Chinese Traditional; Nervous System Diseases; Neuroprotective Agents; Panax
PubMed: 29854792
DOI: 10.1155/2018/8174345 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Dec 2022Metabolic alterations play a key role in promoting tumor initiation and progression, leading to extensive tumor heterogeneity and adaptability. Thus, targeting abnormal... (Review)
Review
Metabolic alterations play a key role in promoting tumor initiation and progression, leading to extensive tumor heterogeneity and adaptability. Thus, targeting abnormal metabolic processes is a promising novel approach for cancer treatment. Numerous pharmacological studies have indicated that many traditional Chinese medicines possess remarkable antitumor activities. Ginsenosides, the main bioactive ingredients of Panax and other types of ginseng, exert beneficial antitumor effects, in addition to the anti-inflammation, anti-oxidant, and anti-fatigue effects. Recently, considerable attention has been paid to the regulation of cancer cell metabolism by ginsenosides. Here, we summarize the structural characteristics and classification of ginsenosides, their antitumor mechanisms, recent progress and the achievements of ginsenoside research in modulating cancer cell metabolism, including the diverse metabolic processes and their regulatory processes, as well as the opportunities and challenges of strategies targeting metabolic vulnerabilities. This review provides novel perspectives on the potential applications of ginsenosides that exert antitumor effects by reshaping cancer metabolism.
Topics: Ginsenosides; Panax; Medicine, Chinese Traditional; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Neoplasms
PubMed: 36228372
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113756 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023This study aims to establish a rapid identification method based on the Proofman-LMTIA technique for distinguishing between and . By targeting specific 18S rDNA...
This study aims to establish a rapid identification method based on the Proofman-LMTIA technique for distinguishing between and . By targeting specific 18S rDNA sequences, suitable primers and Proofman probes labeled FAM or JOE were designed for LMTIA. Initially, single-species-primer Proofman-LMTIA assays were performed separately for each ginseng type to optimize reaction temperature, assess sensitivity and specificity, and determine the detection limit. Subsequently, both sets of primers and their corresponding probes were combined in the same reaction system to further optimize reaction conditions, evaluate sensitivity, and assess stability. Finally, the developed Proofman-duplex-LMTIA technique was employed to detect and slices available in the market. Single-plex Proofman-LMTIA assays revealed that the optimal reaction temperature for both and was 62 °C. The sensitivity was as low as 1 pg/μL, with a detection limit of 0.1%, and both showed excellent specificity. The optimal temperature for Proofman-duplex-LMTIA assays was 58 °C. This method could simultaneously identify and . Testing 6 samples of and 11 samples of from the market resulted in a 100% positive rate for all samples. This study successfully established a rapid, simple, sensitive, and specific Proofman-duplex-LMTIA identification method for and . It provides an effective means for quality control of , , and related products.
Topics: Panax; Temperature; Quality Control
PubMed: 37836715
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196872