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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2017This article aims to understand the global and longitudinal trends of research on . We used bibliometrics to analyze 3974 papers collected from the Web of Science Core... (Review)
Review
This article aims to understand the global and longitudinal trends of research on . We used bibliometrics to analyze 3974 papers collected from the Web of Science Core Collection database during 1959-2016. The number of publications showed a steady growth before 2000 and exponentially increased in stage III (2000-2016, about 86% of the papers were published). Research on was conducted in 64 countries, mainly in Asia; in particular, 41% and 28% of the publications were from South Korea and China, respectively. The institutions from South Korea and China had high publication output and close cooperation and provided the majority of financial support. All top 10 authors and four of the top 20 journals in terms of number of publications originated from South Korea. The leading research subjects were pharmacology (39%), plant science (26%), and integrative complementary medicine (19%). The hotspot of research transformed from basic science to application, and multidisciplinary sciences will play a substantial role in the future. This study provides a comprehensive analysis to elucidate the global distribution, collaboration patterns, and research trends in the domain.
Topics: Bibliometrics; Biomedical Research; China; Complementary Therapies; Humans; Journal Impact Factor; Panax; Periodicals as Topic; Pharmacology; Republic of Korea; Translational Research, Biomedical
PubMed: 28892002
DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091518 -
Biomolecules Apr 2020Both white ginseng (WG, dried root of sp.) and red ginseng (RG, steamed and dried root of sp.) are reported to exhibit a variety of pharmacological effects such as... (Review)
Review
Both white ginseng (WG, dried root of sp.) and red ginseng (RG, steamed and dried root of sp.) are reported to exhibit a variety of pharmacological effects such as anticancer, antidiabetic, and neuroprotective activities. These ginsengs contain hydrophilic sugar-conjugated ginsenosides and polysaccharides as the bioactive constituents. When taken orally, their hydrophilic constituents are metabolized into hydrophobic ginsenosides compound K, Rh1, and Rh2 that are absorbable into the blood. These metabolites exhibit the pharmacological effects more strongly than hydrophilic parental constituents. To enforce these metabolites, fermented WG and RG are developed. Moreover, natural products including ginseng are frequently used for the treatment of allergic disorders. Therefore, this review introduces the current knowledge related to the effectiveness of ginseng on allergic disorders including asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and pruritus. We discuss how ginseng, its constituents, and its metabolites regulate allergy-related immune responses. We also describe how ginseng controls allergic disorders.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Allergic Agents; Fermentation; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Ginsenosides; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Panax
PubMed: 32326081
DOI: 10.3390/biom10040634 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2019Ginseng is a group of cosmopolitan plants with more than a dozen species belonging to the genus in the family that has a long history of use in traditional Chinese... (Review)
Review
Ginseng is a group of cosmopolitan plants with more than a dozen species belonging to the genus in the family that has a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Among the bioactive constituents extracted from ginseng, ginseng saponins are a group of natural steroid glycosides and triterpene saponins found exclusively throughout the plant. Studies have shown that these ginseng saponins play a significant role in exerting multiple therapeutic effects. This review covers their chemical structure and classification, as well as their pharmacological activities, including their regulatory effects on immunomodulation, their anticancer effects, and their functions in the central nervous and cardiovascular systems. The general benefits of ginseng saponins for boosting physical vitality and improving quality of life are also discussed. The review concludes with fruitful directions for future research in the use of ginseng saponins as effective therapeutic agents.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Carbohydrates; Central Nervous System; Humans; Immunologic Factors; Molecular Structure; Panax; Plant Extracts; Saponins; Structure-Activity Relationship
PubMed: 31277214
DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132443 -
Pharmaceutical Biology Dec 2023is the dried rhizome of C.A. Mey. (Araliaceae). Saponins from (SPJ) exhibit anti-oxidative and anti-aging effects.
CONTEXT
is the dried rhizome of C.A. Mey. (Araliaceae). Saponins from (SPJ) exhibit anti-oxidative and anti-aging effects.
OBJECTIVE
We evaluated the neuroprotective effects of SPJ on aging rats.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sprague-Dawley rats (18-months-old) were randomly divided into aging and SPJ groups ( = 8). Five-month-old rats were taken as the adult control ( = 8). The rats were fed a normal chow diet or the SPJ-containing diet (10 or 30 mg/kg) for 4 months. An model was established by d-galactose (d-Gal) in the SH-SY5Y cell line and pretreated with SPJ (25 and 50 µg/mL). The neuroprotection of SPJ was evaluated via Nissl staining, flow cytometry, transmission electron microscopy and Western blotting and .
RESULTS
SPJ improved the neuronal degeneration and mitochondrial morphology that are associated with aging. Meanwhile, SPJ up-regulated the protein levels of mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) and optic atrophy 1 (Opa1) and down-regulated the protein level of dynamin-like protein 1 (Drp1) in the hippocampus of aging rats ( < 0.05 or < 0.01 vs. 22 M). The studies also demonstrated that SPJ attenuated d-Gal-induced cell senescence concomitant with the improvement in mitochondrial function; SPJ, also up-regulated the Mfn2 and Opa1 protein levels, whereas the Drp1 protein level ( < 0.05 or < 0.01 vs. d-Gal group) was down-regulated.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
Further research on the elderly population will contribute to the development and utilization of SPJ for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
Topics: Aged; Humans; Rats; Animals; Panax; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Neuroblastoma; Aging; Galactose; Mitochondria
PubMed: 37667488
DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2023.2244532 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) May 2019Black ginseng is a type of processed ginseng that is prepared from white or red ginseng by steaming and drying several times. This process causes extensive changes in... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Black ginseng is a type of processed ginseng that is prepared from white or red ginseng by steaming and drying several times. This process causes extensive changes in types and amounts of secondary metabolites. The chief secondary metabolites in ginseng are ginsenosides (dammarane-type triterpene saponins), which transform into less polar ginsenosides in black ginseng by steaming. In addition, apparent changes happen to other secondary metabolites such as the increase in the contents of phenolic compounds, reducing sugars and acidic polysaccharides in addition to the decrease in concentrations of free amino acids and total polysaccharides. Furthermore, the presence of some Maillard reaction products like maltol was also engaged. These obvious chemical changes were associated with a noticeable superiority for black ginseng over white and red ginseng in most of the comparative biological studies. This review article is an attempt to illustrate different methods of preparation of black ginseng, major chemical changes of saponins and other constituents after steaming as well as the reported biological activities of black ginseng, its major saponins and other metabolites.
Topics: Drug Development; Molecular Structure; Panax; Saponins; Secondary Metabolism
PubMed: 31091790
DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101856 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2020Ginseng ( Meyer) is one of the most important medicinal herbs in Asia. Its pharmacological activity comes from ginsenosides, and its roots are produced commercially for... (Review)
Review
Ginseng ( Meyer) is one of the most important medicinal herbs in Asia. Its pharmacological activity comes from ginsenosides, and its roots are produced commercially for traditional and Oriental medicine. Though 17 species are available around the world, there was a need to develop cultivars adapted to different climatic conditions and resistant to various diseases while still producing high-quality, high-yield roots. Thus, 12 and 9 commercial cultivars have been registered in South Korea and China, respectively. Those varieties show superiority to local landraces. For example, Chunpoong is more highly resistant to rusty rot disease than the local Jakyungjong landrace and has a good root shape; it is highly cultivated to produce red ginseng. The Chinese cultivar Jilin Huangguo Renshen has higher ginsenoside content than its local landraces. This review provides information about cultivars and offers directions for future research, such as intra- and interspecific hybridization.
Topics: China; Crops, Agricultural; Ginsenosides; Panax; Republic of Korea; Species Specificity
PubMed: 32517049
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112635 -
Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics Feb 2015Ginseng, Panax ginseng (C. A. Mey.), is a well-known Chinese traditional medicine in the Far East and has gained popularity in the West during the last decade. There is... (Review)
Review
Ginseng, Panax ginseng (C. A. Mey.), is a well-known Chinese traditional medicine in the Far East and has gained popularity in the West during the last decade. There is extensive literature on the chemical constituents and bioactivities of ginseng. In this paper we compiled the chemical constituents isolated and detected from ginseng including polysaccharides, ginsenosides, peptides, polyacetylenic alcohols, fatty acids, etc. Meanwhile we summarized the biological activities of ginseng, which have been reported over the past few decades, including: anti-aging activity, anti-diabetic activity, immunoregulatory activity, anti-cancer activity, neuroregulation activity, wound and ulcer healing activity, etc. Nevertheless, further studies to exploit other kinds of constituents and new biological activities of ginseng are still necessary to facilitate research and development in the future.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Fibrinolytic Agents; Humans; Immunologic Factors; Panax; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 25788049
DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2015.01004 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2023Ginsenosides are major bioactive compounds present in the species. Ginsenosides exhibit various pharmaceutical properties, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory,... (Review)
Review
Ginsenosides are major bioactive compounds present in the species. Ginsenosides exhibit various pharmaceutical properties, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimetastatic, hypertension, and neurodegenerative disorder activities. Although several commercial products have been presented on the market, most of the current chemical processes have an unfriendly environment and a high cost of downstream processing. Compared to plant extraction, microbial production exhibits high efficiency, high selectivity, and saves time for the manufacturing of industrial products. To reach the full potential of the pharmaceutical resource of ginsenoside, a suitable microorganism has been developed as a novel approach. In this review, cell biological mechanisms in anticancer activities and the present state of research on the production of ginsenosides are summarized. Microbial hosts, including native endophytes and engineered microbes, have been used as novel and promising approaches. Furthermore, the present challenges and perspectives of using microbial hosts to produce ginsenosides have been discussed.
Topics: Ginsenosides; Panax; Pharmaceutical Preparations
PubMed: 36771109
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031437 -
Biomolecules Dec 2019Despite the increasing use of ginseng pharmacopuncture in clinical practice, evidence of its physiological effects, safety, and clinical outcomes is insufficient. The... (Review)
Review
Despite the increasing use of ginseng pharmacopuncture in clinical practice, evidence of its physiological effects, safety, and clinical outcomes is insufficient. The purpose of this review is to summarize previous studies and suggest future challenges for the clinical use of ginseng pharmacopuncture. We systematically searched clinical and animal studies that applied ginseng pharmacopuncture and reviewed the manufacturing processes of ginseng pharmacopuncture solution, safety, physiological responses, and clinical effects. Intravenous or point injection of the ginseng pharmacopuncture solution made by distillation extraction has been commonly used in studies. Ginseng pharmacopuncture does not show any toxicity in animals and humans, while it influenced the heart rate variability, pulse wave velocity, and protein synthesis in human subjects. In 25 case reports, patients with cancer, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, skin wrinkles, and allergic rhinitis showed significant improvement of clinical outcomes. We found that more evidence is necessary to conclude that ginseng pharmacopuncture is safe and effective. First, the pharmacopuncture manufacturing process should be standardized on the basis of the safety and efficacy tests. Moreover, studies on the quantitative quality of the components of the solution and on the clinical comparison of various injection methods are required to improve clinical outcomes in the future.
Topics: Acupuncture Therapy; Animals; Humans; Medicine, East Asian Traditional; Panax; Research
PubMed: 31881709
DOI: 10.3390/biom10010033 -
BioMed Research International 2017Ginseng is a traditional Chinese medicine and has the extensive pharmacological activity. Ginsenosides are the major constituent in ginseng and have the unique... (Review)
Review
Ginseng is a traditional Chinese medicine and has the extensive pharmacological activity. Ginsenosides are the major constituent in ginseng and have the unique biological activity and medicinal value. Ginsenosides have the good effects on antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and inhibition of the cell apoptosis. Studies have showed that the major ginsenosides could be converted into rare ginsenosides, which played a significant role in exerting pharmacological activity. However, the contents of some rare ginsenosides are very little. So it is very important to find the effective way to translate the main ginsenosides to rare ginsenosides. In order to provide the theoretical foundation for the transformation of ginsenoside in vitro, in this paper, many methods of the transformation of ginsenoside were summarized, mainly including physical methods, chemical methods, and biotransformation methods.
Topics: Ginsenosides; Humans; Panax
PubMed: 29387726
DOI: 10.1155/2017/8601027