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Planta Medica Aug 2018Ginseng Radix () is one of the most commonly used herbs worldwide for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases among others, supported by ancient historical... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Ginseng Radix () is one of the most commonly used herbs worldwide for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases among others, supported by ancient historical records. Throughout this long history, the large-scale cultivation of ginseng created an increasing demand for long-term storage of the harvested plant material, accelerating the development of post-harvesting procedures. Dried white ginseng and processed (steamed) red ginseng are the products of the two most common traditional post-harvest processes. Although there are a significant number of reports on practice-based therapeutic applications of ginseng, science-based evidence is needed to support these uses. Using a reverse pharmacology approach in conjunction with high-throughput techniques and animal models may offer clear, simple paths for the elucidation of the mechanisms of activity of herbal medicines. Moreover, it could provide a new and more efficient method for the discovery of potential drug candidates. From this perspective, the different chemical compositions of white ginseng and red ginseng could very likely result in different interactions with signaling pathways of diverse biological responses. This paper provides an overview of white ginseng and red ginseng, mainly focusing on their chemical profile and immunomodulation activities. Synergistic effects of ginseng herbal drugs with combinations of other traditional herbal drugs or with synthetic drugs were reviewed. The use of the zebrafish model for bioactivity testing greatly improves the prospects for future ginseng research.
Topics: Animals; Drug Synergism; Ginsenosides; Humans; Immunomodulation; Panax; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Plants, Medicinal; Zebrafish
PubMed: 29925101
DOI: 10.1055/a-0641-6240 -
Pharmacological Reports : PR Jun 2021Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an autoimmune disease mediated by immune disorder and termed as one of the most refractory diseases by the Word Health Organization.... (Review)
Review
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an autoimmune disease mediated by immune disorder and termed as one of the most refractory diseases by the Word Health Organization. Its morbidity has increased steadily over the past half century worldwide. Environmental, genetic, infectious, and immune factors are integral to the pathogenesis of IBD. Commonly known as the king of herbs, ginseng has been consumed in many countries for the past 2000 years. Its active ingredient ginsenosides, as the most prominent saponins of ginseng, have a wide range of pharmacological effects. Recent studies have confirmed that the active components of Panax ginseng have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects on IBD, including regulating the balance of immune cells, inhibiting the expression of cytokines, as well as activating Toll-like receptor 4, Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLRP), mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, and so on. Accumulated evidence indicates that ginsenosides may serve as a potential novel therapeutic drug or health product additive in IBD prevention and treatment in the future.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cytokines; Ginsenosides; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Panax
PubMed: 33462754
DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00213-z -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022flowers have the highest content of saponins compared to the other parts of , but minor ginsenosides have higher pharmacological activity than the main natural...
flowers have the highest content of saponins compared to the other parts of , but minor ginsenosides have higher pharmacological activity than the main natural ginsenosides. Therefore, this study focused on the transformation of the main ginsenosides in flowers to minor ginsenosides using the fungus of isolated from soil. The main ginsenosides Rb, Rb, Rb, and Rc and the notoginsenoside Fa in flowers were transformed into the ginsenosides F and Rd, the notoginsenosides Fd and Fe, and the ginsenoside R; the conversion rates were 100, 100, 100, 88.5, and 100%, respectively. The transformation products were studied by TLC, HPLC, and MS analyses, and the biotransformation pathways of the major ginsenosides were proposed. In addition, the purified enzyme of the fungus was prepared with the molecular weight of 66.4 kDa. The transformation of the monomer ginsenosides by the crude enzyme is consistent with that by the fungus. Additionally, three saponins were isolated from the transformation products and identified as the ginsenoside Rd and the notoginsenosides Fe and Fd by NMR and MS analyses. This study provided a unique and powerful microbial strain for efficiently transformating major ginsenosides in flowers to minor ginsenosides, which will help raise the functional and economic value of the flower.
Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cladosporium; Flowers; Ginsenosides; Panax; Panax notoginseng; Saponins; Soil
PubMed: 36235151
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196615 -
Bioengineered Dec 2021The present study was focused on comparison of four typical fungicides in ginseng field to evaluate the impact of the different fungicides on the soil bacterial and... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The present study was focused on comparison of four typical fungicides in ginseng field to evaluate the impact of the different fungicides on the soil bacterial and fungal communities' composition and diversity by using high-throughput sequencing. Five treatments were designed comprising carbendazim (D), dimethyl disulfide (E), dazomet (M), calcium cyanamide (S), and control (C). The application of fungicide obviously altered the distribution of dominant fungal and bacterial communities and remarkably decreased the diversity (1099-763 and 6457-2245). The most abundant obviously degenerate in fungicide-treated soil and minimum in E (0.09%) compared to control (25.72%). The relative abundance of was reduced from 27.76 (C) to 7.14% after applying fungicide and minimum in E. The phylum are both decomposers of organic matter and enemies of soil-borne pathogens, elevated from 11.62 to 51.54% and are high in E. The fungi community mainly distributed into that enriched from 66.09 to 88.21% and highin M and E (88.21 and 85.10%), and reduced from 21.13 to 3.23% and low in M and E (5.27 and 3.23%). Overall, environmentally related fungicides decreased the diversity and altered the composition of bacterial and fungal communities, highest sensitivity present in dimethyl disulfide-treated soil.
Topics: Bacteria; Benzimidazoles; Carbamates; Crops, Agricultural; Cyanamide; Disulfides; Fungi; Fungicides, Industrial; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Panax; Phylogeny; Soil Microbiology; Thiadiazines
PubMed: 34595989
DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1982277 -
BMC Microbiology Jan 2022The resources of wild ginseng have been reducing sharply, and it is mainly dependent on artificial cultivation in China, Korea and Japan. Based on cultivation modes,... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
The resources of wild ginseng have been reducing sharply, and it is mainly dependent on artificial cultivation in China, Korea and Japan. Based on cultivation modes, cultivated ginseng include understory wild ginseng (the seeds or seedlings of cultivated ginseng were planted under the theropencedrymion without human intervention) and farmland cultivated ginseng (grown in farmland with human intervention). Cultivated ginseng, can only be planted on the same plot of land consecutively for several years owing to soilborne diseases, which is mainly because of the variation in the soil microbial community. In contrast, wild ginseng can grow for hundreds of years. However, the knowledge of rhizosphere microbe communities of the wild ginseng is limited.
RESULT
In the present study, the microbial communities in rhizosphere soils of the three types of ginseng were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing of 16 S rRNA for bacteria and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region for fungi. In total, 4,381 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and 2,679 fungal OTUs were identified in rhizosphere soils of the three types of ginseng. Among them, the shared bacterial OTUs was more than fungal OTUs by the three types of ginseng, revealing fungal communities were to be more affected than bacterial communities. In addition, the composition of rhizosphere microbial communities and bacterial diversity were similar between understory wild ginseng and wild ginseng. However, higher bacterial diversity and lower fungal diversity were found in rhizosphere soils of wild ginseng compared with farmland cultivated ginseng. Furthermore, the relative abundance of Chloroflexi, Fusarium and Alternaria were higher in farmland cultivated ginseng compared to wild ginseng and understory wild ginseng.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results showed that composition and diversity of rhizosphere microbial communities were significantly different in three types of ginseng. This study extended the knowledge pedigree of the microbial diversity populating rhizospheres, and provided insights into resolving the limiting bottleneck on the sustainable development of P. ginseng crops, and even the other crops of Panax.
Topics: Bacteria; Crops, Agricultural; Fungi; Microbiota; Panax; Rhizosphere; Soil; Soil Microbiology
PubMed: 34979908
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02421-w -
BMC Genomics Dec 2019The sensitivity of plants to ammonia is a worldwide problem that limits crop production. Excessive use of ammonium as the sole nitrogen source results in morphological...
BACKGROUND
The sensitivity of plants to ammonia is a worldwide problem that limits crop production. Excessive use of ammonium as the sole nitrogen source results in morphological and physiological disorders, and retarded plant growth.
RESULTS
In this study we found that the root growth of Panax notoginseng was inhibited when only adding ammonium nitrogen fertilizer, but the supplement of nitrate fertilizer recovered the integrity, activity and growth of root. Twelve RNA-seq profiles in four sample groups were produced and analyzed to identify deregulated genes in samples with different treatments. In comparisons to NH[Formula: see text] treated samples, ACLA-3 gene is up-regulated in samples treated with NO[Formula: see text] and with both NH[Formula: see text] and NO[Formula: see text], which is further validated by qRT-PCR in another set of samples. Subsequently, we show that the some key metabolites in the TCA cycle are also significantly enhanced when introducing NO[Formula: see text]. These potentially enhance the integrity and recover the growth of Panax notoginseng roots.
CONCLUSION
These results suggest that the activated TCA cycle, as demonstrated by up-regulation of ACLA-3 and several key metabolites in this cycle, contributes to the increased Panax notoginseng root yield when applying both ammonium and nitrate fertilizer.
Topics: Ammonium Compounds; Fertilizers; Nitrates; Panax notoginseng; Plant Roots; RNA-Seq; Transcriptome
PubMed: 31874632
DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6340-7 -
Dissipation, Processing Factors and Dietary Risk Assessment for Flupyradifurone Residues in Ginseng.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2022The massive use of pesticides has brought great risks to food and environmental safety. It is necessary to develop reliable analytical methods and evaluate risks through...
The massive use of pesticides has brought great risks to food and environmental safety. It is necessary to develop reliable analytical methods and evaluate risks through monitoring studies. Here, a method was used for the simultaneous determination of flupyradifurone (FPF) and its two metabolites in fresh ginseng, dried ginseng, ginseng plants, and soil. The method exhibited good accuracy (recoveries of 72.8-97.5%) and precision (relative standard deviations of 1.1-8.5%). The field experiments demonstrated that FPF had half-lives of 4.5-7.9 d and 10.0-16.9 d in ginseng plants and soil, respectively. The concentrations of total terminal residues in soil, ginseng plants, dried ginseng, and ginseng were less than 0.516, 2.623, 2.363, and 0.641 mg/kg, respectively. Based on these results, the soil environmental risk assessment shows that the environmental risk of FPF to soil organisms is acceptable. The processing factors for FPF residues in ginseng were 3.82-4.59, indicating that the concentration of residues increased in ginseng after drying. A dietary risk assessment showed that the risk of FPF residues from long-term and short-term dietary exposures to global consumers were 0.1-0.4% and 12.07-13.16%, respectively, indicating that the application of FPF to ginseng at the recommended dose does not pose a significant risk to consumers.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Environmental Monitoring; Panax; Pesticide Residues; Pyridines; Risk Assessment; Soil; Soil Pollutants
PubMed: 36080241
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175473 -
Nutrients Jun 2022Despite the popularity of the ginseng () root in health research and on the market, the ginseng berry's potential remains relatively unexplored. Implementing ginseng... (Review)
Review
Despite the popularity of the ginseng () root in health research and on the market, the ginseng berry's potential remains relatively unexplored. Implementing ginseng berry cultivations and designing berry-derived products could improve the accessibility to mental health-promoting nutraceuticals. Indeed, the berry could have a higher concentration of neuroprotective and antidepressant compounds than the root, which has already been the subject of research demonstrating its efficacy in the context of neuroprotection and mental health. In this review, data on the berry's application in supporting mental health via the gut-brain axis is compiled and discussed.
Topics: Brain-Gut Axis; Fruit; Ginsenosides; Mental Health; Panax
PubMed: 35745252
DOI: 10.3390/nu14122523 -
BMC Microbiology Jan 2021Continuous cropping of ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) cultivated in farmland for an extended period gives rise to soil-borne disease. The change in soil microbial...
BACKGROUND
Continuous cropping of ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) cultivated in farmland for an extended period gives rise to soil-borne disease. The change in soil microbial composition is a major cause of soil-borne diseases and an obstacle to continuous cropping. The impact of cultivation modes and ages on the diversity and composition of the P. ginseng rhizosphere microbial community and technology suitable for cropping P. ginseng in farmland are still being explored.
METHODS
Amplicon sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes and fungal ITS regions were analyzed for microbial community composition and diversity.
RESULTS
The obtained sequencing data were reasonable for estimating soil microbial diversity. We observed significant variations in richness, diversity, and relative abundances of microbial taxa between farmland, deforestation field, and different cultivation years. The bacterial communities of LCK (forest soil where P. ginseng was not grown) had a much higher richness and diversity than those in NCK (farmland soil where P. ginseng was not grown). The increase in cultivation years of P. ginseng in farmland and deforestation field significantly changed the diversity of soil microbial communities. In addition, the accumulation of P. ginseng soil-borne pathogens (Monographella cucumerina, Ilyonectria mors-panacis, I. robusta, Fusarium solani, and Nectria ramulariae) varied with the cropping age of P. ginseng.
CONCLUSION
Soil microbial diversity and function were significantly poorer in farmland than in the deforestation field and were affected by P. ginseng planting years. The abundance of common soil-borne pathogens of P. ginseng increased with the cultivation age and led to an imbalance in the microbial community.
Topics: Agriculture; Bacteria; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Fungal; Fungi; Panax; Phylogeny; Plant Roots; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Rhizosphere; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Soil Microbiology
PubMed: 33419388
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-02081-2 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... May 2022Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F.H. commonly referred to as Sanqi, is a Chinese herb that has long been used to treat various conditions including blood disorders and...
INTRODUCTION
Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F.H. commonly referred to as Sanqi, is a Chinese herb that has long been used to treat various conditions including blood disorders and cardiovascular diseases. While Panax notoginseng has been used as an anti-cancer medicinal herb in recent years, how it achieves this therapeutic effect has not been thoroughly elucidated. The purpose of this study was to reveal more about the mechanism of the cytotoxic effect of Panax notoginseng on prostate cancer (PCa) cells.
METHODS
Ethanol extract of Panax notoginseng root was authenticated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The cytotoxic activity of this herb against PCa cells was determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method, flow cytometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
RESULTS
The assessment of cellular metabolic activity demonstrated that Panax notoginseng reduces the viability of LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Annexin-V binding flow cytometry assay showed that Panax notoginseng induces apoptosis in PCa cells. Cell cycle analysis by quantification of DNA content using flow cytometry showed that Panax notoginseng arrests the cell cycle at the G2/M phase in both LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells. Moreover, ELISA demonstrated that Panax notoginseng-treated PCa cells secrete significantly less tumor-promoting cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) to the supernatant compared with controls.
CONCLUSIONS
These results provide evidence for the cytotoxic effects of Panax notoginseng on PCa cell lines. This botanical is a promising candidate for the complementary and integrative medicine treatment of PCa and further studies are indicated to determine the anti-cancer mechanism of Panax notoginseng.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Humans; Male; Panax; Panax notoginseng; Plants, Medicinal; Prostatic Neoplasms; Saponins
PubMed: 35367754
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112887