-
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... May 2022Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F.H. commonly referred to as Sanqi, is a Chinese herb that has long been used to treat various conditions including blood disorders and...
INTRODUCTION
Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F.H. commonly referred to as Sanqi, is a Chinese herb that has long been used to treat various conditions including blood disorders and cardiovascular diseases. While Panax notoginseng has been used as an anti-cancer medicinal herb in recent years, how it achieves this therapeutic effect has not been thoroughly elucidated. The purpose of this study was to reveal more about the mechanism of the cytotoxic effect of Panax notoginseng on prostate cancer (PCa) cells.
METHODS
Ethanol extract of Panax notoginseng root was authenticated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The cytotoxic activity of this herb against PCa cells was determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method, flow cytometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
RESULTS
The assessment of cellular metabolic activity demonstrated that Panax notoginseng reduces the viability of LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Annexin-V binding flow cytometry assay showed that Panax notoginseng induces apoptosis in PCa cells. Cell cycle analysis by quantification of DNA content using flow cytometry showed that Panax notoginseng arrests the cell cycle at the G2/M phase in both LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells. Moreover, ELISA demonstrated that Panax notoginseng-treated PCa cells secrete significantly less tumor-promoting cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) to the supernatant compared with controls.
CONCLUSIONS
These results provide evidence for the cytotoxic effects of Panax notoginseng on PCa cell lines. This botanical is a promising candidate for the complementary and integrative medicine treatment of PCa and further studies are indicated to determine the anti-cancer mechanism of Panax notoginseng.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Humans; Male; Panax; Panax notoginseng; Plants, Medicinal; Prostatic Neoplasms; Saponins
PubMed: 35367754
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112887 -
Nutrients May 2019L. (American Ginseng, AG) is an herb characteristic for regions of North America and Asia. Due to its beneficial properties it has been extensively investigated for... (Review)
Review
L. (American Ginseng, AG) is an herb characteristic for regions of North America and Asia. Due to its beneficial properties it has been extensively investigated for decades. Nowadays, it is one of the most commonly applied medical herbs worldwide. Active compounds of AG are ginsenosides, saponins of the glycosides group that are abundant in roots, leaves, stem, and fruits of the plant. Ginsenosides are suggested to be primarily responsible for health-beneficial effects of AG. AG acts on the nervous system; it was reported to improve the cognitive function in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, display anxiolytic activity, and neuroprotective effects against neuronal damage resulting from ischemic stroke in animals, demonstrate anxiolytic activity, and induce neuroprotective effects against neuronal damage in ischemic stroke in animals. Administration of AG leads to inhibition of hypertrophy in heart failure by regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mice as well as depletion of cardiac contractile function in rats. It also has an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity potential as it increases insulin sensitivity and inhibits formation of adipose tissue. AG displays anti-cancer effect by induction of apoptosis of cancer cells and reducing local inflammation. It exerts antimicrobial effects against several pathogenic strains of bacteria. Therefore, AG presents a high potential to induce beneficial health effects in humans and should be further explored to formulate precise nutritional recommendations, as well as to assess its value in prevention and therapy of some disorders, including cancer.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Cardiovascular Diseases; Ginsenosides; Humans; Metabolic Diseases; Neoplasms; Nervous System Diseases; Panax; Phytochemicals; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 31075951
DOI: 10.3390/nu11051041 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2023The @Ag core/shell electrospun fiber membrane was prepared by coaxial electrospinning combined with the UV reduction method (254 nm). The prepared @Ag core/shell...
The @Ag core/shell electrospun fiber membrane was prepared by coaxial electrospinning combined with the UV reduction method (254 nm). The prepared @Ag core/shell nanofiber membrane has a three-dimensional structure, and its swelling ratio could reach as high as 199.87%. Traditional Chinese medicine can reduce inflammation, and the silver nanoparticles have antibacterial effects, which synergistically promote rapid wound healing. The developed @Ag core/shell nanofiber membrane can effectively inhibit the growth of the Gram-negative bacteria and the Gram-positive bacteria . The wound healing experiments in Sprague Dawley mice showed that the wound residual area rate of the @Ag core/shell electrospun nanofiber membrane group was only 1.52% on day 9, and the wound of this group basically healed on day 12, while the wound residual area rate of the gauze treatment group (control group) was 16.3% and 10.80% on day 9 and day 12, respectively. The wound of the @Ag core/shell electrospun nanofiber membrane group healed faster, which contributed to the application of the nanofiber as Chinese medicine rapid wound healing dressings.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Panax notoginseng; Metal Nanoparticles; Silver; Wound Healing; Nanofibers; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Escherichia coli
PubMed: 37049735
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072972 -
BMC Microbiology Mar 2022Cadmium (Cd) contamination in soil poses a serious safety risk for the development of medicine and food with ginseng as the raw material. Microorganisms are key players...
BACKGROUND
Cadmium (Cd) contamination in soil poses a serious safety risk for the development of medicine and food with ginseng as the raw material. Microorganisms are key players in the functioning and service of soil ecosystems, but the effects of Cd-contaminated ginseng growth on these microorganisms is still poorly understood. To study this hypothesis, we evaluated the effects of microorganisms and Cd (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, and 10.0 mg kg of Cd) exposure on the soil microbial community using Illumina HiSeq high-throughput sequencing.
RESULTS
Our results indicated that Cd-contaminated soil affected the soil microbial diversity and composition, and bacterial diversity was affected more than fungal diversity in Cd-contaminated soil, especially according to Shannon indices. The abundance of the soil microbial community decreased and the composition changed according to the relative abundances at the phylum level, including those of Saccharibacteria and Gemmatimonadetes in bacteria and Mortierellomycota in fungi. The LEfSe algorithm was used to identify active biomarkers, and 45 differentially abundant bacterial taxonomic clades and 16 differentially abundant fungal taxonomic clades were identified with LDA scores higher than 4.0. Finally, a heatmap of Spearman's rank correlation coefficients and canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) indicated that some key biomarkers, Arenimonas, Xanthomonadales, Nitrosomonadaceae, Methylophilales, Caulobacterales, Aeromicrobium, Chitinophagaceae, Acidimicrobiales, Nocardioidaceae, Propionibacteriales, Frankiales, and Gemmatimonadaceae, were positively correlated with the total and available Cd (p<0.05) but negatively correlated with AK, AP, and pH (p<0.05) in the bacterial community. Similarly, in the fungal community, Tubaria, Mortierellaceae, and Rhizophagus were positively correlated with the total and available Cd but negatively correlated with AK, AP, TK, and pH.
CONCLUSION
Cd contamination significantly affected microbial diversity and composition in ginseng-growing soil. Our findings provide new insight into the effects of Cd contamination on the microbial communities in ginseng-growing soil.
Topics: Bacteria; Biomarkers; Cadmium; Microbiota; Mycobiome; Panax; Soil; Soil Microbiology; Soil Pollutants
PubMed: 35305554
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02488-z -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2023is widely used in Asian countries and its active constituents-ginsenosides-need to be systematically studied. However, only a small part of ginsenosides have been...
Comprehensive Identification of Ginsenosides in the Roots and Rhizomes of Based on Their Molecular Features-Oriented Precursor Ions Selection and Targeted MS/MS Analysis.
is widely used in Asian countries and its active constituents-ginsenosides-need to be systematically studied. However, only a small part of ginsenosides have been characterized in the roots and rhizomes of (RRPG) up to date, mainly because of a lack of the fragmentation ions of many more ginsenosides. In order to comprehensively identify ginsenosides in RRPG, molecular features of ginsenosides orienting precursor ions selection and targeted tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis strategy were proposed in our study, in which the precursor ions were selected according to the molecular features of ginsenosides irrespective of their peak abundances, and targeted MS/MS analysis was then performed to obtain their fragmentation ions for substance characterization. Using this strategy, a total of 620 ginsenosides were successfully characterized in RRPG, including 309 protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides, 258 protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides and 53 oleanane-type ginsenosides. It is worth noting that, except for the known aglycones mass-to-charge ratio () 459, 475 and 455, twelve other aglycones, including 509, 507, 493, 491, 489, 487, 477, 473, 461, 457, 443 and 441, were first reported in our experiment and they were probably the derivatizations of the protopanaxatriol and protopanaxadiol. Our study will not only help people to improve the cognition of ginsenosides in RRPG, but will also play a guiding and reference role for the isolation and characterization of potentially new ginsenosides from RRPG.
Topics: Humans; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Rhizome; Ginsenosides; Panax; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Plant Roots; Ions
PubMed: 36770610
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28030941 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2020(North American ginseng, NAG) is a popular medicinal plant used widely in traditional medicine. NAG products are currently available in various forms such as roots,... (Review)
Review
(North American ginseng, NAG) is a popular medicinal plant used widely in traditional medicine. NAG products are currently available in various forms such as roots, extracts, nutraceuticals, dietary supplements, energy drinks, etc. NAG polysaccharides are recognized as one of the major bioactive ingredients. However, most NAG reviews are focused on ginsenosides with little information on polysaccharides. NAG polysaccharides have demonstrated a therapeutic activity in numerous studies, in which many of the bioactivities involve regulation of the immune response. The purpose of this review is to summarize the structural features and the immunomodulatory properties of crude, partially purified, and pure polysaccharides isolated from NAG. Receptors of the innate immune system that potentially bind to NAG polysaccharides and the respective signal transduction pathways initiated by these compounds are discussed. Major challenges, recent innovations, and future directions in NAG polysaccharide research are also summarized.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Dietary Supplements; Endotoxins; Ginsenosides; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Immunologic Factors; Immunomodulation; Panax; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Plants, Medicinal; Polysaccharides
PubMed: 33322293
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245854 -
Genomics Nov 2020The saponins found in Panax japonicus, a traditional medicinal herb in Asia, exhibit high degrees of structural and functional similarity. In this study, metabolite...
The saponins found in Panax japonicus, a traditional medicinal herb in Asia, exhibit high degrees of structural and functional similarity. In this study, metabolite analysis revealed that oleanolic acid-type and dammarane-type saponins were distributed unevenly in three tissues (rhizome_Y, rhizome_O, and secRoot) of P. japonicus. Single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing and next generation sequencing (NGS) data revealed distinct and tissue-specific transcriptomic patterns relating to the production of these two types of saponins. In the co-expression network and hierarchical clustering analyses, one 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) and two 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) etc. transcripts were found to be key genes associated with the biosynthesis of oleanolic acid and dammarane-type saponins in P. japonicus, respectively. In addition, cytochrome p450 (CYP) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) family proteins that serve as regulators of saponin biosynthesis-related genes were also found to exhibit tissue-specific expression patterns. Together these results offer a comprehensive metabolomic and transcriptomic overview of P. japonicus.
Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Gene Regulatory Networks; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Oleanolic Acid; Panax; Plant Roots; Rhizome; Saponins; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Triterpenes; Dammaranes
PubMed: 32653517
DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.06.045 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2018Herb genomics and comparative genomics provide a global platform to explore the genetics and biology of herbs at the genome level. C.A. Meyer is an important medicinal...
Herb genomics and comparative genomics provide a global platform to explore the genetics and biology of herbs at the genome level. C.A. Meyer is an important medicinal plant for a variety of bioactive chemical compounds of which the biosynthesis may involve transport of a wide range of substrates mediated by oligopeptide transporters (OPT). However, information about the OPT family in the plant kingdom is still limited. Only 17 and 18 OPT genes have been characterized for and , respectively. Additionally, few comprehensive studies incorporating the phylogeny, gene structure, paralogs evolution, expression profiling, and co-expression network between transcription factors and OPT genes have been reported for ginseng and other species. In the present study, we performed those analyses comprehensively with both online tools and standalone tools. As a result, we identified a total of 268 non-redundant OPT genes from 12 flowering plants of which 37 were from ginseng. These OPT genes were clustered into two distinct clades in which clade-specific motif compositions were considerably conservative. The distribution of OPT paralogs was indicative of segmental duplication and subsequent structural variation. Expression patterns based on two sources of RNA-Sequence datasets suggested that some OPT genes were expressed in both an organ-specific and tissue-specific manner and might be involved in the functional development of plants. Further co-expression analysis of OPT genes and transcription factors indicated 141 positive and 11 negative links, which shows potent regulators for OPT genes. Overall, the data obtained from our study contribute to a better understanding of the complexity of the OPT gene family in ginseng and other flowering plants. This genetic resource will help improve the interpretation on mechanisms of metabolism transportation and signal transduction during plant development for .
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Genome, Plant; Ginsenosides; Magnoliopsida; Panax; Phylogeny; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 30577553
DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010015 -
GigaScience Nov 2017Ginseng, which contains ginsenosides as bioactive compounds, has been regarded as an important traditional medicine for several millennia. However, the genetic...
Ginseng, which contains ginsenosides as bioactive compounds, has been regarded as an important traditional medicine for several millennia. However, the genetic background of ginseng remains poorly understood, partly because of the plant's large and complex genome composition. We report the entire genome sequence of Panax ginseng using next-generation sequencing. The 3.5-Gb nucleotide sequence contains more than 60% repeats and encodes 42 006 predicted genes. Twenty-two transcriptome datasets and mass spectrometry images of ginseng roots were adopted to precisely quantify the functional genes. Thirty-one genes were identified to be involved in the mevalonic acid pathway. Eight of these genes were annotated as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductases, which displayed diverse structures and expression characteristics. A total of 225 UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) were identified, and these UGTs accounted for one of the largest gene families of ginseng. Tandem repeats contributed to the duplication and divergence of UGTs. Molecular modeling of UGTs in the 71st, 74th, and 94th families revealed a regiospecific conserved motif located at the N-terminus. Molecular docking predicted that this motif captures ginsenoside precursors. The ginseng genome represents a valuable resource for understanding and improving the breeding, cultivation, and synthesis biology of this key herb.
Topics: Genome, Plant; Ginsenosides; Glycosyltransferases; Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases; Mevalonic Acid; Molecular Sequence Annotation; Panax
PubMed: 29048480
DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/gix093 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2020Ginseng is one of the most widely consumed herbs in the world and plays an important role in counteracting fatigue and alleviating stress. The main active substances of... (Review)
Review
Ginseng is one of the most widely consumed herbs in the world and plays an important role in counteracting fatigue and alleviating stress. The main active substances of ginseng are its ginsenosides. Ocotillol-type triterpenoid is a remarkably effective ginsenoside from Vietnamese ginseng that has received attention because of its potential antibacterial, anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties, among others. The semisynthesis, modification and biological activities of ocotillol-type compounds have been extensively studied in recent years. The aim of this review is to summarize semisynthesis, modification and pharmacological activities of ocotillol-type compounds. The structure-activity relationship studies of these compounds were reported. This summary should prove useful information for drug exploration of ocotillol-type derivatives.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Ginsenosides; Humans; Panax; Triterpenes
PubMed: 33260848
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235562