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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2023(Burk.) F. H. is a genuine medicinal material in Yunnan Province. As accessories, leaves mainly contain protopanaxadiol saponins. The preliminary findings have...
(Burk.) F. H. is a genuine medicinal material in Yunnan Province. As accessories, leaves mainly contain protopanaxadiol saponins. The preliminary findings have indicated that leaves contribute to its significant pharmacological effects and have been administrated to tranquilize and treat cancer and nerve injury. Saponins from leaves were isolated and purified by different chromatographic methods, and the structures of - were elucidated mainly through comprehensive analyses of spectroscopic data. Moreover, the SH-SY5Y cells protection bioactivities of all isolated compounds were tested by establishing L-glutamate models for nerve cell injury. As a result, twenty-two saponins, including eight dammarane saponins, namely notoginsenosides SL-SL (-), were identified as new compounds, together with fourteen known compounds, namely notoginsenoside NL-A (), ginsenoside Rc (), gypenoside IX (), gypenoside XVII (), notoginsenoside Fc (), quinquenoside L (), notoginsenoside NL-B (), notoginsenoside NL-C (), notoginsenoside NL-H (), notoginsenoside NL-H (), vina-ginsenoside R (), ginsenoside II (), majoroside F (), and notoginsenoside LK (). Among them, notoginsenoside SL (), notoginsenoside SL (), notoginsenoside NL-A (), and ginsenoside Rc () showed slight protective effects against L-glutamate-induced nerve cell injury (30 µM).
Topics: Humans; Panax notoginseng; Glutamic Acid; Neuroblastoma; China; Ginsenosides; Saponins; Plant Leaves; Panax
PubMed: 36903439
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052194 -
Scientific Reports May 2018Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is used to visualize the distribution of DNA elements within a genome. Conventional methods for FISH take 1-2 days. Here, we...
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is used to visualize the distribution of DNA elements within a genome. Conventional methods for FISH take 1-2 days. Here, we developed a simplified, rapid FISH technique using pre-labeled oligonucleotide probes (PLOPs) and tested the procedure using 18 PLOPs from 45S and 5S rDNA, Arabidopsis-type telomere, and newly-identified Panax ginseng-specific tandem repeats. The 16 developed rDNA PLOPs can be universally applied to plants and animals. The telomere PLOPs can be utilized in most plants with Arabidopsis-type telomeres. The ginseng-specific PLOP can be used to distinguish P. ginseng from related Panax species. Differential labeling of PLOPs allowed us to simultaneously visualize different target loci while reducing the FISH hybridization time from ~16 h to 5 min. PLOP-FISH is efficient, reliable, and rapid, making it ideal for routine analysis, especially of newly sequenced genomes using either universal or specific targets, such as novel tandem repeats identified from whole-genome sequencing data.
Topics: Base Sequence; DNA Probes; DNA, Ribosomal; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Panax; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; Telomere; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 29844509
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26667-z -
Journal of Nanobiotechnology Feb 2024Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is closely linked to the homeostasis of the intestinal environment, and exosomes can be used to treat IBD due to their high...
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is closely linked to the homeostasis of the intestinal environment, and exosomes can be used to treat IBD due to their high biocompatibility and ability to be effectively absorbed by the intestinal tract. However, Ginseng-derived nanoparticles (GDNPs) have not been studied in this context and their mechanism of action remains unclear. Here, we investigated GDNPs ability to mediate intercellular communication in a complex inflammatory microenvironment in order to treat IBD. We found that GDNPs scavenge reactive oxygen species from immune cells and intestinal epithelial cells, inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory factors, promote the proliferation and differentiation of intestinal stem cells, as well as enhancing the diversity of the intestinal flora. GDNPs significantly stabilise the intestinal barrier thereby promoting tissue repair. Overall, we proved that GDNPs can ameliorate inflammation and oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro, acting on the TLR4/MAPK and p62/Keap1/Nrf2 pathways, and exerting an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect. GDNPs mitigated IBD in mice by reducing inflammatory factors and improving the intestinal environment. This study offers new evidence of the potential therapeutic effects of GDNPs in the context of IBD, providing the conceptual ground for an alternative therapeutic strategy.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1; Nanoparticles; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; Panax; Toll-Like Receptor 4
PubMed: 38302938
DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02313-x -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2023(Burk) F. H. Chen is a traditional Chinese medicinal and edible plant. However, flower (PNF) is rarely used. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the...
(Burk) F. H. Chen is a traditional Chinese medicinal and edible plant. However, flower (PNF) is rarely used. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the main saponins and the anti-inflammatory bioactivity of PNF saponins (PNFS). We explored the regulation of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), a key mediator of inflammatory pathways, in human keratinocyte cells treated with PNFS. A cell model of UVB-irradiation-induced inflammation was established to determine the influence of PNFS on inflammatory factors and their relationship with LL-37 expression. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting analysis were used to detect the production of inflammatory factors and LL37. Finally, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was employed to quantify the main active components (ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Re, Rg1, and notoginsenoside R1) in PNF. The results show that PNFS substantially inhibited COX-2 activity and downregulated the production of inflammatory factors, indicating that they can be used to reduce skin inflammation. PNFS also increased the expression of LL-37. The contents of ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, and Rd in PNF were much higher than those of Rg1, and notoginsenoside R1. This paper provides data in support of the application of PNF in cosmetics.
Topics: Humans; Ginsenosides; Saponins; Panax notoginseng; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Cyclooxygenase 2; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Liquid; Flowers; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Inflammation; Panax
PubMed: 36903661
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052416 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Dec 2020Panax Ginseng has been widely used in Asian for thousand years. In order to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ginseng, more and more ginseng clinical trials (GCTs)...
Panax Ginseng has been widely used in Asian for thousand years. In order to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ginseng, more and more ginseng clinical trials (GCTs) have been conducted recently. However, there is a lack of an extensive review summarizing the current status for the quality and quantity of ginseng clinical researches until now. Therefore, clinical trials for ginseng were retrieved from International Clinical Trials Registration Platform and collected through the system retrieval method of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses in PubMed, the Web of Science, the Korean Studies Information Service System, and SCOPUS database. We summarized the clinical characteristics of 152 registered ginseng clinical trials (R-GCTs) and119 published ginseng clinical trials (P-GCTs), such as source register, recruitment status, primary purpose, duration, sample size, conditions, and outcomes. Among them, ginseng has mainly been studied in clinical trials in the single-center and less than 200 subjects. In the most GCTs, healthy subjects and patients with various conditions, such as cardiovascular and metabolic diseases are administrated with ginseng, ginsenosides or the prescriptions containing ginseng for less than 3 months to investigate the protective and therapeutic functions of ginseng. 95 (79.8 %) published articles showed that ginseng has plenty of positive effects. This review could assist the basic researchers and clinical doctors to understand current status and problem of ginseng clinical research, and perhaps could benefit for the reasonable and accurate design of future clinical studies.
Topics: Animals; Clinical Trials as Topic; Ginsenosides; Humans; Panax; Plant Preparations
PubMed: 33059260
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110832 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2020() is the most widely consumed herbal plant in Asia and is well-known for its various pharmacological properties. Many studies have been devoted to this natural...
() is the most widely consumed herbal plant in Asia and is well-known for its various pharmacological properties. Many studies have been devoted to this natural product. However, polysaccharide's components of ginseng and their biological effects have not been widely studied. In this study, white ginseng neutral polysaccharide (WGNP) and white ginseng acidic polysaccharide (WGAP) fractions were purified from roots. The chemical properties of WGNP and WGAP were investigated using various chromatography and spectroscopy techniques, including high-performance gel permeation chromatography, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography with an ultra-violet detector. The antioxidant, anti-radical, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities were evaluated in vitro and in vivo using as the model organism. Our in vitro data by ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), reducing power, ferrous ion chelating, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity suggested that the WGAP with significantly higher uronic acid content and higher molecular weight exhibits a much stronger antioxidant effect as compared to that of WGNP. Similar antioxidant activity of WGAP was also confirmed in vivo by evaluating internal reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration and lipid peroxidation. In conclusion, WGAP may be used as a natural antioxidant with potent scavenging and metal chelation properties.
Topics: Acids; Antioxidants; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydroxyl Radical; Lipid Peroxidation; Panax; Plant Extracts; Polysaccharides; Reactive Oxygen Species; Sulfonic Acids
PubMed: 32059482
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040791 -
Nutrients Jan 2023Although tremendous research has reported the protective effects of natural compounds in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), there is still no approved drug. This... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Although tremendous research has reported the protective effects of natural compounds in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), there is still no approved drug. This study aimed to examine the efficacy of in NAFLD in preclinical studies. A total of 41 studies were identified by searching the PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases. The methodological quality was assessed by the risk of bias tool from the Systematic Review Center for Laboratory Animal Experimentation. The standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval was calculated, and the random effects model was used to examine overall efficacy or heterogeneity. The publication bias was analyzed by Egger's test. The results showed that treatment significantly reduced the systemic levels of alanine aminotransferase (SMD: -2.15 IU/L; < 0.0001), aspartate aminotransferase (SMD: -2.86 IU/L; < 0.0001), triglyceride (SMD: -2.86 mg/dL; < 0.0001), total cholesterol (SMD: -1.69 mg/dL; < 0.0001), low-density lipoprotein (SMD: -1.46 mg/dL; < 0.0001), and fasting glucose (SMD: -1.45 mg/dL; < 0.0001) while increasing high-density lipoprotein (SMD: 1.22 mg/dL; = 0.0002) in NAFLD regardless of animal models or species. These findings may suggest that is a promising therapeutic agent for NAFLD treatment.
Topics: Animals; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Panax; Triglycerides; Lipoproteins, HDL; Lipoproteins, LDL
PubMed: 36771427
DOI: 10.3390/nu15030721 -
Experimental Gerontology Jan 2024Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are the reservoir source of various types of intestinal cells, and the decline of stem cell function in the gut may be a potential factor...
BACKGROUND
Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are the reservoir source of various types of intestinal cells, and the decline of stem cell function in the gut may be a potential factor for aging-related disease. The present study aimed to explore the regulatory mechanisms of Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer (Araliaceae, Panax genus) that could restore gut aging by enhancing intestinal function and regulating ISCs in aging mice based on the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
METHODS
A total of 60 ICR male mice were randomly divided into control, model, metformin, and ginseng water decoction (GWD) 3.6, 1.8, and 0.9 g/kg groups. The aging model was induced by 1 % D-galactose (s.c. 0.1 mL/10 g) for 28 days. Moreover, GWD was given to aging mice intragastrically (i.g.) once a day for 28 successive days. The learning memory ability, pathological status, and function in the ileum tissue, the activity of digestive enzymes, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) content in the colon were evaluated, and the related mechanism was investigated.
RESULTS
Ginseng can decrease the escape latency time and increase the swimming speed and the number of crossing platforms in aging mice. Moreover, the pathology of ileum tissue improved, the length of the intestinal villi increased, and the width of the villi and the depth of the crypts decreased. The activities of trypsin, α-amylase, and lipase increased in duodenal content and intestinal mucosa. In the colon, the content of SCFA, such as acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid, increased, indicating that ginseng significantly improves intestinal function impairment. The mRNA expressions and protein levels of β-catenin, C-myc, GSK-3β, Lgr5, and Olfm4 were upregulated in the ginseng group.
CONCLUSIONS
Ginseng improves intestinal function and regulates the function of ISCs in order to protect intestinal health by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in aging mice.
Topics: Mice; Male; Animals; Wnt Signaling Pathway; Galactose; Panax; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; Mice, Inbred ICR; Stem Cells; Aging; Intestinal Mucosa
PubMed: 38135257
DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112351 -
Brain and Behavior Mar 2019The traditional herbal supplements Panax ginseng and Ginkgo biloba are self-medicated by members of the general public and prescribed by healthcare professionals in some...
A systematic review of research investigating the physiological and psychological effects of combining Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng into a single treatment in humans: Implications for research design and analysis.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
The traditional herbal supplements Panax ginseng and Ginkgo biloba are self-medicated by members of the general public and prescribed by healthcare professionals in some EU countries for numerous health complaints. Clinical evidence is mixed and mechanisms of action are not fully understood. There is clinical interest into the synergistic effects of combining both herbs.
METHODS
We systematically review the literature investigating the effects of combination treatments on physiological and psychological outcomes in humans. We identified all studies meeting inclusion criteria: (a) written in English; (b) peer-reviewed; (c) conducted in humans; (d) including either a proprietary Panax ginseng/Ginkgo biloba treatment or a study preparation containing both; (e) placebo-controlled; (f) utilizing standardized extracts. We critically discuss each trial; calculate standardized effect sizes where possible and provide recommendations for research design and analysis.
RESULTS
Eight studies were identified and all investigated a proprietary combination treatment, Gincosan . Studies are of high quality and robust; however, practice effects, choice of statistical model, and reliance upon null-hypothesis significance testing hinder generalized estimates of effect. The most consistent results are benefits to aspects of the circulatory/cardiovascular system in patient populations and "secondary memory" performance in patient and healthy populations. Two studies demonstrate synergy in healthy populations following a single dose; however, synergy in patient populations and following repeated dosing has not yet been directly tested.
CONCLUSIONS
A Panax ginseng and Ginkgo biloba combination treatment can improve aspects of physiological and cognitive function in humans; however, evidence for synergy requires further investigation and future research should directly investigate synergy following repeated dosing.
Topics: Cognition; Ginkgo biloba; Humans; Memory; Panax; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 30729756
DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1217 -
Microbiological Research Jan 2022Potassium fulvic acid (BSFA) and potassium humate (KHM), as organic fertilizers, can improve soil structure, increase soil nutrient levels and prevent plant diseases....
Potassium fulvic acid (BSFA) and potassium humate (KHM), as organic fertilizers, can improve soil structure, increase soil nutrient levels and prevent plant diseases. However, knowledge is limited regarding how BSFA and KHM influence soil microbial communities and the interrelationships between community members associated with Panax ginseng. Soil pH and nutrient content increased significantly as a result of the addition of BSFA and KHM. The pH, NH-N, NO-N, AP and AK increased by 1.72 %-5.55 %, 70.09 %-108.39 %, 35.38 %-216.20 %, 1.21 %-14.19 % and 3.40 %-5.94 %, respectively, in the BSFA and KHM treatments. The soil nutrient increase may be related to Micrococcaceae and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The structure of the microbial community also changed radically from that of the control group, and Chloroflexi (2.69 %-3.15 %), Actinobacteria (4.33 %-7.53 %) and Acidobacteria (9.44 %-11.62 %) were the dominant microorganisms at the phylum level in bacteria. In contrast, the dominant fungi at the phylum level were Ascomycota (77.39 %-78.08 %), Glomeromycota (0.36 %-2.68), Olpidiomycota (0.02 %-3.78 %) and Basidiomycota (0.80 %-1.17 %). Fusarium oxysporum and Ascomycota were biomarkers for BSFA and KHM, which may be related to pathogenic bacteria. Network analysis revealed that the association among members of the soil microbial community was more positive than negative following application of KHM, and more positive (62.5 %) than negative (37.5 %) correlations were observed between bacteria, whereas the fungal community exhibited more positive (97.3 %) than negative (2.7 %) correlations. PICRUST predicted the microbial function of adding KHM and BSFA to the soil, and these pathways mainly belong to the degradation and metabolism of organic matter, saprophytic organisms and plant pathogens. In summary, our study demonstrated that the addition of BSFA and KHM increased the nutrients in the ginseng soil and reshaped the microbial function in soils, providing a theoretical foundation for soil improvement and biological control of ginseng diseases. However, due to the limitations of greenhouse cultivation, additional long-term experiments on farmland with different climate changes are recommended.
Topics: Benzopyrans; Biodiversity; Fertilizers; Microbiota; Panax; Potassium; Rhizosphere; Soil; Soil Microbiology
PubMed: 34749295
DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126914