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Journal of Dairy Science Dec 2021Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) allows for the determination of milk acetone (mACE) and β-hydroxybutyrate (mBHB) concentrations, providing a potential...
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) allows for the determination of milk acetone (mACE) and β-hydroxybutyrate (mBHB) concentrations, providing a potential herd monitoring tool for hyperketolactia, defined as elevated milk ketone bodies. The study aim was to characterize mACE and mBHB concentration dynamics during early lactation in Polish Holstein-Friesian cows. Milk samples (n = 3,867,390) were collected within 6 to 60 days in milk (DIM) over a 4-yr period (April 1, 2013 to March 31, 2017) from approximately 21,300 dairy herds (average 38.7 cows/herd). Fixed effects of parity, DIM, and their interaction on mACE and mBHB concentrations were determined using a mixed model with a herd-year-season fixed effect and random cow effect. Published hyperketolactic mACE (≥0.15 mmol/L) and mBHB (≥0.10 mmol/L) threshold concentrations were used to classify study milk samples into ketolactia groups of normal (mACE <0.15 mmol/L and mBHB <0.10 mmol/L) and hyperketolactic (HYKL; either mACE ≥0.15 mmol/L or mBHB ≥0.10 mmol/L). Additionally, HYKL samples were categorized into subpopulations as having elevated mBHB and mACE (HYKL, mACE ≥0.15 mmol/L and mBHB ≥0.10 mmol/L), only elevated mBHB (HYKL; mACE <0.15 mmol/L and mBHB ≥0.10 mmol/L), or only elevated mACE (HYKL; mACE ≥0.15 mmol/L and mBHB <0.10 mmol/L). Effects of parity, DIM, ketolactia group or subpopulation, and their interactions on mACE and mBHB concentrations were also determined using the mixed model that included ketolactia group or subpopulation as an independent variable. Across all data, mACE and mBHB concentrations were influenced by effects of parity, DIM, and their interaction as well as parity, DIM, ketolactia group or subpopulation, and their interactions. For all samples, mACE and mBHB concentrations decreased with increasing DIM, with mACE concentration declining more rapidly compared with mBHB. In the data set, 68% and 32% of all samples were defined as normal or HYKL, respectively. Among HYKL samples, mACE was elevated soon after calving and declined over time. In contrast, mBHB started lower after calving and increased reaching peak concentrations around 30 DIM, and then decreased. Within HYKL samples, 50.8, 41.3, and 7.9% were categorized as HYKL, HYKL, and HYKL respectively. Between 6 and 21 DIM, 11.3% of HYKL were classified as HYKL. Primiparous cows had greater (14.8%) HYKL samples in this time period. In conclusion, this study has characterized mACE and mBHB concentrations during early lactation and determined effects of parity, DIM, and their interaction. Using published criteria interpreting mACE and mBHB concentrations, it was intriguing to identify a unique population of samples having elevated mACE without mBHB in early lactation, especially in primiparous cows. Further research is needed to determine if this sample population represents an unhealthy metabolic status that adversely affects cow health and performance.
Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Lactation; Milk; Parity; Pregnancy
PubMed: 34538496
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19734 -
BMC Women's Health Jul 2022While women's parity status and education level have independent associations with cardiovascular and other diseases, no studies have evaluated the additive interaction...
BACKGROUND
While women's parity status and education level have independent associations with cardiovascular and other diseases, no studies have evaluated the additive interaction of these two factors. Therefore, we examined the additive interaction between parity and education level on mortality from stroke, coronary heart disease, total cardiovascular disease, cancer, non-cardiovascular disease, and non-cancer causes, and all causes in Japanese women.
METHODS
This study followed 41,242 women aged 40-79 years without a history of cardiovascular disease or cancer from 1988 to 1990 until 2009. Baseline parity and education level were classified into four categories, with highly educated parous women as the reference group. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed to calculate the risk of mortality. We also assessed the additive interactions between parity and education level on mortality from cardiovascular disease and other causes using the relative excess risk due to interaction obtained using Cox models.
RESULTS
During the median follow-up period of 19.1 years, we identified 6299 deaths. In a multivariable model adjusted for cardiovascular disease and other disease risk factors, nulliparous women with low education levels had increased multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios of 1.67 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13, 2.47) for stroke, 1.98 (95% CI 1.15, 3.39) for coronary heart disease, 1.71 (95% CI 1.34,2.18) for total cardiovascular disease, 1.69 (95% CI 1.33, 2.14) for non-cardiovascular and non-cancer, and 1.51 (95% CI 1.30, 1.75) for all-cause mortality when compared with highly educated parous women. Moreover, we observed significant additive interactions between parity and education level on total cardiovascular disease mortality (P = 0.04), non-cardiovascular disease and non-cancer mortality (P = 0.01), and all-cause mortality (P = 0.005).
CONCLUSIONS
Nulliparity and low education levels are super-additively associated with total cardiovascular disease, non-cardiovascular and non-cancer, and all-cause mortality risks, suggesting that nulliparous women with low education levels need specific support for preventing mortality related to cardiovascular and other diseases.
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Cohort Studies; Coronary Disease; Female; Humans; Japan; Neoplasms; Parity; Pregnancy; Stroke
PubMed: 35794595
DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01805-y -
Psychoneuroendocrinology Nov 2018Compared to women who have given birth before (i.e., multiparas), those giving birth for the first time (i.e., primiparas) show higher cortisol levels. Psychological...
INTRODUCTION
Compared to women who have given birth before (i.e., multiparas), those giving birth for the first time (i.e., primiparas) show higher cortisol levels. Psychological factors may play a role; hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activation is a well-described stress response. Primiparity also predicts greater risk for postpartum depression, which may be related to greater correspondence between cortisol and mood following prenatal cortisol elevations. The current study examined associations among parity, perinatal cortisol adaptation, pregnancy-specific distress, and postpartum mood.
METHODS
This longitudinal study assayed serum cortisol levels among 137 women at early, mid-, and late pregnancy and postpartum. Pregnancy-specific distress and depressive symptoms were assessed. Maternal age, race, body mass index, sleep quality, depressive symptoms, and sampling time of day were statistically controlled.
RESULTS
Primiparous women showed higher cortisol levels than multiparous women during mid- (χ = 11.8, p < 0.01) and late pregnancy (χ = 18.9, p < 0.01) and higher distress across pregnancy (F = 22.1, p < 0.01). Mediation analyses demonstrated that the association between parity and prenatal cortisol (per area under the curve; AUC) was partially accounted for by distress (ab = 1.0, 95%CI [0.05, 2.9]). Prenatal cortisol (per AUC) did not predict postpartum depressive symptoms (b* = 0.03, p = 0.81), with no difference by parity (b* = 0.03, p = 0.91). At postpartum, a significant interaction between parity and cortisol (b* = 0.40, p = 0.03) revealed no significant association between cortisol and mood among multiparas (b* = -0.11, p = 0.28) but a trend toward a positive association among primiparas (b* = 0.24, p = 0.06).
DISCUSSION
Cortisol levels and pregnancy-specific distress are higher in primiparas versus multiparas, with pregnancy-specific distress partially mediating the association between parity and cortisol levels. Cortisol levels and mood display correspondence at postpartum in primiparous but not multiparous women. While observational studies must be interpreted with caution due to potential unmeasured confounders, these findings suggest that future studies examining mechanisms underlying perinatal and postpartum hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal perturbations and designing interventions aimed at preventing related complications should carefully consider potential differences by parity.
Topics: Adult; Affect; Age Factors; Depression; Depression, Postpartum; Female; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Longitudinal Studies; Maternal Age; Parity; Parturition; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy; Stress, Psychological
PubMed: 30015009
DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.07.008 -
Maternal & Child Nutrition Jul 2020One post-partum behaviour that may be protective against post-partum weight retention and long-term weight gain among women of reproductive age is lactation because of...
One post-partum behaviour that may be protective against post-partum weight retention and long-term weight gain among women of reproductive age is lactation because of its potential role in resetting maternal metabolism after pregnancy. However, most of the evidence focuses on weight retention at 6, 12, or 24 months post-partum, and data beyond 2 years after birth are sparse, and findings are inconclusive. Therefore, our aim was to assess the association of parity and mean duration of lactation per child with long-term weight change in Mexican women. We assessed the association of parity and mean duration of lactation per child with long-term weight change in 75,421 women from the Mexican Teachers' Cohort. Several multivariable regression models were fit to assess these associations. We also examined the non-linear association between duration of lactation and weight change using restricted cubic splines. We found that parous women (≥4 children) gained 2.81 kg more (95% CI [2.52, 3.10]) than did nulliparous women. The association between mean duration of lactation per child and weight change appeared to be non-linear. Women who breastfed on average 3-6 months per child had lower gain weight (-1.10, 95% CI [-1.58, -0.47 kg]) than had women who did not breastfeed. This association was linear up to 6 months of lactation per child. Our findings suggest that parity alters weight-gain trajectory in women and that lactation could reduce this alteration. These findings are important in the prevention of excessive weight gain through reproductive years and their future health implications.
Topics: Adult; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Infant; Lactation; Mexico; Middle Aged; Parity; Postpartum Period; Time Factors; Weight Gain
PubMed: 32207579
DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12988 -
Aging Dec 2019Epidemiological studies have shown that increasing parity is associated with risk of hypertension and diabetes in parous women. However, the relationship between the...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Epidemiological studies have shown that increasing parity is associated with risk of hypertension and diabetes in parous women. However, the relationship between the parity degree with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is still unknown.
RESULTS
Parous women with higher parity had increased age, body mass index, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, eGFR and education levels. Compared with women with one-child birth, those with more than two-child births had greater prevalence of increased urinary albumin excretion (odds ratios [ORs] 1.53, 95% confidence intervals [CI], 1.03 - 2.28) and CKD (ORs 1.79, 95% CI, 1.24 - 2.58) after multiple adjustments. In dose-response analysis, a nonlinear relationship of parity degree with albuminuria and CKD was detected.
CONCLUSION
Parity is associated with higher prevalence of albuminuria and CKD in middle-aged and elderly Chinese women.
METHODS
We conducted a community-based study in 6,946 women to investigate the association of parity with albuminuria and CKD. Increased urinary albumin excretion was defined as albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) greater or equal than 30 mg/g. CKD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) less than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m² or presence of albuminuria.
Topics: Aged; Albuminuria; Asian People; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Parity; Pregnancy; Prevalence; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 31790364
DOI: 10.18632/aging.102507 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2020Previous studies of the association between parity and long-term cognitive changes have primarily focused on women and have shown conflicting results. We investigated...
Previous studies of the association between parity and long-term cognitive changes have primarily focused on women and have shown conflicting results. We investigated this association by analyzing data collected on 303,196 subjects from the UK Biobank. We found that in both females and males, having offspring was associated with a faster response time and fewer mistakes made in the visual memory task. Subjects with two or three children had the largest differences relative to those who were childless, with greater effects observed in men. We further analyzed the association between parity and relative brain age (n = 13,584), a brain image-based biomarker indicating how old one's brain structure appears relative to peers. We found that in both sexes, subjects with two or three offspring had significantly reduced brain age compared to those without offspring, corroborating our cognitive function results. Our findings suggest that lifestyle factors accompanying having offspring, rather than the physical process of pregnancy experienced only by females, contribute to these associations and underscore the importance of studying such factors, particularly in the context of sex.
Topics: Aged; Brain; Cognition; Female; Humans; Life Style; Male; Memory; Middle Aged; Parity; Pregnancy
PubMed: 32269255
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63014-7 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2023This study examined the association between parity and incident type 2 diabetes in older Chinese women and estimated the mediation effect of adiposity indicators. A...
This study examined the association between parity and incident type 2 diabetes in older Chinese women and estimated the mediation effect of adiposity indicators. A total of 11,473 women without diabetes at baseline from 2003 to 2008 were followed up until 2012. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to assess the association between parity and incident type 2 diabetes, and mediation analysis to estimate the mediation effect of adiposity indicators. Compared to women with one parity, the hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) for incident type 2 diabetes was 0.85 (0.44-1.63), 1.20 (1.11-1.30), 1.28 (1.16-1.41) and 1.27 (1.14-1.42) for women with parity of 0, 2, 3, and ≥ 4, respectively. The proportion of indirect effect (95% CI) mediated by body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio and body fat percentage was 26.5% (19.2-52.2%), 54.5% (39.4-108.7%), 25.1% (18.2-49.1%), 35.9% (25.6-74.1%), 50.3% (36.5-98.6%) and 15.1% (- 66.4 to 112.3%), respectively. Compared to women with one parity, women with multiparity (≥ 2) had a higher risk of incident type 2 diabetes and up to half of the association was mediated by abdominal obesity.
Topics: Pregnancy; Humans; Female; Aged; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Parity; Biological Specimen Banks; Cohort Studies; East Asian People; Obesity
PubMed: 37308533
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36786-x -
Journal of Dairy Science May 2021Our objective was to evaluate the association between days in the prepartum group (DPG) with performance and survival in Holstein cows. Data from 18,657 Holstein...
Our objective was to evaluate the association between days in the prepartum group (DPG) with performance and survival in Holstein cows. Data from 18,657 Holstein cow-lactations (6,993 nulliparous and 9,390 parous prepartum) were collected. Cows with a gestation length shorter than 256 d (n = 267) or longer than 296 d (n = 131) and cows that spent 0 DPG (n = 238) were removed, resulting in 18,021 cow-lactations. Data were collected for the first 300 d postpartum, and responses included milk yield, incidence of diseases by 90 d postpartum, reproduction, and survival. Days in the prepartum group were analyzed as a continuous variable, and regression coefficients were used to estimate the responses when cows spent 7, 28, or 42 DPG, representing cows with a short, moderate, or an extended time in the prepartum group, respectively. An interaction between DPG as a quadratic covariate and parity-diet was observed for milk yield by 300 d postpartum. Means were 9,331; 9,665; and 9,261 kg for 7, 28, or 42 DPG, respectively, in nulliparous cows, and 9,886; 10,939; and 10,117 kg for 7, 28, or 42 DPG, respectively, in parous cows. Also, the interaction between DPG and parity-diet affected retained placenta, metritis, mastitis, and morbidity. Morbidity affected 49.5, 52.9, and 59.5% of nulliparous and 49.7, 26.5, and 47.4% of parous cows that spent 7, 28, or 42 DPG, respectively. A linear association between DPG and pregnancy at first artificial insemination was observed with estimates of 37.0, 32.6, and 29.8% for 7, 28, and 42 DPG, respectively. On the other hand, a quadratic association was observed between DPG and the proportion of pregnant cows at 300 d postpartum, and estimates for 7, 28, and 42 DPG were, respectively, 71.7, 73.5, and 58.8%. A quadratic relationship was also observed for DPG and removal from the herd by 300 d postpartum, and estimates were 25.2, 22.9, and 34.4% for 7, 28, or 42 DPG, respectively. Associations between DPG with production, health, reproduction, and survival were detected, and they varied with parity-diet group. For several responses evaluated, a quadratic association was observed, which suggested that there was an optimal period for cows to spend in the prepartum group, and reduced or extended number of days were detrimental to performance.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Diet; Female; Lactation; Milk; Parity; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy
PubMed: 33663839
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18889 -
Microbiome Jun 2021The maternal microbiome has emerged as an important factor in gestational health and outcome and is associated with risk of preterm birth and offspring morbidity....
BACKGROUND
The maternal microbiome has emerged as an important factor in gestational health and outcome and is associated with risk of preterm birth and offspring morbidity. Epidemiological evidence also points to successive pregnancies-referred to as maternal parity-as a risk factor for preterm birth, infant mortality, and impaired neonatal growth. Despite the fact that both the maternal microbiome and parity are linked to maternal-infant health, the impact of parity on the microbiome remains largely unexplored, in part due to the challenges of studying parity in humans.
RESULTS
Using synchronized pregnancies and dense longitudinal monitoring of the microbiome in pigs, we describe a microbiome trajectory during pregnancy and determine the extent to which parity modulates this trajectory. We show that the microbiome changes reproducibly during gestation and that this remodeling occurs more rapidly as parity increases. At the time of parturition, parity was linked to the relative abundance of several bacterial species, including Treponema bryantii, Lactobacillus amylovorus, and Lactobacillus reuteri. Strain tracking carried out in 18 maternal-offspring "quadrads"-each consisting of one mother sow and three piglets-linked maternal parity to altered levels of Akkermansia muciniphila, Prevotella stercorea, and Campylobacter coli in the infant gut 10 days after birth.
CONCLUSIONS
Collectively, these results identify parity as an important environmental factor that modulates the gut microbiome during pregnancy and highlight the utility of a swine model for investigating the microbiome in maternal-infant health. In addition, our data show that the impact of parity extends beyond the mother and is associated with alterations in the community of bacteria that colonize the offspring gut early in life. The bacterial species we identified as parity-associated in the mother and offspring have been shown to influence host metabolism in other systems, raising the possibility that such changes may influence host nutrient acquisition or utilization. These findings, taken together with our observation that even subtle differences in parity are associated with microbiome changes, underscore the importance of considering parity in the design and analysis of human microbiome studies during pregnancy and in infants. Video abstract.
Topics: Animals; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Parity; Pregnancy; Premature Birth; Prevotella; Swine; Treponema
PubMed: 34176489
DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01089-8 -
Preventive Veterinary Medicine Nov 2022Influenza is an important respiratory disease of pigs and humans. Controlling influenza in pigs is challenging due to the substantial genetic diversity of influenza A...
Influenza is an important respiratory disease of pigs and humans. Controlling influenza in pigs is challenging due to the substantial genetic diversity of influenza A virus (IAV). In this study, we assessed the impact of internal biosecurity practices directed at limiting exposure of piglets to IAV before weaning; evaluated the association of sow parity with IAV prevalence in piglets and the levels of maternally derived antibodies (MDA), and documented the frequency of detection of IAV on farmworkers' hands and the instruments used when handling pigs. The control group included litters in rooms where no specific changes were made to standard farm procedures. The treatment group included litters in rooms where no cross-fostering or nurse sows use was allowed, and where farmworkers were required to change gloves between litters when handling pigs. Both, younger (≤ Parity 3) and older parity sows (>Parity 3) were represented in all rooms included in the study. Overall, litters in the treatment group had lower IAV prevalence (29.9 %) than litters in the control group (44.2 %) (p < 0.001), and at day 8 of age the litters from the control group had 7.5 times higher IAV prevalence than the litters from the treatment group. However, at weaning differences were not found (77.2 % vs. 81 % for treatment vs. control, respectively, p = 0.41). There were no differences in IAV detection between parity groups at any of the sampling points (p = 0.86) and incidence of detection in sows from farrowing to weaning was 29 %. Piglets that tested ELISA negative were 1.3 times more likely to test IAV positive than piglets that were ELISA positive for IAV antibody test, suggesting that effective colostrum intake may reduce the likelihood of infection. IAV was detected on 46 % of the instruments used when handling piglets and on 58 % of farmworkers' hands, indicating the potential risk for mechanical transmission of IAV in pigs. Overall, we showed that the implementation of internal biosecurity practices that limit IAV exposure to newborn piglets helped delay IAV infections but were not sufficient to reduce the prevalence of IAV infection in litters at weaning.
Topics: Pregnancy; Humans; Swine; Animals; Female; Weaning; Parity; Swine Diseases; Influenza, Human; Biosecurity; Influenza A virus
PubMed: 36181751
DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105764