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Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills,... Dec 2023Mumps-Measles-Rubella (MMR) and Varicella zoster vaccines (VAR) are live attenuated vaccines, usually administered in a two-dose scheme at least 4 weeks apart.... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
Mumps-Measles-Rubella (MMR) and Varicella zoster vaccines (VAR) are live attenuated vaccines, usually administered in a two-dose scheme at least 4 weeks apart. However, single-dose immunization schemes may also be effective and can reduce delays in immunosuppressive treatment initiation in patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) who need to be immunized.
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the immunogenicity of a single-dose attempt (SDA) versus the standard immunization scheme (SIS) with VAR and/or MMR in pwMS.
METHODS
Retrospective observational study in pwMS vaccinated against VAR and/or MMR. We compared seroprotection rates and antibody geometric mean titers (GMTs) between the two strategies.
RESULTS
Ninety-six patients were included. Thirty-one patients received VAR and 67 MMR. In the SDA group, the seroprotection rate was 66.7% (95% confidence interval (CI): 53.3-78.3) versus 97.2% (95% CI: 85.5-99.9) in the SIS ( < 0.001). For the seroprotected patients, GMTs were similar for both schemes.
CONCLUSION
An SDA of VAR and/or MMR vaccines could be sufficient to protect almost two-thirds of patients. Testing immunogenicity after a single dose of VZ and/or MMR could be included in routine clinical practice to achieve rapid immunization.
Topics: Humans; Infant; Chickenpox Vaccine; Vaccines, Attenuated; Rubella; Multiple Sclerosis; Mumps; Measles; Vaccination; Antibodies, Viral
PubMed: 37728389
DOI: 10.1177/13524585231200303 -
International Journal of Environmental... Feb 2023Respiratory infectious diseases (RIDs) pose threats to people's health, some of which are serious public health problems. The aim of our study was to explore epidemic...
Respiratory infectious diseases (RIDs) pose threats to people's health, some of which are serious public health problems. The aim of our study was to explore epidemic situations regarding notifiable RIDs and the epidemiological characteristics of the six most common RIDs in mainland China. We first collected the surveillance data of all 12 statutory notifiable RIDs for 31 provinces in mainland China that reported between 2010 and 2018, and then the six most prevalent RIDs were selected to analyze their temporal, seasonal, spatiotemporal and population distribution characteristics. From 2010 to 2018, there were 13,985,040 notifiable cases and 25,548 deaths from RIDs in mainland China. The incidence rate of RIDs increased from 109.85/100,000 in 2010 to 140.85/100,000 in 2018. The mortality from RIDs ranged from 0.18/100,000 to 0.24/100,000. The most common RIDs in class B were pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), pertussis, and measles, while those in class C were seasonal influenza, mumps and rubella. From 2010 to 2018, the incidence rate of PTB and rubella decreased; however, pertussis and seasonal influenza increased, with irregular changes in measles and mumps. The mortality from PTB increased from 2015 to 2018, and the mortality from seasonal influenza changed irregularly. PTB was mainly prevalent among people over 15 years old, while the other five common RIDs mostly occurred among people younger than 15 years old. The incidence of the six common RIDs mostly occurred in winter and spring, and they were spatiotemporally clustered in different areas and periods. In conclusion, PTB, seasonal influenza and mumps remain as public health problems in China, suggesting that continuous government input, more precise interventions, and a high-tech digital/intelligent surveillance and warning system are required to rapidly identify emerging events and timely response.
Topics: Humans; Adolescent; Mumps; Influenza, Human; Whooping Cough; Communicable Diseases; Measles; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Rubella; China; Incidence
PubMed: 36900957
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20053946 -
Canadian Journal of Public Health =... Jun 2022This study investigates measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) immunization rates during the measles outbreak in Calgary and Edmonton of 2014 stratified by four area-level...
OBJECTIVES
This study investigates measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) immunization rates during the measles outbreak in Calgary and Edmonton of 2014 stratified by four area-level socio-demographic indicators. This study also leverages this epidemiological data to assess the equity aspect of emergency measures instituted regarding immunization in those two cities.
METHODS
A mixed-methods comparative case study analysis methodology was employed to assess the neighbourhood-level immunization statuses before (2013), during (2014), and after (2015) an active measles outbreak in Calgary and Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The epidemiological one-dose by age-2 MMR coverage data were stratified using four socio-demographic indicators: median household income, %-homeownership, %-Aboriginal population, and %-immigrant population. Document and content analysis was utilized to investigate the outbreak mitigation strategies deployed in each city.
RESULTS
The measles outbreak of 2013/2014 involved the entirety of Alberta and led to both provincial and city-specific interventions in which Calgary deployed three mass immunization clinics in 2014, where Edmonton did not. The Calgary coverage data showed an increase in coverage inequalities across all indicators and the Edmonton data showed mixed results in terms of equity gains/losses. Calgary's additive intervention of three mass immunization clinics in 2014 appears to have contributed to both the higher gross immunization rates in Calgary (90.77%) and an inequitable increase in coverage rates as compared with Edmonton (88.96%), in most cases.
CONCLUSION
Public health policy-makers must be cognizant that large-scale public health efforts must be optimized for accessibility across all socio-economic levels to ensure public and population health gains are realized equitably.
Topics: Alberta; Child, Preschool; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Immunization; Measles; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Mumps
PubMed: 35025101
DOI: 10.17269/s41997-021-00578-5 -
International Journal of Environmental... May 2022(1) Background: To explore whether meteorological factors have an impact on the prevalence of mumps, and to make a short−term prediction of the case number of mumps in...
(1) Background: To explore whether meteorological factors have an impact on the prevalence of mumps, and to make a short−term prediction of the case number of mumps in Chongqing. (2) Methods: K−means clustering algorithm was used to divide the monthly mumps cases of each year into the high and low case number clusters, and Student t−test was applied for difference analysis. The cross−correlation function (CCF) was used to evaluate the correlation between the meteorological factors and mumps, and an ARIMAX model was constructed by additionally incorporating meteorological factors as exogenous variables in the ARIMA model, and a short−term prediction was conducted for mumps in Chongqing, evaluated by MAE, RMSE. (3) Results: All the meteorological factors were significantly different (p < 0.05), except for the relative humidity between the high and low case number clusters. The CCF and ARIMAX model showed that monthly precipitation, temperature, relative humidity and wind velocity were associated with mumps, and there were significant lag effects. The ARIMAX model could accurately predict mumps in the short term, and the prediction errors (MAE, RMSE) were lower than those of the ARIMA model. (4) Conclusions: Meteorological factors can affect the occurrence of mumps, and the ARIMAX model can effectively predict the incidence trend of mumps in Chongqing, which can provide an early warning for relevant departments.
Topics: China; Humans; Incidence; Meteorological Concepts; Mumps; Wind
PubMed: 35682208
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116625 -
Mumps Outbreaks in Vaccinated Populations-Is It Time to Re-assess the Clinical Efficacy of Vaccines?Frontiers in Immunology 2020History illustrates the remarkable public health impact of mass vaccination, by dramatically improving life expectancy and reducing the burden of infectious diseases and... (Review)
Review
History illustrates the remarkable public health impact of mass vaccination, by dramatically improving life expectancy and reducing the burden of infectious diseases and co-morbidities worldwide. It has been perceived that if an individual adhered to the MMR vaccine schedule that immunity to mumps virus (MuV) would be lifelong. Recent mumps outbreaks in individuals who had received two doses of the Measles Mumps Rubella (MMR) vaccine has challenged the efficacy of the MMR vaccine. However, clinical symptoms, complications, viral shedding and transmission associated with mumps infection has been shown to be reduced in vaccinated individuals, demonstrating a benefit of this vaccine. Therefore, the question of what constitutes a good mumps vaccine and how its impact is assessed in this modern era remains to be addressed. Epidemiology of the individuals most affected by the outbreaks (predominantly young adults) and variance in the circulating MuV genotype have been well-described alluding to a collection of influences such as vaccine hesitancy, heterogeneous vaccine uptake, primary, and/or secondary vaccine failures. This review aims to discuss in detail the interplay of factors thought to be contributing to the current mumps outbreaks seen in highly vaccinated populations. In addition, how mumps diagnoses has progressed and impacted the understanding of mumps infection since a mumps vaccine was first developed, the limitations of current laboratory tests in confirming protection in vaccinated individuals and how vaccine effectiveness is quantified are also considered. By highlighting knowledge gaps within this area, this state-of-the-art review proposes a change of perspective regarding the impact of a vaccine in a highly vaccinated population from a clinical, diagnostic and public perspective, highlighting a need for a paradigm shift on what is considered vaccine immunity.
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Mumps; Vaccination
PubMed: 33072071
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02089 -
International Journal of Public Health Sep 2016Despite the availability of vaccines and the existence of public vaccination recommendations, outbreaks of vaccine-preventable childhood diseases still cause public... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Despite the availability of vaccines and the existence of public vaccination recommendations, outbreaks of vaccine-preventable childhood diseases still cause public health debate. The objective of this systematic review was to provide an overview of the current epidemiology and economic burden of measles, mumps, pertussis, and varicella in Germany.
METHODS
We systematically reviewed studies published since 2000. The literature search was conducted using PubMed and EMBASE. Also, we used German notification data to give an up-to-date overview of the epidemiology of the four diseases under consideration.
RESULTS
Thirty-six studies were included in our review. Results suggest that there is still considerable morbidity due to childhood diseases in Germany. Studies providing cost estimates are scarce. Comparative analyses of different data sources (notification data vs. claims data) revealed a potential underestimation of incidence estimates when using notification data. Furthermore, several studies showed regional differences in incidence of some of the diseases under consideration.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings underline the need for improved vaccination and communication strategies targeting all susceptible age and risk groups on a national and local level.
Topics: Chickenpox; Chickenpox Vaccine; Germany; Humans; Incidence; Measles; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Mumps; Vaccines, Combined; Virus Diseases; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 27488917
DOI: 10.1007/s00038-016-0842-8 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022Nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA) is a common and severe form of male infertility. Microdissection testicular sperm extraction (microTESE) combined with intracytoplasmic...
INTRODUCTION
Nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA) is a common and severe form of male infertility. Microdissection testicular sperm extraction (microTESE) combined with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is an optimal treatment for men with NOA. However, the outcomes and affecting factors of ICSI for NOA patients with different etiologies receiving microTESE treatment are still unclear.
METHODS
A total of 335 NOA patients undergoing microTESE from January 2017 to December 2021 were included in this retrospective analysis. The patients were divided into five groups (idiopathic, Klinefelter syndrome (KS), Y chromosome microdeletions (YCMDs), cryptorchidism and mumps orchitis) according to the etiologies. The clinical characteristics and outcomes of microTESE and ICSI were collected and comparisons were performed between clinical characteristics of patients who had successful sperm retrieval (SSR) and sperm retrieval failure (SRF). In addition, relationships between clinical characteristics and rates of SSR were explored by Kendall correlation analysis.
RESULTS
The overall SSR rate was 40.90%. SSR rate of the idiopathic group (31.22%) was the lowest and was much lower than that of other groups (KS: 48.65%, 28/58; YCMDs: 60.87%; cryptorchidism: 80.95%; mumps orchitis: 75.00%). The overall fertilization rate was 72.26%. No group differences were found among five groups (idiopathic: 73.91%; KS: 71.43%; YCMDs: 64.29%; cryptorchidism: 70.59%; mumps orchitis: 77.78%). The overall clinical pregnancy rate was 66.67%. No group differences were found among five groups (idiopathic: 68.63%; KS: 65.00%; YCMDs: 44.44%; cryptorchidism: 66.67%; mumps orchitis: 85.71%). The overall live birth rate was 66.67%. No group differences were found among five groups (idiopathic: 71.43%; KS: 53.85%; YCMDs: 50.00%; cryptorchidism: 75.00%; mumps orchitis: 66.67%). For SSR patients, the average age was significantly lower in the idiopathic group, while the average testicular volume was significantly greater in the cryptorchidism and mumps orchitis groups. However, no significant differences were found in the level of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) between patients who had SSR and SRF. In addition, negative relationships were found between age and rates of SSR in idiopathic NOA patients while positive relationships were found between testis volume and rates of SSR in patients with cryptorchidism and mumps orchitis.
CONCLUSION
Patients with idiopathic NOA had lowest SSR. In addition, the age in idiopathic NOA patients was a predictor for SSR while testicular volume in NOA patients with cryptorchidism and mumps orchitis was a predictor for SSR. However, the relationships between clinical characteristics and clinical outcomes in NOA patients were preliminary, and further validation needed to be carried out in a larger sample to increase statistical capacity before a definitive conclusion could be drawn.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Male; Azoospermia; Microdissection; Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic; Cryptorchidism; Orchitis; Retrospective Studies; Mumps; Semen; Spermatozoa
PubMed: 36325443
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1006208 -
Annals of Internal Medicine Jul 2017Measles outbreaks continue to occur in the United States and are mostly due to infections in returning travelers. (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
Measles outbreaks continue to occur in the United States and are mostly due to infections in returning travelers.
OBJECTIVE
To describe how providers assessed the measles immunity status of departing U.S. adult travelers seeking pretravel consultation and to assess reasons given for nonvaccination among those considered eligible to receive the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine.
DESIGN
Observational study in U.S. pretravel clinics.
SETTING
24 sites associated with Global TravEpiNet (GTEN), a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-funded consortium.
PATIENTS
Adults (born in or after 1957) attending pretravel consultations at GTEN sites (2009 to 2014).
MEASUREMENTS
Structured questionnaire completed by traveler and provider during pretravel consultation.
RESULTS
40 810 adult travelers were included; providers considered 6612 (16%) to be eligible for MMR vaccine at the time of pretravel consultation. Of the MMR-eligible, 3477 (53%) were not vaccinated at the visit; of these, 1689 (48%) were not vaccinated because of traveler refusal, 966 (28%) because of provider decision, and 822 (24%) because of health systems barriers. Most MMR-eligible travelers who were not vaccinated were evaluated in the South (2262 travelers [65%]) or at nonacademic centers (1777 travelers [51%]). Nonvaccination due to traveler refusal was most frequent in the South (1432 travelers [63%]) and in nonacademic centers (1178 travelers [66%]).
LIMITATION
These estimates could underrepresent the opportunities for MMR vaccination because providers accepted verbal histories of disease and vaccination as evidence of immunity.
CONCLUSION
Of U.S. adult travelers who presented for pretravel consultation at GTEN sites, 16% met criteria for MMR vaccination according to the provider's assessment, but fewer than half of these travelers were vaccinated. An increase in MMR vaccination of eligible U.S. adult travelers could reduce the likelihood of importation and transmission of measles virus.
PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institutes of Health, and the Steve and Deborah Gorlin MGH Research Scholars Award.
Topics: Adult; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Humans; Male; Measles; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Mumps; Referral and Consultation; Rubella; Travel; Treatment Refusal; United States; Vaccination
PubMed: 28505632
DOI: 10.7326/M16-2249 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jul 2018Vaccination against mumps virus (MuV) (mostly measles-mumps-rubella) is routinely performed in more than 120 countries and has resulted in a distinct decrease of mumps... (Review)
Review
Vaccination against mumps virus (MuV) (mostly measles-mumps-rubella) is routinely performed in more than 120 countries and has resulted in a distinct decrease of mumps incidence. However, alteration of mumps epidemiology has been observed in several countries after implementation of the vaccine but is sparsely documented. Moreover, outbreaks have occurred after starting vaccination, even in highly vaccinated populations. In the former German Democratic Republic (DDR) mumps was a notifiable disease but vaccination against mumps was not implemented. In the five eastern German states forming the DDR until 1990, mumps was not notifiable until 2001. Except for the lack of reporting between 1990⁻2000, data from Eastern Germany allow analysis of mumps epidemiology after initiating the vaccination campaign. For the period from 2001 to 2016 the data show that the incidence of mumps dropped notably after initiating vaccines, and was accompanied by an increase of the median age of patients with mumps. In Eastern Germany, no outbreaks were noted, while several outbreaks occurred in Western Germany, possibly due to a lower vaccination rate. Further literature analysis revealed that outbreaks were facilitated by waning immunity and crowding. Nevertheless, although vaccination prevented infection, the course of illness, once infected, was sometimes more complicated. In comparison to non-vaccinated populations, high rates of complicated courses occurred and were marked by orchitis, due to higher age of mumps patients. Therefore, refusing vaccination against mumps increases the risk of severe courses when living in a vaccinated population.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Germany; Humans; Immunization Programs; Incidence; Infant; Male; Measles; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Middle Aged; Mumps; Vaccination; Young Adult
PubMed: 30065192
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15081618 -
European Archives of... Jan 2022No standardized treatment regimen exists for juvenile recurrent parotitis (JRP). The investigators hypothesized that irrigation with saline only without local anesthesia...
PURPOSE
No standardized treatment regimen exists for juvenile recurrent parotitis (JRP). The investigators hypothesized that irrigation with saline only without local anesthesia will be an effective and beneficial option.
METHODS
Using a retrospective study design, a series of children with typical symptoms of JRP who were treated with at least one irrigation therapy were evaluated. This treatment consisted of irrigation of the affected gland with 3-10 ml saline solution without any type of anesthesia. The outcome variables were patient/parent satisfaction, frequency and duration of acute JRP episodes, and the need for antibiotics before and after irrigation therapy.
RESULTS
The case series was composed of six boys aged 3.3-7.7 years who experienced one to eight sessions of irrigation therapy. The period of follow-up was 9-64 months. We observed a total resolution of symptoms in two children and an improvement in the other four. No relevant side effects were seen.
CONCLUSION
Our results suggest that irrigation therapy is a reasonable, simple, and minimally invasive treatment alternative for JRP. In contrast to sialendoscopy or sialography, there is no need for general anesthesia or radiation exposure.
Topics: Anesthesia; Child; Endoscopy; Humans; Male; Parotitis; Patient Satisfaction; Retrospective Studies; Sialography
PubMed: 34117898
DOI: 10.1007/s00405-021-06928-w