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American Family Physician Jun 2014Salivary gland disorders include inflammatory, bacterial, viral, and neoplastic etiologies. The presentation can be acute, recurrent, or chronic. Acute suppurative... (Review)
Review
Salivary gland disorders include inflammatory, bacterial, viral, and neoplastic etiologies. The presentation can be acute, recurrent, or chronic. Acute suppurative sialadenitis presents as rapid-onset pain and swelling and is treated with antibiotics, salivary massage, hydration, and sialagogues such as lemon drops or vitamin C lozenges. Viral etiologies include mumps and human immunodeficiency virus, and treatment is directed at the underlying disease. Recurrent or chronic sialadenitis is more likely to be inflammatory than infectious; examples include recurrent parotitis of childhood and sialolithiasis. Inflammation is commonly caused by an obstruction such as a stone or duct stricture. Management is directed at relieving the obstruction. Benign and malignant tumors can occur in the salivary glands and usually present as a painless solitary neck mass. Diagnosis is made by imaging (e.g., ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging) and biopsy (initially with fine-needle aspiration). Overall, most salivary gland tumors are benign and can be treated with surgical excision.
Topics: Humans; Mumps; Parotitis; Salivary Gland Calculi; Salivary Gland Diseases; Salivary Gland Neoplasms; Sialadenitis
PubMed: 25077394
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021The causative agent of mumps is a single-stranded, non-segmented, negative sense RNA virus belonging to the family. Besides the classic symptom of painfully swollen... (Review)
Review
The causative agent of mumps is a single-stranded, non-segmented, negative sense RNA virus belonging to the family. Besides the classic symptom of painfully swollen parotid salivary glands (parotitis) in mumps virus (MuV)-infected men, orchitis is the most common form of extra-salivary gland inflammation. Mumps orchitis frequently occurs in young adult men, and leads to pain and swelling of the testis. The administration of MuV vaccines in children has been proven highly effective in reducing the incidence of mumps. However, a recent global outbreak of mumps and the high rate of orchitis have recently been considered as threats to male fertility. The pathogenesis of mumps orchitis remains largely unclear due to lack of systematic clinical data analysis and animal models studies. The alarming increase in the incidence of mumps orchitis and the high risk of the male fertility have thus become a major health concern. Recent studies have revealed the mechanisms by which MuV-host cells interact and MuV infection induces inflammatory responses in testicular cells. In this mini-review, we highlight advances in our knowledge of the clinical aspects and possible mechanisms of mumps orchitis.
Topics: Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Infertility, Male; Male; Mumps; Mumps Vaccine; Mumps virus; Orchitis; Risk Factors; Vaccination
PubMed: 33815357
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.582946 -
International Journal of Environmental... Mar 2020Mumps is an important childhood infectious disease caused by mumps virus (MuV). We reviewed the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and vaccine development of mumps. Previous... (Review)
Review
Mumps is an important childhood infectious disease caused by mumps virus (MuV). We reviewed the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and vaccine development of mumps. Previous studies were identified using the key words "mumps" and "epidemiology", "pathogenesis" or "vaccine" in MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. We excluded the articles that were not published in the English language, manuscripts without abstracts, and opinion articles from the review. The number of cases caused by MuV decreased steeply after the introduction of the mumps vaccine worldwide. In recent years, a global resurgence of mumps cases in developed countries and cases of aseptic meningitis caused by some mumps vaccine strains have renewed the importance of MuV infection worldwide. The performance of mumps vaccination has become an important issue for controlling mumps infections. Vaccine development and routine vaccination are still effective measures to globally reduce the incidence of mumps infections. During outbreaks, a third of MMR vaccine is recommended for groups of persons determined by public authorities.
Topics: Child; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Meningitis, Aseptic; Mumps; Mumps virus
PubMed: 32150969
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051686 -
The Journal of Pathology Jan 2015Mumps is caused by the mumps virus (MuV), a member of the Paramyxoviridae family of enveloped, non-segmented, negative-sense RNA viruses. Mumps is characterized by... (Review)
Review
Mumps is caused by the mumps virus (MuV), a member of the Paramyxoviridae family of enveloped, non-segmented, negative-sense RNA viruses. Mumps is characterized by painful inflammatory symptoms, such as parotitis and orchitis. The virus is highly neurotropic, with laboratory evidence of central nervous system (CNS) infection in approximately half of cases. Symptomatic CNS infection occurs less frequently; nonetheless, prior to the introduction of routine vaccination, MuV was a leading cause of aseptic meningitis and viral encephalitis in many developed countries. Despite being one of the oldest recognized diseases, with a worldwide distribution, surprisingly little attention has been given to its study. Cases of aseptic meningitis associated with some vaccine strains and a global resurgence of cases, including in highly vaccinated populations, has renewed interest in the virus, particularly in its pathogenesis and the need for development of clinically relevant models of disease. In this review we summarize the current state of knowledge on the virus, its pathogenesis and its clinical and pathological outcomes.
Topics: Animals; Biopsy; Disease Models, Animal; Genotype; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Mumps; Mumps Vaccine; Mumps virus; Pathology, Molecular; Predictive Value of Tests; Prognosis; Virology; Virulence
PubMed: 25229387
DOI: 10.1002/path.4445 -
The American Journal of Emergency... Jan 2021As the 2019 coronavirus pandemic has unfolded, an increasing number of atypical presentations of COVID-19 have been reported. As patients with COVID-19 often present to... (Review)
Review
As the 2019 coronavirus pandemic has unfolded, an increasing number of atypical presentations of COVID-19 have been reported. As patients with COVID-19 often present to emergency departments for initial care, it is important that emergency clinicians are familiar with these atypical presentations in order to prevent disease transmission. We present a case of a 21-year-old woman diagnosed in our ED with COVID-19 associated parotitis and review the epidemiology and management of parotitis. We discuss the importance of considering COVID-19 in the differential of parotitis and other viral-associated syndromes and emphasize the importance of donning personal protective equipment during the initial evaluation.
Topics: COVID-19; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Humans; Infection Control; Parotitis; Personal Protective Equipment; Young Adult
PubMed: 32631770
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.06.059 -
Microbiology Spectrum Dec 2016Tuberculous lymphadenitis is the most common extrapulmonary manifestation of disseminated tuberculosis (TB). It is considered to be the local manifestation of the... (Review)
Review
Tuberculous lymphadenitis is the most common extrapulmonary manifestation of disseminated tuberculosis (TB). It is considered to be the local manifestation of the systemic disease that has disseminated to local lymph nodes, but a high index of suspicion is needed for the diagnosis, because there are several infectious and noninfectious diseases that can mimic the same clinical picture. In recent years, different diagnostic methods have been introduced, including fine-needle aspiration cytology, which has emerged as a simple outpatient diagnostic procedure that replaced the complete excisional node biopsy, and a number of molecular methods which have greatly improved diagnostic accuracy. This chapter covers the most actual knowledge in terms of epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, and treatment and emphasizes current trends in diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis. TB parotid gland involvement is extremely rare, even in countries in which TB is endemic. Because of the clinical similarity, parotid malignancy and other forms of parotid inflammatory disease always take priority over the rarely encountered TB parotitis when it comes to differential diagnosis. As a result, clinicians often fail to make a timely diagnosis of TB parotitis when facing a patient with a slowly growing parotid lump. This chapter highlights the most important features of this uncommon disease.
Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Parotitis; Prevalence; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node
PubMed: 28084205
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0008-2016 -
Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North... Nov 2021Sjögren disease increasingly is recognized in pediatric patients. Clinical features, primarily parotitis and sicca symptoms, and results of diagnostic tests may be... (Review)
Review
Sjögren disease increasingly is recognized in pediatric patients. Clinical features, primarily parotitis and sicca symptoms, and results of diagnostic tests may be different from those in adult disease. Adult criteria fail to capture most pediatric patients. Pediatric-specific criteria are urgently needed to define the natural history of the disease, identify risk and prognostic factors, and evaluate the impact of therapeutics and other interventions on disease course in young patients.
Topics: Adult; Child; Humans; Parotitis; Sjogren's Syndrome
PubMed: 34635300
DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2021.07.008 -
PLoS Pathogens May 2015
Review
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic; Humans; Immunity; Mumps; Mumps virus; Treatment Outcome; Vaccines
PubMed: 25951183
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004791 -
Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 2011
Topics: Emphysema; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Parotitis
PubMed: 22183290
DOI: 10.1590/S1808-86942011000600020 -
Oral Diseases Oct 2017Sialodochitis fibrinosa and allergic parotitis have described rare patients with recurrent salivary gland swelling and mucus plugs, often with atopy. We have evaluated... (Review)
Review
Sialodochitis fibrinosa and allergic parotitis have described rare patients with recurrent salivary gland swelling and mucus plugs, often with atopy. We have evaluated three patients with atopic disease, recurrent salivary gland swelling, and an eosinophilic sialodochitis. Two had eosinophil-rich mucus plugs. Fifty-six additional cases were identified in a medical literature database search, each defined by recurrent salivary gland swelling associated with eosinophil-rich mucus plugs or sialodochitis with periductal eosinophilic infiltration. The majority (78%) were reported from Japan. Females were predominantly affected (F:M = 2.3) with a median age of 47 years at evaluation. The parotid and submandibular glands were involved, respectively, in 71% and 46%. Allergic symptoms were present in 66%, atopic disease in 63% of those with reported allergy testing, and blood eosinophilia in 71%. Contrast sialography and other imaging modalities documented ductal dilatation in 82%. Treatments included anti-allergic medications (58%), systemic glucocorticoids (25%), duct cannulation with irrigation, steroid injection, and/or duct dilatation (36%), and glandular resection (19%). We recommend the diagnosis 'eosinophilic sialodochitis' be applied to patients who meet this case definition. The disease is a unique cause of chronic recurrent salivary gland swelling. Its likely allergic etiology may be amenable to current or future biologic therapies.
Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Eosinophilia; Humans; Inflammation; Parotitis; Salivary Ducts; Salivary Gland Diseases
PubMed: 27748012
DOI: 10.1111/odi.12595