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American Journal of Public Health Jul 2023To assess the impact of Washington State's 2019 Engrossed House Bill (EHB) 1638-which removed measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) personal belief exemptions-on MMR...
To assess the impact of Washington State's 2019 Engrossed House Bill (EHB) 1638-which removed measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) personal belief exemptions-on MMR vaccine series completion and exemption rates in K-12 students. We used interrupted time-series analyses to examine changes in MMR vaccine series completion rates before and after EHB 1638 was passed and the χ test for differences in exemption rates. EHB 1638 implementation was associated with a 5.4% relative increase in kindergarten MMR vaccine series completion rates (95% confidence interval = 3.8%, 7.1%; ≤ .001), and results were similar with Oregon as a control state (no change observed in Oregon; = .68). MMR exemptions overall decreased 41% (from 3.1% in 2018-2019 to 1.8% in 2019-2020; ≤ .001), and religious exemptions increased 367% (from 0.3% to 1.4%; ≤ .001). EHB 1638 was associated with an increase in MMR vaccine series completion rates and a decrease in any MMR exemption. However, effects were partially offset by an increase in religious exemption rates. Removal of personal belief exemptions for the MMR immunization requirement only may be an effective approach to increase MMR vaccine coverage rates statewide and among underimmunized communities. (. 2023;113(7):795-804. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307285).
Topics: Humans; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Washington; Mumps; Vaccination; Health Policy; Measles; Schools; Rubella
PubMed: 37200605
DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2023.307285 -
Vaccine Mar 2022Although the number of measles cases declined globally in response to anti-measles immunisation campaigns, measles has re-emerged. A review of current vaccination... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Although the number of measles cases declined globally in response to anti-measles immunisation campaigns, measles has re-emerged. A review of current vaccination policies is required to improve measles elimination strategies.
METHODS
A pseudotype-based virus neutralisation assay (PVNA) was used to measure neutralising antibody titres in serum samples collected from Thai infants at six timepoints before and after two-doses of MMR (1&2) vaccination (ClinicalTrials.gov no. NCT02408926). Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) luciferase pseudotypes bearing the haemaglutinin (H) and fusion (F) glycoproteins of measles virus (MeV) were prepared. Serial dilutions of serum samples were incubated with VSV (MeV) pseudotypes and plated onto HEK293-human SLAM1 cells; the neutralising antibody titre was defined as the dilution resulting in 90% reduction in luciferase activity.
RESULTS
Neutralising antibody titres in infants born with high levels of maternal immunity (H group) persisted at the time of the first MMR vaccination, and those infants did not respond effectively by developing protective titres. In contrast, infants with lower maternal immunity (L group) developed protective titres of antibody following vaccination. Responses to the second MMR vaccination were significantly higher (P = 0.0171, Wilcoxon signed-rank test) in the H group. The observed correlation between anti-MeV IgG level and neutralising antibody titre in Thai infants indicates the possibility of using rapid IgG testing as a surrogate measure for neutralising activity to define clinical protection levels within populations.
CONCLUSION
These results demonstrate that varying the timing of the first MMR immunisation according to the level of acquired maternal immunity could increase vaccination immunogenicity and hence accelerate measles eradication.
Topics: Antibodies, Viral; HEK293 Cells; Humans; Infant; Measles; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Mumps; Rubella; Thailand; Vaccination
PubMed: 35135700
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.01.049 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Aug 2018
Topics: Humans; Influenza, Human; Orthomyxoviridae; Parotitis; Seasons; United States
PubMed: 29617960
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy140 -
BMJ Case Reports Jun 2017Isolated submandibular swellings pose a diagnostic challenge to the practising otolaryngologist. We report an unusual case of mumps isolated to bilateral submandibular...
Isolated submandibular swellings pose a diagnostic challenge to the practising otolaryngologist. We report an unusual case of mumps isolated to bilateral submandibular glands. We discuss the case and the literature surrounding this condition and remind clinicians that mumps should be considered as a diagnosis in the presence of submandibular gland swelling in the absence of typical parotid swelling associated with mumps. Early consideration of this differential diagnosis, serological testing and a multidisciplinary approach may help to clinch the diagnosis earlier and prevent spread of the virus.
Topics: Aftercare; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Lymphadenopathy; Mumps; Paramyxoviridae; Parotid Gland; Serologic Tests; Submandibular Gland; Submandibular Gland Diseases; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult
PubMed: 28583925
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-220103 -
Journal of Virology Oct 2022The nucleolus is the largest structure in the nucleus, and it plays roles in mediating cellular stress responses and regulating cell proliferation, as well as in...
The nucleolus is the largest structure in the nucleus, and it plays roles in mediating cellular stress responses and regulating cell proliferation, as well as in ribosome biosynthesis. The nucleolus is composed of a variety of nucleolar factors that interact with each other in a complex manner to enable its function. Many viral proteins interact with nucleolar factors as well, affecting cellular morphology and function. Here, to investigate the association between mumps virus (MuV) infection and the nucleolus, we evaluated the necessity of nucleolar factors for MuV proliferation by performing a knockdown of these factors with small interfering (si)RNAs. Our results reveal that suppressing the expression of Treacle, which is required for ribosome biosynthesis, reduced the proliferative potential of MuV. Additionally, the one-step growth kinetics results indicate that Treacle knockdown did not affect the viral RNA and protein synthesis of MuV, but it did impair the production of infectious virus particles. Viral matrix protein (M) was considered a candidate Treacle interaction partner because it functions in the process of particle formation in the viral life cycle and is partially localized in the nucleolus. Our data confirm that MuV M can interact with Treacle and colocalize with it in the nucleolus. Furthermore, we found that viral infection induces relocalization of Treacle in the nucleus. Together, these findings suggest that interaction with Treacle in the nucleolus is important for the M protein to exert its functions late in the MuV life cycle. The nucleolus, which is the site of ribosome biosynthesis, is a target organelle for many viruses. It is increasingly evident that viruses can favor their own replication and multiplication by interacting with various nucleolar factors. In this study, we found that the nucleolar protein Treacle, known to function in the transcription and processing of pre-rRNA, is required for the efficient propagation of mumps virus (MuV). Specifically, our data indicate that Treacle is not involved in viral RNA or protein synthesis but is important in the processes leading to viral particle production in MuV infection. Additionally, we determined that MuV matrix protein (M), which functions mainly in viral particle assembly and budding, colocalized and interacted with Treacle. Furthermore, we found that Treacle is distributed throughout the nucleus in MuV-infected cells. Our research shows that the interaction between M and Treacle supports efficient viral growth in the late stage of MuV infection.
Topics: Cell Nucleolus; Humans; Mumps; Mumps virus; Nuclear Proteins; Phosphoproteins; RNA Precursors; RNA, Viral; Viral Matrix Proteins
PubMed: 36135364
DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00722-22 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics May 2021Healthcare workers (HCWs) have an increased risk to be exposed to infectious diseases compared to the general population. For this reason, according to the National...
Healthcare workers (HCWs) have an increased risk to be exposed to infectious diseases compared to the general population. For this reason, according to the National Immunization and Prevention Plan, all HCWs should have demonstrable evidence of immunity to measles, mumps, rubella, varicella and Hepatitis B. Earlier studies have already shown that a large percentage of Italian operators lacked immune protection for one or more of those pathogens.The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunization status for vaccine-preventable diseases of HCWs in a large Italian teaching hospital. We retrospectively evaluated clinical records and serological data of HCWs who followed the occupational health surveillance program between January 1 and December 31 2019. We reviewed the clinical records of 1,017 HCWs: 393 males and 624 females with a median age of 35.69 y (range: 19-67). Protective IgG antibody values were documented in the 88.0%, 75.7%, 90.3%, 87.4% and 85.7% of the HCWs screened, respectively, against measles, mumps, rubella, varicella and Hepatitis B. Age was significantly related to serological protection against measles, mumps and varicella but was not significantly related to protective IgG levels for rubella and HBV.Female gender was significantly related to a higher protection rate against Hepatitis B (87.8 vs 82.4%; < .01) whereas males were significantly more protected against varicella (92-4 vs 84.1%; < .01).Our study shows suboptimal levels of protection among Italian HCWs and a consequent increased risk of infection for them and their patients. Public health policies should be focused on improving preventive strategies, including serological screening and workplace vaccination of nonimmune individuals.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Antibodies, Viral; Female; Health Personnel; Humans; Italy; Male; Measles; Middle Aged; Mumps; Retrospective Studies; Rubella; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Vaccination; Vaccine-Preventable Diseases; Young Adult
PubMed: 33017204
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1818523 -
American Journal of Preventive Medicine Mar 2022Parental vaccine hesitancy can be a barrier to routine childhood immunization and contribute to greater risk for vaccine-preventable diseases. This study examines the...
Parental Vaccine Hesitancy and Association With Childhood Diphtheria, Tetanus Toxoid, and Acellular Pertussis; Measles, Mumps, and Rubella; Rotavirus; and Combined 7-Series Vaccination.
INTRODUCTION
Parental vaccine hesitancy can be a barrier to routine childhood immunization and contribute to greater risk for vaccine-preventable diseases. This study examines the impact of parental vaccine hesitancy on childhood vaccination rates.
METHODS
This study assessed the association of parental vaccine hesitancy on child vaccination coverage with ≥4 doses of diphtheria, tetanus toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine; ≥1 dose of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine; up-to-date rotavirus vaccine; and combined 7-vaccine series coverage for a sample of children aged 19-35 months using data from the 2018 and 2019 National Immunization Survey-Child (N=7,645). Adjusted differences in multivariable analyses of vaccination coverage were estimated among vaccine hesitant and nonhesitant parents and population attributable risk fraction of hesitancy on undervaccination, defined as not being up to date for each vaccine.
RESULTS
Almost a quarter of parents reported being vaccine hesitant, with the highest proportion of vaccine hesitancy among parents of children who are non-Hispanic Black (37.0%) or Hispanic (30.1%), mothers with a high school education or less (31.9%), and households living below the poverty level (35.6%). Childhood vaccination coverage for all vaccines was lower for children of hesitant than nonhesitant parents, and the population attributable fraction of hesitancy on undervaccination ranged from 15% to 25%, with the highest percentage for ≥1 dose of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine.
CONCLUSIONS
Parental vaccine hesitancy may contribute up to 25% of undervaccination among children aged 19-35 months. Implementation of strategies to address parental vaccine hesitancy is needed to improve vaccination coverage for children and minimize their risk of vaccine-preventable diseases.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Diphtheria; Humans; Infant; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Mumps; Parents; Pertussis Vaccine; Rotavirus; Rubella; Tetanus Toxoid; Vaccination; Vaccination Hesitancy; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 35190101
DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.08.015 -
Journal of Primary Care & Community... 2021The purpose of this cohort study was to evaluate measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), and varicella immunity among a population of adult employees receiving primary care in an...
OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this cohort study was to evaluate measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), and varicella immunity among a population of adult employees receiving primary care in an employer-sponsored health center.
METHODS
Participants were eligible for MMR and varicella immunity screening if they were an employee receiving primary care in an employer-sponsored health center between January 1, 2019 and November 1, 2020 who could not provide proof of immunization and 1) had it recommended by their provider, 2) specifically requested immunity testing (often because they had heard of measles outbreaks in their country of origin), or 3) were seen for an immigration physical for their Green Card application.
RESULTS
Overall, 3494 patients were screened for their MMR immunity. Of these, 3057 were also screened for varicella immunity. Among these patients, 13.9% lacked measles immunity, 0.83% lacked immunity to all 3 components of MMR, and 13.2% lacked varicella immunity. Among the 262 patients who presented specifically for immunity screening, the rates of lacking immunity were higher for all conditions: 22.7% lacked measles immunity and 9.2% lacked varicella immunity.
CONCLUSION
Given declines in immunizations during the COVID-19 pandemic, there is reason to be concerned that measles and varicella-associated morbidity and mortality may rise. Employers, especially those with large foreign-born populations or who require international travel may want to educate their populations about common contagious illnesses and offer immunity validation or vaccinations at no or low cost.
Topics: Adult; Antibodies, Viral; COVID-19; California; Chickenpox; Cohort Studies; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Measles; Mumps; Occupational Health Services; Pandemics; Primary Health Care; Rubella; SARS-CoV-2; Vaccination; Vaccination Coverage
PubMed: 33813919
DOI: 10.1177/21501327211005902 -
BMC Public Health Nov 2022There is still a relatively serious disease burden of infectious diseases and the warning time for different infectious diseases before implementation of interventions...
BACKGROUND
There is still a relatively serious disease burden of infectious diseases and the warning time for different infectious diseases before implementation of interventions is important. The logistic differential equation models can be used for predicting early warning of infectious diseases. The aim of this study is to compare the disease fitting effects of the logistic differential equation (LDE) model and the generalized logistic differential equation (GLDE) model for the first time using data on multiple infectious diseases in Jilin Province and to calculate the early warning signals for different types of infectious diseases using these two models in Jilin Province to solve the disease early warning schedule for Jilin Province throughout the year.
METHODS
Collecting the incidence of 22 infectious diseases in Jilin Province, China. The LDE and GLDE models were used to calculate the recommended warning week (RWW), the epidemic acceleration week (EAW) and warning removed week (WRW) for acute infectious diseases with seasonality, respectively.
RESULTS
Five diseases were selected for analysis based on screening principles: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), shigellosis, mumps, Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), and scarlet fever. The GLDE model fitted the above diseases better (0.80 ≤ R ≤ 0.94, P < 0. 005) than the LDE model. The estimated warning durations (per year) of the LDE model for the above diseases were: weeks 12-23 and 40-50; weeks 20-36; weeks 15-24 and 43-52; weeks 26-34; and weeks 16-25 and 41-50. While the durations of early warning (per year) estimated by the GLDE model were: weeks 7-24 and 36-51; weeks 13-37; weeks 11-26 and 39-54; weeks 23-35; and weeks 12-26 and 40-50.
CONCLUSIONS
Compared to the LDE model, the GLDE model provides a better fit to the actual disease incidence data. The RWW appeared to be earlier when estimated with the GLDE model than the LDE model. In addition, the WRW estimated with the GLDE model were more lagged and had a longer warning time.
Topics: Humans; Communicable Diseases; China; Mumps; Scarlet Fever; Epidemics; Incidence
PubMed: 36333699
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14407-y -
The Indian Journal of Medical Research Apr 2023
Topics: Humans; Infant; Measles Vaccine; Rubella Vaccine; Rubella; Measles; Immunization Schedule; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Mumps; Vaccination; Antibodies, Viral
PubMed: 37282389
DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_79_23