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Journal of Dairy Science Mar 2020Respiratory tract infections (bovine respiratory disease) are a major concern in calf rearing. The objective of this study was to identify pathogen-specific risk factors...
Respiratory tract infections (bovine respiratory disease) are a major concern in calf rearing. The objective of this study was to identify pathogen-specific risk factors associated with epidemic respiratory disease in calves. A cross-sectional study was conducted, involving 128 outbreaks (29 dairy, 58 dairy-mixed, and 41 beef) in Belgium (2016-2018). A semiquantitative PCR for 7 respiratory pathogens was done on a pooled nonendoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage sample for each herd. Potential risk factors were collected by questionnaire and derived from the national cattle registration databank. Most outbreaks occurred between October and March, and single and multiple viral infections were detected in 58.6% (75/128) and 13.3% (17/128), respectively. Bovine coronavirus (BCV) was the most frequently isolated virus (38.4%), followed by bovine respiratory syncytial virus (bRSV; 29.4%) and parainfluenzavirus type 3 (PI-3; 8.1%). Mycoplasma bovis, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni were detected in 33.3, 41.2, 89.1, and 36.4% of the herds, respectively. Specific risk factors for BCV detection were detection of M. haemolytica [odds ratio (OR) = 2.8 (95% confidence interval = 1.1-7.5)], increasing herd size [OR = 1.3 (1.0-1.8) for each increase with 100 animals] and detection of BCV by antigen ELISA on feces in calves in the last year [OR = 3.6 (1.2-11.1)]. A seasonal effect was shown for bRSV only {more in winter compared with autumn [OR = 10.3 (2.8-37.5)]}. Other factors associated with bRSV were PI-3 detection [OR = 13.4 (2.1-86.0)], prevalence of calves with respiratory disease [OR = 1.02 (1.00-1.04) per 1% increase], and number of days with respiratory signs before sampling [OR = 0.99 (0.98-0.99) per day increase]. Next to its association with BCV, M. haemolytica was more frequently detected in herds with 5 to 10 animals per pen [OR = 8.0 (1.4-46.9)] compared with <5 animals, and in herds with sawdust as bedding [OR = 18.3 (1.8-191.6)]. Also, for H. somni, housing on sawdust was a risk factor [OR = 5.2 (1.2-23.0)]. Purchase of cattle [OR = 2.9 (1.0-8.0)] and housing of recently purchased animals in the same airspace [OR = 5.0 (1.5-16.5)] were risk factors for M. bovis. This study identified pathogen-specific risk factors that might be useful for the development of customized control and prevention and for the design of decision support tools to justify antimicrobial use by predicting the most likely pathogen before sampling results are available.
Topics: Animals; Belgium; Bronchoalveolar Lavage; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Coronavirus, Bovine; Cross-Sectional Studies; Disease Outbreaks; Feces; Female; Male; Mannheimia haemolytica; Mycoplasma bovis; Parainfluenza Virus 3, Bovine; Pasteurella multocida; Pasteurellaceae; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine; Respiratory Tract Infections; Risk Factors; Species Specificity; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 31954585
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17486 -
Nature Communications Apr 2019Chemoenzymatic modification of cell-surface glycan structures has emerged as a complementary approach to metabolic oligosaccharide engineering. Here, we identify...
Chemoenzymatic modification of cell-surface glycan structures has emerged as a complementary approach to metabolic oligosaccharide engineering. Here, we identify Pasteurella multocida α2-3-sialyltransferase M144D mutant, Photobacterium damsela α2-6-sialyltransferase, and Helicobacter mustelae α1-2-fucosyltransferase, as efficient tools for live-cell glycan modification. Combining these enzymes with Helicobacter pylori α1-3-fucosyltransferase, we develop a host-cell-based assay to probe glycan-mediated influenza A virus (IAV) infection including wild-type and mutant strains of H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes. At high NeuAcα2-6-Gal levels, the IAV-induced host-cell death is positively correlated with haemagglutinin (HA) binding affinity to NeuAcα2-6-Gal. Remarkably, an increment of host-cell-surface sialyl Lewis X (sLe) exacerbates the killing by several wild-type IAV strains and a previously engineered mutant HK68-MTA. Structural alignment of HAs from HK68 and HK68-MTA suggests formation of a putative hydrogen bond between Trp222 of HA-HK68-MTA and the C-4 hydroxyl group of the α1-3-linked fucose of sLe, which may account for the enhanced host cell killing of that mutant.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Biological Assay; CHO Cells; Cricetulus; Dogs; Glycosyltransferases; Healthy Volunteers; Helicobacter mustelae; Hemagglutinins; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype; Influenza, Human; Intravital Microscopy; Luciferases, Bacterial; Lung; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells; Metabolic Engineering; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Molecular Imaging; Oligosaccharides; Pasteurella multocida; Recombinant Proteins; Sialyl Lewis X Antigen; Staining and Labeling
PubMed: 30996301
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09608-w -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2020and are two of multiple agents responsible for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in cattle. Following respiratory infection of calves with , may also be isolated from...
and are two of multiple agents responsible for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in cattle. Following respiratory infection of calves with , may also be isolated from the lower respiratory tract. Because may form a biofilm during BRD, we sought to determine if can co-exist with in a polymicrobial biofilm and . Interactions between the two species in the biofilm were characterized and quantified by fluorescence hybridization (FISH). The biofilm matrix of each species was examined using fluorescently tagged lectins (FTL) specific for the exopolysaccharide (EPS) using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Bacterial interactions were determined by auto-aggregation and biofilm morphology. and were evenly distributed in the biofilm, and both species contributed to the polymicrobial biofilm matrix. The average biomass and biofilm thickness, and the total carbohydrate and protein content of the biofilm, were greatest when both species were present. Polymicrobial bacterial suspensions auto-aggregated faster than single species suspensions, suggesting physical interactions between the two species. Almost 300 genes were significantly differentially regulated when the bacteria were in a polymicrobial biofilm compared to a mono-species biofilm, as determined by RNA-sequencing. As expected, host genes associated with inflammation and immune response were significantly upregulated at the infection site following challenge. Encapsulated isolates not capable of forming a substantial biofilm enhanced an polymicrobial biofilm with , indicating they contributed to the polymicrobial biofilm matrix. Indirect evidence indicated that encapsulated also contributed to a polymicrobial biofilm . Only the EPS of could be detected by FTL staining of bovine tissues following challenge with . However, both species were isolated and an immune response to the biofilm matrix of both species was greater than the response to planktonic cells, suggesting encapsulated may take advantage of the biofilm to persist in the host during chronic BRD. These results may have important implications for the management and prevention of BRD.
PubMed: 32754136
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01561 -
The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... Jan 2022This study compared changes in prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of , and in feedlot calves derived from the auction market (AUCT; = 299) and from a...
This study compared changes in prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of , and in feedlot calves derived from the auction market (AUCT; = 299) and from a single-ranch source (RANCH; = 300). In the AUCT calves, the prevalence of decreased, whereas increased over the feeding period. The AUCT calves showed an increase in isolates not susceptible to tulathromycin for all bovine respiratory disease (BRD) pathogens, an increase in and isolates not susceptible to oxytetracycline, and an increase in isolates not susceptible to florfenicol. In the RANCH calves, the prevalence of all 3 BRD pathogens was high at feedlot entry and decreased significantly during the study period. In RANCH calves, there was a significant increase in isolates not susceptible to oxytetracycline, tulathromycin, and florfenicol. Surprisingly, there was a significant decrease in isolates that were not susceptible to oxytetracycline, tilmicosin, and tulathromycin.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Mannheimia haemolytica; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pasteurella multocida
PubMed: 34975167
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Dairy Science Jan 2023Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) involves multiple pathogens, shows diverse lung lesions, and is a major concern in calves. Pathogens from 160 lung samples of...
Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) involves multiple pathogens, shows diverse lung lesions, and is a major concern in calves. Pathogens from 160 lung samples of dead cattle from 81 cattle farms in Northeast China from 2016 to 2021 were collected to characterize the molecular epidemiology and risk factors of BRDC and to assess the major pathogens involved in bovine suppurative or caseous necrotizing pneumonia. The BRDC was diagnosed by autopsy, pathogen isolation, PCR, or reverse transcription-PCR detection, and gene sequencing. More than 18 species of pathogens, including 491 strains of respiratory pathogens, were detected. The positivity rate of bacteria in the 160 lung samples was 31.77%, including Trueperella pyogenes (9.37%), Pasteurella multocida (8.35%), Histophilus somni (4.48%), Mannheimia haemolytica (2.44%), and other bacteria (7.13%). The positivity rate of Mycoplasma spp. was 38.9%, including M. bovis (7.74%), M. dispar (11.61%), M. bovirhinis (7.94%), M. alkalescens (6.11%), M. arginini (0.81%), and undetermined species (4.68%). Six species of viruses were detected with a positivity rate of 29.33%, including bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1; 13.25%), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV; 5.50%), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV; 4.89%), bovine parainfluenza virus type-3 (BPIV-3; 4.28%), bovine parainfluenza virus type-5 (1.22%), and bovine coronavirus (2.24%). Mixed infections among bacteria (73.75%), viruses (50%), and M. bovis (23.75%) were the major features of BRDC in these cattle herds. The risk analysis for multi-pathogen co-infection indicated that BoHV-1 and H. somni; BVDV and M. bovis, P. multocida, T. pyogenes, or Mann. haemolytica; BPIV-3 and M. bovis; BRSV and M. bovis, P. multocida, or T. pyogenes; P. multocida and T. pyogenes; and M. bovis and T. pyogenes or H. somni showed co-infection trends. A survey on molecular epidemiology indicated that the occurrence rate of currently prevalent pathogens in BRDC was 46.15% (6/13) for BoHV-1.2b and 53.85% (7/13) for BoHV-1.2c, 53.3% (8/15) for BVDV-1b and 46.7% (7/15) for BVDV-1d, 29.41% (5/17) for BPIV-3a and 70.59% (12/17) for BPIV-3c, 100% (2/2) for BRSV gene subgroup IX, 91.67% (33/36) for P. multocida serotype A, and 8.33% (3/36) for P. multocida serotype D. Our research discovered new subgenotypes for BoHV-1.2c, BRSV gene subgroup IX, and P. multocida serotype D in China's cattle herds. In the BRDC cases, bovine suppurative or caseous necrotizing pneumonia was highly related to BVDV [odds ratio (OR) = 4.18; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.6-10.7], M. bovis (OR = 2.35; 95% CI: 1.1-4.9), H. somni (OR = 8.2; 95% CI: 2.6-25.5), and T. pyogenes (OR = 13.92; 95% CI: 5.8-33.3). The risk factor analysis found that dairy calves <3 mo and beef calves >3 mo (OR = 5.39; 95% CI: 2.7-10.7) were more susceptible to BRDC. Beef cattle were more susceptible to bovine suppurative or caseous necrotizing pneumonia than dairy cattle (OR = 2.32; 95% CI: 1.2-4.4). These epidemiological data and the new pathogen subgenotypes will be helpful in formulating strategies of control and prevention, developing new vaccines, improving clinical differential diagnosis by necropsy, predicting the most likely pathogen, and justifying antimicrobial use.
Topics: Cattle; Animals; Coinfection; Pneumonia, Necrotizing; Cattle Diseases; Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex; Pasteurella multocida; Bacteria; Lung; Risk Factors; Paramyxoviridae Infections
PubMed: 36333140
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21929 -
Journal of Infection in Developing... Mar 2016The antimicrobial role of probiotic Lactobacillus casei subspecies casei DG (L. casei DG) and of the mix culture of probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 and...
INTRODUCTION
The antimicrobial role of probiotic Lactobacillus casei subspecies casei DG (L. casei DG) and of the mix culture of probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 and Bifidobacterium BB-12 was tested on species of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pasteurella, and Neisseria genera from supragingival sites from dogs with dental disease of different breed, age, sex, weight, and diet. The research was conducted on these four genera because of their importance in zoonotic infections after dog bites.
METHODOLOGY
Species from Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pasteurella, and Neisseria genera were isolated and identified. To test the antimicrobial efficacy of L. casei DG and the mixed culture of probiotic L. acidophilus LA-5 and Bifidobacterium bifidum BB-12 on the pathogenic species, the agar overlay method was used.
RESULTS
L. casei DG had a bactericidal effect on all analyzed species isolated from Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pasteurella, and Neisseria genera after 24 hours of incubation. The mixed probiotic culture made up of L. acidophilus LA-5 and Bifidobacterium BB-12 species had no bactericidal effect on the species of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus genera, which were resistant. However, it had a bacteriostatic effect on several species of Pasteurella and Neisseria genera.
CONCLUSIONS
This work highlights the antimicrobial potential of probiotics in vitro, demonstrating that the probiotic L. casei DG has a bactericidal effect on all analyzed species isolated from dental plaque and that the mix culture of probiotic L. acidophilus LA-5 and Bifidobacterium BB-12 has only a bacteriostatic effect.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Bifidobacterium; Biota; Dental Plaque; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Lactobacillus; Male; Neisseria; Pasteurella; Probiotics; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus
PubMed: 27031452
DOI: 10.3855/jidc.6800 -
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic... Nov 2021Neurologic diseases are common in domestic cats, and infectious agents are suspected to be the primary cause in 30-45% of cases. Among infectious etiologies, those of... (Review)
Review
Neurologic diseases are common in domestic cats, and infectious agents are suspected to be the primary cause in 30-45% of cases. Among infectious etiologies, those of bacterial origin are only sporadically characterized in the literature, with few of these reports correlating gross and histologic findings with confirmatory bacteriologic identification. Here, we describe bacterial meningitis and meningoencephalomyelitis associated with in 3 domestic cats. Purulent exudate expanding the cerebral meninges was grossly evident in 2 of the cases. In all 3 cases, histologic changes included multifocal suppurative-to-necrosuppurative meningitis and/or meningoencephalomyelitis of variable severity. Intralesional colonies of gram-negative, short rod-shaped to coccobacillary bacteria were evident histologically in only 1 case. was confirmed by routine bacteriologic culture in all cases. Based on our cases, we hypothesize that the upper respiratory system serves as the main portal of entry for , leading to invasion of the central nervous system and possible systemic hematogenous dissemination. A case series of meningoencephalomyelitis associated with infection in cats has not been reported previously, to our knowledge. We also review briefly other causes of meningoencephalomyelitis in cats.
Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Meningitis, Bacterial; Pasteurella Infections; Pasteurella multocida
PubMed: 34301172
DOI: 10.1177/10406387211034484 -
Journal of the American Veterinary... Nov 2017
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Conjunctiva; Conjunctivitis, Bacterial; Diagnosis, Differential; Eye Diseases; Eyelids; Female; Pasteurella Infections; Pasteurella multocida; Poultry Diseases; Sinusitis
PubMed: 29035660
DOI: 10.2460/javma.251.9.1021 -
Journal of Advanced Veterinary and... Jun 2023Ducks suffer a huge economic loss as a result of infections with and , which cause high morbidity and mortality. Because these pathogens induce similar clinical...
OBJECTIVES
Ducks suffer a huge economic loss as a result of infections with and , which cause high morbidity and mortality. Because these pathogens induce similar clinical symptoms when coinfections occur, it is very difficult to differentiate between them based just on clinical signs. Hence, these major pathogens must be quickly and accurately detected.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 104 birds ranging from 2 days to 4 weeks old were collected from Egyptian farms, and the outcomes were compared statistically. Conventional cultural identification procedures and a direct multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay were utilized to recognize both pathogens in a single tube reaction simultaneously. Then, the obtained isolates were characterized phenotypically and genotypically.
RESULTS
Clinical signs appear at 2-4 weeks of age with respiratory distress (dyspnea), white fluid feces, and stunting. The scrutinized data demonstrated a significantly higher detection rate by PCR directly compared to classical culture procedures. was detected only by PCR. The disc diffusion technique against ten antibiotics showed absolute susceptibilities to amikacin, doxycycline, and florfenicol. High levels of beta-lactam resistance were observed. isolates were screened for pathogenicity and plasmid-borne genes. All six isolates harbored five virulence genes: . Moreover, was identified into four isolates and deposited to GenBank with accession numbers OP347083, OP347084, OP347085, and OP347086.
CONCLUSION
These results suggest advanced PCR assays can be applied to the field for rapid and valuable diagnosis of two significant pathogens and focus on the worth of ducks in the propagation of transferable antibiotic resistance genes into the environment.
PubMed: 37534083
DOI: 10.5455/javar.2023.j671 -
Nature Communications Oct 2023The sudden mortality of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) in Botswana and Zimbabwe in 2020 provoked considerable public interest and speculation. Poaching and...
The sudden mortality of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) in Botswana and Zimbabwe in 2020 provoked considerable public interest and speculation. Poaching and malicious poisoning were excluded early on in the investigation. Other potential causes included environmental intoxication, infectious diseases, and increased habitat stress due to ongoing drought. Here we show evidence of the mortalities in Zimbabwe as fatal septicaemia associated with Bisgaard taxon 45, an unnamed close relative of Pasteurella multocida. We analyse elephant carcasses and environmental samples, and fail to find evidence of cyanobacterial or other intoxication. Post-mortem and histological findings suggest a bacterial septicaemia similar to haemorrhagic septicaemia caused by P. multocida. Biochemical tests and 16S rDNA analysis of six samples and genomic analysis of one sample confirm the presence of Bisgaard taxon 45. The genome sequence contains many of the canonical P. multocida virulence factors associated with a range of human and animal diseases, including the pmHAS gene for hyaluronidase associated with bovine haemorrhagic septicaemia. Our results demonstrate that Bisgaard taxon 45 is associated with a generalised, lethal infection and that African elephants are susceptible to opportunistically pathogenic Pasteurella species. This represents an important conservation concern for elephants in the largest remaining metapopulation of this endangered species.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Cattle; Hemorrhagic Septicemia; Elephants; Pasteurella; Pasteurella multocida; Ecosystem
PubMed: 37880229
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41987-z