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Microbiology and Molecular Biology... Nov 2019is a highly versatile pathogen capable of causing infections in a wide range of domestic and wild animals as well as in humans and nonhuman primates. Despite over... (Review)
Review
is a highly versatile pathogen capable of causing infections in a wide range of domestic and wild animals as well as in humans and nonhuman primates. Despite over 135 years of research, the molecular basis for the myriad manifestations of pathogenesis and the determinants of phylogeny remain poorly defined. The current availability of multiple genome sequences now makes it possible to delve into the underlying genetic mechanisms of fitness and virulence. Using whole-genome sequences, the genotypes, including the capsular genotypes, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) genotypes, and multilocus sequence types, as well as virulence factor-encoding genes of isolates from different clinical presentations can be characterized rapidly and accurately. Putative genetic factors that contribute to virulence, fitness, host specificity, and disease predilection can also be identified through comparative genome analysis of different isolates. However, although some knowledge about genotypes, fitness, and pathogenesis has been gained from the recent whole-genome sequencing and comparative analysis studies of , there is still a long way to go before we fully understand the pathogenic mechanisms of this important zoonotic pathogen. The quality of several available genome sequences is low, as they are assemblies with relatively low coverage, and genomes of isolates from some uncommon host species are still limited or lacking. Here, we review recent advances, as well as continuing knowledge gaps, in our understanding of determinants contributing to virulence, fitness, host specificity, disease predilection, and phylogeny of .
Topics: Animals; Genetic Variation; Genome, Bacterial; Genomics; Genotype; Host Specificity; Humans; Pasteurella Infections; Pasteurella multocida; Phylogeny; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 31484691
DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.00014-19 -
Revista Chilena de Infectologia :... Feb 2022
Topics: Humans; Pasteurella; Pasteurella Infections
PubMed: 35735282
DOI: 10.4067/S0716-10182022000100071 -
Veterinary Research 2001Isolates of the genera Pasteurella and Mannheimia cause a wide variety of diseases of great economic importance in poultry, pigs, cattle and rabbits. Antimicrobial... (Review)
Review
Isolates of the genera Pasteurella and Mannheimia cause a wide variety of diseases of great economic importance in poultry, pigs, cattle and rabbits. Antimicrobial agents represent the most powerful tools to control such infections. However, increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance may dramatically reduce the efficacy of the antimicrobial agents used to control Pasteurella and Mannheimia infections. This review presents a short summary of the infections caused by Pasteurella and Mannheimia isolates in food-producing animals and the possibilities of preventing and controlling primary and secondary pasteurellosis. Particular reference is given to antimicrobial chemotherapy and the resistance properties of Pasterurella and Mannheimia isolates. The genetic basis of the most predominant resistance properties such as resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, and chloramphenicol is discussed. This is depicted with reference to the role of plasmids and transposons in the spread of the resistance genes among Pasteurellaceae and members of other bacterial families and genera.
Topics: Animals; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Gene Transfer, Horizontal; Pasteurella; Pasteurella Infections; Pasteurellaceae
PubMed: 11432423
DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2001128 -
PloS One 2021Pasteurella multocida is a bacterial pathogen with the ability to infect a multitude of hosts including humans, companion animals, livestock, and wildlife. This study...
Pasteurella multocida is a bacterial pathogen with the ability to infect a multitude of hosts including humans, companion animals, livestock, and wildlife. This study used bioinformatic approaches to explore the genomic diversity of 656 P. multocida isolates and epidemiological associations between host factors and specific genotypes. Isolates included in this study originated from a variety of hosts, including poultry, cattle, swine, rabbits, rodents, and humans, from five different continents. Multi-locus sequence typing identified 69 different sequence types. In-silico methodology for determining capsular serogroup was developed, validated, and applied to all genome sequences, whereby capsular serogroups A, B, D, and F were found. Whole genome phylogeny was constructed from 237,670 core single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and demonstrated an overall lack of host or capsular serogroup specificity, with the exception of isolates from bovine sources. Specific SNVs within the srlB gene were identified in P. multocida subsp. septica genomes, representing specific mutations that may be useful for differentiating one of the three known subspecies. Significant associations were identified between capsular serogroup and virulence factors, including capsular serogroup A and OmpH1, OmpH3, PlpE, and PfhB1; capsular serogroup B and HgbA and PtfA; and capsular serogroup F and PtfA and PlpP. Various mobile genetic elements were identified including those similar to ICEPmu1, ICEhin1056, and IncQ1 plasmids, all of which harbored multiple antimicrobial resistance-encoding genes. Additional analyses were performed on a subset of 99 isolates obtained from turkeys during fowl cholera outbreaks from a single company which revealed that multiple strains of P. multocida were circulating during the outbreak, instead of a single, highly virulent clone. This study further demonstrates the extensive genomic diversity of P. multocida, provides epidemiological context to the various genotyping schemes that have traditionally been used for differentiating isolates, and introduces additional tools for P. multocida molecular typing.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; DNA Transposable Elements; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Genes, Bacterial; Pasteurella Infections; Pasteurella multocida; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Poultry Diseases; Serogroup; Turkeys; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 33822782
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249138 -
Toxins Aug 2017is a heterogeneous species that is a primary pathogen of many different vertebrates. This Gram-negative bacterium can cause a range of diseases, including fowl cholera... (Review)
Review
is a heterogeneous species that is a primary pathogen of many different vertebrates. This Gram-negative bacterium can cause a range of diseases, including fowl cholera in birds, haemorrhagic septicaemia in ungulates, atrophic rhinitis in swine, and lower respiratory tract infections in cattle and pigs. One of the primary virulence factors of is lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Recent work has shown that this crucial surface molecule shows significant structural variability across different strains, with many producing LPS structures that are highly similar to the carbohydrate component of host glycoproteins. It is likely that this LPS mimicry of host molecules plays a major role in the survival of in certain host niches. LPS also plays a significant role in resisting the action of chicken cathelicidins, and is a strong stimulator of host immune responses. The inflammatory response to the endotoxic lipid A component is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of certain infections. Recent work has shown that vaccines containing killed bacteria give protection only against other strains with identical, or nearly identical, surface LPS structures. Conversely, live attenuated vaccines give protection that is broadly protective, and their efficacy is independent of LPS structure.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Chickens; Lipopolysaccharides; Pasteurella multocida
PubMed: 28825691
DOI: 10.3390/toxins9080254 -
BMC Veterinary Research Nov 2022Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) infection can cause a series of diseases in different animals and cause huge economic losses to the breeding industry. P. multocida...
BACKGROUND
Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) infection can cause a series of diseases in different animals and cause huge economic losses to the breeding industry. P. multocida is considered to be one of the most significant pathogens in rabbits. In order to elucidate the pathogenic mechanism and innate immune response of P. multocida, an infection experiment was carried out in this study.
RESULTS
Our results showed that the clinical symptoms of rabbits were severe dyspnoea and serous nasal fluid. During the course of the disease, the deaths peaked at 2 days post infection (dpi) and mortality rate was 60%. The pathological changes of the lung, trachea, and thymus were observed. In particular, consolidation and abscesses appeared in lung. Histopathologic changes in rabbits showed edema, hemorrhage, and neutrophil infiltration in the lung. P. multocida can rapidly replicate in a variety of tissues, and the colonization in most of the tested tissues reached the maximum at 2 dpi and then decreased at 3 dpi. The number of P. multocida in lung and thymus remained high level at 3 dpi. Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 signaling pathways were activated after P. multocida infection. The expression of Il1β, Il6, Il8, and Tnf-α was significantly increased. The expression of most proinflammatory cytokines peaked at 2 dpi and decreased at 3 dpi, and the expression trend of cytokines was consistent with the colonization of P. multocida in rabbit tissues.
CONCLUSIONS
The P. multocida can rapidly replicate in various tissues of rabbit and cause bacteremia after infection. TLRs signaling pathways were activated after P. multocida infection, significantly inducing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, which is might the main cause of respiratory inflammation and septicemia.
Topics: Animals; Rabbits; Pasteurella multocida; Virulence; Lagomorpha; Pasteurella Infections; Immunity, Innate; Cytokines
PubMed: 36447208
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03517-9 -
Vaccine Sep 2022Vaccines are very effective in providing protection against many infectious diseases. However, it has proven difficult to develop highly efficacious vaccines against... (Review)
Review
Vaccines are very effective in providing protection against many infectious diseases. However, it has proven difficult to develop highly efficacious vaccines against some pathogens and so there is a continuing need to improve vaccine technologies. The first successful and widely used vaccines were based on attenuated pathogens (e.g., laboratory passaged Pasteurella multocida to vaccinate against fowl cholera) or closely related non-pathogenic organisms (e.g., cowpox to vaccinate against smallpox). Subsequently, live vaccines, either attenuated pathogens or non-pathogenic microorganisms modified to deliver heterologous antigens, have been successfully used to induce protective immune responses against many pathogens. Unlike conventional killed and subunit vaccines, live vaccines can deliver antigens to mucosal surfaces in a similar manner and context as the natural infection and hence can often produce a more appropriate and protective immune response. Despite these advantages, there is still a need to improve the immunogenicity of some live vaccines. The efficacy of injectable killed and subunit vaccines is usually enhanced using adjuvants such mineral salts, oils, and saponin, but such adjuvants cannot be used with live vaccines. Instead, live vaccines can be engineered to produce immunomodulatory molecules that can stimulate the immune system to induce more robust and long-lasting adaptive immune responses. This review focuses on research that has been undertaken to engineer live vaccines to produce immunomodulatory molecules that act as adjuvants to increase immunogenicity. Adjuvant strategies with varying mechanisms of action (inflammatory, antibody-mediated, cell-mediated) and delivery modes (oral, intramuscular, intranasal) have been investigated, with varying degrees of success. The goal of such research is to define adjuvant strategies that can be adapted to enhance live vaccine efficacy by triggering strong innate and adaptive immune responses and produce vaccines against a wider range of pathogens.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Humans; Pasteurella Infections; Pasteurella multocida; Vaccines; Vaccines, Attenuated; Vaccines, Subunit
PubMed: 36064671
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.08.059 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Aug 2000Pasteurella multocida subspecies multocida is the most common cause of fowl cholera, although P. multocida subspecies septica and gallicida may also cause fowl... (Review)
Review
Pasteurella multocida subspecies multocida is the most common cause of fowl cholera, although P. multocida subspecies septica and gallicida may also cause fowl cholera-like disease to some extent. However, the virulence properties of the different subspecies for various hosts have not been elucidated. The severity and incidence of P. multocida infections may vary considerably depending on several factors associated with the host (including species and age of infected birds), the environment and the bacterial strain. No single virulence factor has been associated with the observed variation in virulence among strains. Possible virulence factors include the following: the capsule, endotoxin, outer membrane proteins, iron binding systems, heat shock proteins, neuraminidase production and antibody cleaving enzymes. No RTX toxins (repeats in toxin) appear to be produced by P. multocida, but P. multocida exotoxin (PMT) could contribute to virulence in some avian infections. The epidemiology of fowl cholera appears complex. Traditional serotyping systems are only of limited use in epidemiological studies. In recent years, molecular typing methods have been applied to avian strains of P. multocida of different origin. The results obtained using these newer methods indicate that wild birds may be a source of infection to commercial poultry. Documentation suggesting that mammals play a similar role is not as comprehensive, but the possibility cannot be excluded. Carrier birds seem to play a major role in the transmission of cholera. Surviving birds from diseased flocks appear to represent a risk, but more recent investigations indicate that carriers of P. multocida may exist within poultry flocks with no history of previous outbreaks of fowl cholera. The significance of this awaits further investigation. The site of infection for P. multocida is generally believed to be the respiratory tract. The outcome of infections may range from peracute/acute infections to chronic infections. In the former type of infections, few clinical signs are observed before death and the lesions will be dominated by general septicaemic lesions. In chronic forms of P. multocida infections, suppurative lesions may be widely distributed, often involving the respiratory tract, the conjunctiva and adjacent tissues of the head. Diagnosis is always dependent upon isolation of the organism. For the detection of subclinical infections, mouse passage of relevant samples is recommended, but polymerase chain reaction and isolation attempts on selective media may represent alternatives. Confinement is probably the most effective way to prevent introduction of P. multocida. However, extensive management systems dominate in many parts of the world, and under such circumstances vaccination is recommended as a preventive measure. Unfortunately, the development of safe and efficient live vaccines still poses problems. As a result, control remains dependent on bacterins which exhibit significant disadvantages compared to live vaccines.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Pasteurella Infections; Pasteurella multocida; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Zoonoses
PubMed: 10935284
DOI: 10.20506/rst.19.2.1236 -
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic... Nov 2021Neurologic diseases are common in domestic cats, and infectious agents are suspected to be the primary cause in 30-45% of cases. Among infectious etiologies, those of... (Review)
Review
Neurologic diseases are common in domestic cats, and infectious agents are suspected to be the primary cause in 30-45% of cases. Among infectious etiologies, those of bacterial origin are only sporadically characterized in the literature, with few of these reports correlating gross and histologic findings with confirmatory bacteriologic identification. Here, we describe bacterial meningitis and meningoencephalomyelitis associated with in 3 domestic cats. Purulent exudate expanding the cerebral meninges was grossly evident in 2 of the cases. In all 3 cases, histologic changes included multifocal suppurative-to-necrosuppurative meningitis and/or meningoencephalomyelitis of variable severity. Intralesional colonies of gram-negative, short rod-shaped to coccobacillary bacteria were evident histologically in only 1 case. was confirmed by routine bacteriologic culture in all cases. Based on our cases, we hypothesize that the upper respiratory system serves as the main portal of entry for , leading to invasion of the central nervous system and possible systemic hematogenous dissemination. A case series of meningoencephalomyelitis associated with infection in cats has not been reported previously, to our knowledge. We also review briefly other causes of meningoencephalomyelitis in cats.
Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Meningitis, Bacterial; Pasteurella Infections; Pasteurella multocida
PubMed: 34301172
DOI: 10.1177/10406387211034484 -
Journal of Bacteriology Nov 2013Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative multispecies pathogen and the causative agent of fowl cholera, a serious disease of poultry which can present in both acute and...
Pasteurella multocida Heddleston serovar 3 and 4 strains share a common lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis locus but display both inter- and intrastrain lipopolysaccharide heterogeneity.
Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative multispecies pathogen and the causative agent of fowl cholera, a serious disease of poultry which can present in both acute and chronic forms. The major outer membrane component lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is both an important virulence factor and a major immunogen. Our previous studies determined the LPS structures expressed by different P. multocida strains and revealed that a number of strains belonging to different serovars contain the same LPS biosynthesis locus but express different LPS structures due to mutations within glycosyltransferase genes. In this study, we report the full LPS structure of the serovar 4 type strain, P1662, and reveal that it shares the same LPS outer core biosynthesis locus, L3, with the serovar 3 strains P1059 and Pm70. Using directed mutagenesis, the role of each glycosyltransferase gene in LPS outer core assembly was determined. LPS structural analysis of 23 Australian field isolates that contain the L3 locus revealed that at least six different LPS outer core structures can be produced as a result of mutations within the LPS glycosyltransferase genes. Moreover, some field isolates produce multiple but related LPS glycoforms simultaneously, and three LPS outer core structures are remarkably similar to the globo series of vertebrate glycosphingolipids. Our in-depth analysis showing the genetics and full range of P. multocida lipopolysaccharide structures will facilitate the improvement of typing systems and the prediction of the protective efficacy of vaccines.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Genetic Variation; Lipopolysaccharides; Molecular Sequence Data; Pasteurella multocida
PubMed: 23974032
DOI: 10.1128/JB.00779-13