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Investigative Radiology Jan 2023Although musculoskeletal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a dominant role in characterizing abnormalities, novel computed tomography (CT) techniques have found an... (Review)
Review
Although musculoskeletal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a dominant role in characterizing abnormalities, novel computed tomography (CT) techniques have found an emerging niche in several scenarios such as trauma, gout, and the characterization of pathologic biomechanical states during motion and weight-bearing. Recent developments and advancements in the field of musculoskeletal CT include 4-dimensional, cone-beam (CB), and dual-energy (DE) CT. Four-dimensional CT has the potential to quantify biomechanical derangements of peripheral joints in different joint positions to diagnose and characterize patellofemoral instability, scapholunate ligamentous injuries, and syndesmotic injuries. Cone-beam CT provides an opportunity to image peripheral joints during weight-bearing, augmenting the diagnosis and characterization of disease processes. Emerging CBCT technologies improved spatial resolution for osseous microstructures in the quantitative analysis of osteoarthritis-related subchondral bone changes, trauma, and fracture healing. Dual-energy CT-based material decomposition visualizes and quantifies monosodium urate crystals in gout, bone marrow edema in traumatic and nontraumatic fractures, and neoplastic disease. Recently, DE techniques have been applied to CBCT, contributing to increased image quality in contrast-enhanced arthrography, bone densitometry, and bone marrow imaging. This review describes 4-dimensional CT, CBCT, and DECT advances, current logistical limitations, and prospects for each technique.
Topics: Humans; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Bone Marrow Diseases; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Edema; Gout
PubMed: 35976763
DOI: 10.1097/RLI.0000000000000908 -
Archivum Immunologiae Et Therapiae... Apr 2016Pars planitis is defined as an intermediate uveitis of unknown background of systemic disease with characteristic formations such as vitreous snowballs, snowbanks and... (Review)
Review
Pars planitis is defined as an intermediate uveitis of unknown background of systemic disease with characteristic formations such as vitreous snowballs, snowbanks and changes in peripheral retina. The incidence of pars planitis varies 2.4-15.4 % of the uveitis patients. The pathogenesis of the disease is to be determined in future. Clinical and histopathological findings suggest an autoimmune etiology, most likely as a reaction to endogenous antigen of unknown source, with T cells predominant in both vitreous and pars plana infiltrations. T cells subsets play an important role as a memory-effector peripheral cell. Snowbanks are formed as an effect of post inflammatory glial proliferation of fibrous astrocytes. There is also a genetic predisposition for pars planitis by human leukocyte antigen and several other genes. A coexistence of multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis has been described in numerous studies. Epiretinal membrane, cataract, cystoid macular edema, retinal detachment, retinal vasculitis, neovascularization, vitreous peripheral traction, peripheral hole formation, vitreous hemorrhage, disc edema are common complications observed in pars planitis. There is a need to expand the knowledge of the pathogenic and immunologic background of the pars planitis to create an accurate pharmacological treatment.
Topics: Animals; Autoimmunity; Eye; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; HLA Antigens; Humans; Immunologic Memory; Pars Planitis; T-Lymphocyte Subsets; T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 26438050
DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0361-y -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2021Increased vascular permeability is a hallmark of several cardiovascular anomalies, including ischaemia/reperfusion injury and inflammation. During both... (Review)
Review
Increased vascular permeability is a hallmark of several cardiovascular anomalies, including ischaemia/reperfusion injury and inflammation. During both ischaemia/reperfusion and inflammation, massive amounts of various nucleotides, particularly adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine, are released that can induce a plethora of signalling pathways via activation of several purinergic receptors and may affect endothelial barrier properties. The nature of the effects on endothelial barrier function may depend on the prevalence and type of purinergic receptors activated in a particular tissue. In this review, we discuss the influence of the activation of various purinergic receptors and downstream signalling pathways on vascular permeability during pathological conditions.
Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Biomarkers; Blood-Air Barrier; Blood-Brain Barrier; Capillary Permeability; Endothelium; Humans; Purines; Receptors, Purinergic; Receptors, Purinergic P2; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 33530557
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031207 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2023The prevalence and clinical characteristics of different etiologies of peripheral edema in dogs are unknown.
BACKGROUND
The prevalence and clinical characteristics of different etiologies of peripheral edema in dogs are unknown.
HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES
To determine the prevalence of different etiologies of peripheral edema, describe clinical characteristics that vary among etiologies, and report survival times.
ANIMALS
Five hundred twenty-seven dogs with peripheral edema.
METHODS
Retrospective medical record review. Differences in clinical variables among etiology groups were assessed by Kruskal-Wallis testing with post hoc pairwise Dunn's testing and Chi-square testing with Monte Carlo simulation.
RESULTS
The most common etiologies of peripheral edema in dogs were vasculitis (n = 193, 37%), lymphatic/venous obstruction (LVO; 114, 22%), and hypoalbuminemia (94, 18%). Right-sided congestive heart failure (R-CHF) was uncommon (25, 5%). Edema was localized in 377 (72%) dogs and generalized in 142 (27%) dogs, and hypoalbuminemia was more likely to cause generalized edema compared to LVO or vasculitis (P < .0001). Concurrent abdominal effusion (155, 29%) was more common than pleural (77, 15%) or pericardial (12, 2%) effusion. Abdominal and pleural effusion occurred more commonly in dogs with hypoalbuminemia or R-CHF compared to LVO or vasculitis (P < .0001).
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
Distribution of edema, concurrent cavitary effusions, and clinicopathological data can help predict the underlying etiology of peripheral edema in dogs.
Topics: Dogs; Animals; Hypoalbuminemia; Retrospective Studies; Edema; Pleural Effusion; Heart Failure; Vasculitis; Dog Diseases
PubMed: 37452610
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16815 -
PloS One 2021Peripheral edema (i.e., lower limb swelling) can cause pain, weakness, and limited range of motion. However, few studies have examined its prevalence in the U.S. or its...
Peripheral edema (i.e., lower limb swelling) can cause pain, weakness, and limited range of motion. However, few studies have examined its prevalence in the U.S. or its association with demographics, comorbidities, activity, or mobility. This study used data from the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative longitudinal survey of U.S. adults (age 51+/ N = 19,988 for 2016), to evaluate time trends and correlates of peripheral edema using weighted descriptive statistics and logistic regressions, respectively. Peripheral edema was assessed with the question "Have you had… // Persistent swelling in your feet or ankles?" The weighted prevalence of edema among older U.S. adults was 19% to 20% between 2000 and 2016. Peripheral edema was associated with older age, female sex, non-white race, low wealth, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, pain, low activity levels, and mobility limitations (odds ratios ranging from 1.2-5.6; p-values ≤0.001). This study provides the first estimates of national prevalence and correlates of peripheral edema among older Americans. Peripheral edema is common and strongly associated with comorbidities, pain, low activity levels, and mobility limitations, and disproportionately affects poorer and minority groups. Peripheral edema should be a focus of future research in order to develop novel and cost-effective interventions.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cross-Sectional Studies; Edema; Ethnicity; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Lower Extremity; Male; Middle Aged; Mobility Limitation; Prognosis; Surveys and Questionnaires; United States
PubMed: 34914717
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260742 -
JACC. Case Reports Dec 2023A 63-year-old male patient presented with chest pain and signs of volume overload. His work-up revealed a diagnosis of transient effusive constrictive pericarditis of...
A 63-year-old male patient presented with chest pain and signs of volume overload. His work-up revealed a diagnosis of transient effusive constrictive pericarditis of idiopathic etiology. Despite treatment with optimal medical therapy, he continued to experience persistent symptoms eventually requiring radical pericardiectomy.
PubMed: 38204553
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2023.102088 -
Journal of Wound Care May 2023Our objective is to examine the pathophysiology of oedema in the ischaemic and post-revascularised limb, compare compression stockings to pneumatic compression devices,... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Our objective is to examine the pathophysiology of oedema in the ischaemic and post-revascularised limb, compare compression stockings to pneumatic compression devices, and summarise compression regimens in patients with severe peripheral artery disease (PAD) without revascularisation, after revascularisation, and in mixed arterial and venous disease.
METHOD
A scoping literature review of the aforementioned topics was carried out using PubMed.
RESULTS
Compression therapy has been shown to increase blood flow and aid in wound healing through a variety of mechanisms. Several studies suggest that intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) devices can be used to treat critical limb ischaemia in patients without surgical options. Additionally, compression stockings may have a role in preventing oedema after peripheral artery bypass surgery, thereby diminishing pain and reducing the risk of surgical wound dehiscence.
CONCLUSION
Oedema may occur in the ischaemic limb after revascularisation surgery, as well as in combination with venous disease. Clinicians should not fear using compression therapy in PAD.
Topics: Humans; Stockings, Compression; Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Devices; Peripheral Arterial Disease; Wound Healing
PubMed: 37121666
DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2023.32.Sup5.S25 -
Psychiatria Danubina 2023
Topics: Humans; Quetiapine Fumarate; Valproic Acid; Antipsychotic Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Edema; Dibenzothiazepines
PubMed: 37917851
DOI: 10.24869/psyd.2023.445 -
Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy : CII Dec 2022As immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are increasingly being used due to effectiveness in various tumor entities, rare side effects occur more frequently. Pericardial...
BACKGROUND
As immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are increasingly being used due to effectiveness in various tumor entities, rare side effects occur more frequently. Pericardial effusion has been reported in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after or under treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, knowledge about serositis and edemas induced by checkpoint inhibitors in other tumor entities is scarce.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Four cases with sudden onset of checkpoint inhibitor induced serositis (irSerositis) are presented including one patient with metastatic cervical cancer, two with metastatic melanoma and one with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In all cases treatment with steroids was successful in the beginning, but did not lead to complete recovery of the patients. All patients required multiple punctures. Three of the patients presented with additional peripheral edema; in one patient only the lower extremities were affected, whereas the entire body, even face and eyelids were involved in the other patients. In all patients serositis was accompanied by other immune-related adverse events (irAEs).
CONCLUSION
ICI-induced serositis and effusions are complex to diagnose and treat and might be underdiagnosed. For differentiation from malignant serositis pathology of the punctured fluid can be helpful (lymphocytes vs. malignant cells). Identifying irSerositis as early as possible is essential since steroids can improve symptoms.
Topics: Humans; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Lung Neoplasms; Serositis; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors; Edema
PubMed: 35576074
DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03211-7 -
Federal Practitioner : For the Health... Aug 2020New-onset severe peripheral edema warrants an extensive evaluation, including congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, hypoalbuminemia, or lymphatic or...
New-onset severe peripheral edema warrants an extensive evaluation, including congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, hypoalbuminemia, or lymphatic or venous obstruction.
PubMed: 32908348
DOI: 10.12788/fp.0031