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Frontiers in Plant Science 2022Productivity decline of plantation and difficulty in natural regeneration remains a serious problem because of allelopathy. Previous studies have confirmed that...
Productivity decline of plantation and difficulty in natural regeneration remains a serious problem because of allelopathy. Previous studies have confirmed that 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP) are the major allelochemicals of the litter exudates. The production of these allelochemicals may derive from decomposition of litter or from the litter endophyte and microorganisms adhering to litter surfaces. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the correlation between allelochemicals in litter and endophytic and epiphytic fungi and bacteria from litter. A total of 100 fungi and 116 bacteria were isolated from the interior and surface of litter of different forest ages (young, half-mature, and mature plantation). Results showed that the fermentation broth of fungal genera sp. and sp., and bacterial genera , , and had the strongest allelopathic effect on seeds. Allelochemicals, such as 2,4-DTBP and its analogs were identified in the fermentation broths of these microorganisms using GC/MS analysis. These results indicate that endophytic and epiphytic fungi and bacteria in litters are involved in the synthesis of allelochemicals of . To further determine the abundance of the allelopathic fungi and bacteria, Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing was performed. The results showed that bacterial genera with strong allelopathic potential were mainly distributed in the young and half-mature plantation with low abundance, while the abundance of fungal genera sp. and sp. were higher in the young and mature plantations. In particular, the abundance of sp. in the young and mature plantations were 501.20% and 192.63% higher than in the half-mature plantation, respectively. Overall, our study demonstrates that the litter fungi with higher abundance in the young and mature plantation were involved in the synthesis of the allelochemical 2,4-DTBP of This finding may be important for understanding the relationship between autotoxicity and microorganism and clarifying the natural regeneration problem of
PubMed: 36407626
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1022984 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2023tolerates the dry and frigid climate of Beijing, China, and effectively filters out particles during the winter. However, fungal infestation frequently causes extreme...
tolerates the dry and frigid climate of Beijing, China, and effectively filters out particles during the winter. However, fungal infestation frequently causes extreme illness and can even lead to shrub death. In this study, 104 diseased specimens were collected from seven districts in Beijing. Seventy-nine isolates were identified as 22 fungal species in seven genera. The species were , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and . On the basis of morphological and phylogenetic analyses, , , , and were introduced as novel species. , , and were subsequently confirmed as pathogens of leaves by pathogenicity testing. This study provides an important assessment of the fungi associated with diseases of in Beijing, China.
PubMed: 36836386
DOI: 10.3390/jof9020271 -
BMC Microbiology May 2023To explore the community composition and diversity of the endophytic fungi in Taxillus chinensis, samples of the parasites growing on seven different hosts, Morus alba,...
BACKGROUND
To explore the community composition and diversity of the endophytic fungi in Taxillus chinensis, samples of the parasites growing on seven different hosts, Morus alba, Prunus salicina, Phellodendron chinense, Bauhinia purpurea, Dalbergia odorifera, Diospyros kaki and Dimocarpus longan, were isolated. The strains were identified by their morphological characteristics and their internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences.
RESULTS
150 different endophytic fungi were isolated from the haustorial roots of the seven hosts with a total isolation rate of 61.24%. These endophytic fungi were found to belong to 1 phylum, 2 classes, 7 orders, 9 families, 11 genera and 8 species. Among of them, Pestalotiopsis, Neopestalotiopsis and Diaporthe were the dominant genera, accounting for 26.67, 17.33 and 31.33% of the total number of strains, respectively. Diversity and similarity analyses showed that the endophytic fungi isolated from D. longan (H'=1.60) had the highest diversity index. The highest richness indexes were found in M. alba and D. odorifera (both 2.23). The evenness index of D. longan was the highest (0.82). The similarity coefficient of D. odorifera was the most similar to D. longan and M. alba (33.33%), while the similarity coefficient of P. chinense was the lowest (7.69%) with M. alba and D. odorifera. Nine strains showed antimicrobial activities. Among them, Pestalotiopsis sp., N. parvum and H. investiens showed significant antifungal activity against three fungal phytopathogens of medicinal plants. At the same time, the crude extracts from the metabolites of the three endophytic fungi had strong inhibitory effects on the three pathogens. Pestalotiopsis sp., N. parvum and H. investiens had the strongest inhibitory effects of S. cucurbitacearum, with inhibitory rates of 100%, 100% and 81.51%, respectively. In addition, N. parvum had a strong inhibitory effect on D. glomerata and C. cassicola, with inhibitory rates of 82.35% and 72.80%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
These results indicate that the species composition and diversity of endophytic fungi in the branches of T. chinensis were varied in the different hosts and showed good antimicrobial potential in the control of plant pathogens.
Topics: Humans; Fungi; Loranthaceae; Endophytes; Biodiversity; Anti-Infective Agents; Phylogeny
PubMed: 37173641
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02878-x -
Polish Journal of Microbiology Jun 2021sp. is a mycoparasite of the plant pathogen . To further understand the mycoparasitism mechanism of sp., we assembled and analyzed its genome. The genome of sp.... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
sp. is a mycoparasite of the plant pathogen . To further understand the mycoparasitism mechanism of sp., we assembled and analyzed its genome. The genome of sp. strain PG52 was assembled into 335 scaffolds and had a size of 58.01 Mb. A total of 20,023 predicted genes and proteins were annotated. This study compared PG52 with the mycoparasites , , and . This study reveals the entirely different mycoparasitism mechanism of compared to and reveals this mycoparasite's strong ability to produce secondary metabolites.
Topics: Genome, Fungal; Pestalotiopsis; Trichoderma
PubMed: 34349810
DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2021-016 -
MSystems Apr 2022Symbiosis with bacteria is widespread among eukaryotes, including fungi. Bacteria that live within fungal mycelia (endohyphal bacteria) occur in many plant-associated...
Transcriptional Profiles of a Foliar Fungal Endophyte (, Ascomycota) and Its Bacterial Symbiont (, ) Reveal Sulfur Exchange and Growth Regulation during Early Phases of Symbiotic Interaction.
Symbiosis with bacteria is widespread among eukaryotes, including fungi. Bacteria that live within fungal mycelia (endohyphal bacteria) occur in many plant-associated fungi, including diverse Mucoromycota and Dikarya. sp. strain 9143 is a filamentous ascomycete isolated originally as a foliar endophyte of Platycladus orientalis (Cupressaceae). It is infected naturally with the endohyphal bacterium sp. strain 9143, which influences auxin and enzyme production by its fungal host. Previous studies have used transcriptomics to examine similar symbioses between endohyphal bacteria and root-associated fungi such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant pathogens. However, currently there are no gene expression studies of endohyphal bacteria of Ascomycota, the most species-rich fungal phylum. To begin to understand such symbioses, we developed methods for assessing gene expression by sp. and sp. when grown in coculture and when each was grown axenically. Our assays showed that the density of sp. in coculture was greater than in axenic culture, but the opposite was true for sp. Dual-transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) data demonstrate that growing in coculture modulates developmental and metabolic processes in both the fungus and bacterium, potentially through changes in the balance of organic sulfur via methionine acquisition. Our analyses also suggest an unexpected, potential role of the bacterial type VI secretion system in symbiosis establishment, expanding current understanding of the scope and dynamics of fungal-bacterial symbioses. Interactions between microbes and their hosts have important outcomes for host and environmental health. Foliar fungal endophytes that infect healthy plants can harbor facultative endosymbionts called endohyphal bacteria, which can influence the outcome of plant-fungus interactions. These bacterial-fungal interactions can be influential but are poorly understood, particularly from a transcriptome perspective. Here, we report on a comparative, dual-RNA-seq study examining the gene expression patterns of a foliar fungal endophyte and a facultative endohyphal bacterium when cultured together versus separately. Our findings support a role for the fungus in providing organic sulfur to the bacterium, potentially through methionine acquisition, and the potential involvement of a bacterial type VI secretion system in symbiosis establishment. This work adds to the growing body of literature characterizing endohyphal bacterial-fungal interactions, with a focus on a model facultative bacterial-fungal symbiosis in two species-rich lineages, the Ascomycota and .
Topics: Symbiosis; Endophytes; Pestalotiopsis; Gammaproteobacteria; Type VI Secretion Systems; Ascomycota; Bacteria; Fungi, Unclassified; Xanthomonadaceae; Plants; Methionine
PubMed: 35293790
DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00091-22 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) May 2023Leaf litter is an essential functional aspect of forest ecosystems, acting as a source of organic matter, a protective layer in forest soils, and a nurturing habitat for...
Leaf litter is an essential functional aspect of forest ecosystems, acting as a source of organic matter, a protective layer in forest soils, and a nurturing habitat for micro- and macro-organisms. Through their successional occurrence, litter-inhabiting microfungi play a key role in litter decomposition and nutrient recycling. Despite their importance in terrestrial ecosystems and their abundance and diversity, information on the taxonomy, diversity, and host preference of these decomposer taxa is scarce. This study aims to clarify the taxonomy and phylogeny of four saprobic fungal taxa inhabiting leaf litter. Leaf litter samples were collected from Doi Inthanon National Park in Chiang Mai, northern Thailand. Fungal isolates were characterized based on morphology and molecular phylogeny of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS, LSU) and protein-coding genes (, , ). One novel saprobic species, , and two new host records, and , are introduced. The newly described taxa are compared with similar species, and comprehensive descriptions, micrographs, and phylogenetic trees are provided.
PubMed: 37367561
DOI: 10.3390/jof9060625 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) May 2022causes crown rot in wheat. This study aimed to assess the effects of the bacterial strain QTH8 isolated from rhizosphere soil against . Bacterial strain QTH8 was...
causes crown rot in wheat. This study aimed to assess the effects of the bacterial strain QTH8 isolated from rhizosphere soil against . Bacterial strain QTH8 was identified as in accordance with the phenotypic traits and the phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA and gene sequence. Culture filtrates of bacterial strain QTH8 inhibited the mycelial growth of and resulted in mycelial malformation such as tumor formation, protoplast condensation, and mycelial fracture. In addition, bacterial strain QTH8 also inhibited the mycelial growth of , sp., , , , , , and . The active compounds produced by bacterial strain QTH8 were resistant to pH, ultraviolet irradiation, and low temperature, and were relatively sensitive to high temperature. After 4 h exposure, culture filtrates of bacterial strain QTH8-when applied at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%-significantly reduced conidial germination of . The coleoptile infection assay proved that bacterial strain QTH8 reduced the disease index of wheat crown rot. In vivo application of QTH8 to wheat seedlings decreased the disease index of wheat crown rot and increased root length, plant height, and fresh weight. Iturin, surfactin, and fengycin were detected in the culture extract of bacterial strain QTH8 by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Bacterial strain QTH8 was identified for the presence of the , , , , , , and genes using the specific polymerase chain reaction primers. QTH8 has a vital potential for the sustainable biocontrol of wheat crown rot.
PubMed: 35631116
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050595 -
Persoonia Jun 2020Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: , from marine sediment sand. , (incl. gen. nov.) from soil. , , , ,...
Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: , from marine sediment sand. , (incl. gen. nov.) from soil. , , , , and from soil, from leaves of , on leaf litter of , and on soil, on , on soil, from leaves of , from leaves of , from leaves of , from soil associated with dying , from soil, on soil, on leaf litter, on leaf spots of . , on collar rot and stem of , on fallen branch of , from , from soil. , in soil. , from leaves of , and on leaf litter. , on leaf litter. , from indoor chestnut mill. , on soil, on dead needles of , on insects' frass. , from saline water. , from freshwater. , from , as endophyte from , from dates fruit, from swamp. , on soil. , , , and (incl. gen. nov.) from leaves of , from leaves of sp., from skin of human patient, from leaves of , and on leaf litter of , from soil, on soil, from leaves of , (incl. gen. nov.) from plant debris, in calcareus soil, in calcareus soil. , on corticated wood, from leaves of unknown , on branch lesions of , from heartwood of sp. , from leaves of , from air, (incl. gen. nov.) from leaves of , from a human skin sample, (incl. gen. nov.) on outside wall of alcohol distillery, from leaves of , (incl. gen. nov.) from leaves of , from air, from leaves of leaf spots of . , on branches of and on rotten wood. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes.
PubMed: 33116344
DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2020.44.11 -
Persoonia Dec 2022() is an important ornamental and medicinal plant genus worldwide, with several species being cultivated in China. Members of (pestalotioid fungi) are globally...
() is an important ornamental and medicinal plant genus worldwide, with several species being cultivated in China. Members of (pestalotioid fungi) are globally distributed and include endophytes, saprobes but also plant pathogens, infecting a broad range of host plants on which they can cause important plant diseases. Although several species were recorded to inhabit spp., the taxa occurring on remain largely unresolved. In this study, a total of 295 diseased samples were collected from branches, fruits, leaves and spines of eight species (. , . , . , . , . , . , . and . ) in Gansu, Henan, Hunan, Qinghai, Shaanxi Provinces and the Ningxia Autonomous Region of China. Subsequently 126 strains were obtained and identified based on comparisons of DNA sequence data. Based on these results 15 species residing in six genera of were delineated, including four known species (, . , and . ) and 11 new species described here as , , . , , , . , . , . , , , and . . This study also represents the first report of . , . and . on . The overall data revealed that was the most prevalent genus, followed by , while . and . were the two most prevalent species. Analysis of abundance on species and plant organs revealed that spines of . had the highest species diversity. : Peng C, Crous PW, Jiang N, et al. 2022. Diversity of Sporocadaceae (pestalotioid fungi) from Rosa in China. Persoonia 49: 201-260. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2022.49.07.
PubMed: 38234377
DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2022.49.07 -
BioMed Research International 2022Plant species are known to harbor large number of endophytes, which stays in plant tissues as symbionts. These endophytes secrete large array of bioactive compounds that...
Plant species are known to harbor large number of endophytes, which stays in plant tissues as symbionts. These endophytes secrete large array of bioactive compounds that have potency against certain diseases with no side effects. We have collected leaf samples of the plant from the Pakistan Forest Institute, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan for the isolation of beneficial endophytes. The strains isolated from the leaves of were coded with MOL and tested for antimicrobial, antifungal, germicidal, phytotoxic, insecticidal, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory activities. The isolates, MOL1, MOL16, MOL19, and MOL21, possessed antibacterial activity against , whereas MOL7 inhibited 55% of the growth of . MOL3 inhibited the growth of , S. , and . The strains, MOL1 and MOL7, showed antifungal activity against and , while the strains, MOL11 and MOL17, showed activity against . The isolates, MOL3, MOL7, MOL9, MOL15, MOL17, MOL18, and MOL19, inhibited the growth of (duckweed) at 100 g/ml. MOL2 exhibited strong activity in the brine shrimp assay, while MOL1, MOL2, MOL5, MOL6, MOL12, MOL17, MOL19, and MOL20 showed insecticidal, and MOL3 demonstrated larvicidal and antileishmanial activity. The isolated potent endophytes were identified as , through morphological and microscopic characteristics of the colonies.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Moringa oleifera; Staphylococcus aureus; Escherichia coli; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Fungi; Anti-Infective Agents; Plant Leaves; Endophytes
PubMed: 36567913
DOI: 10.1155/2022/2461021