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Fungal Systematics and Evolution Jun 2018This study introduces two new families, one new genus, 22 new species, 10 new combinations, four epitypes, and 16 interesting new host and / or geographical records....
This study introduces two new families, one new genus, 22 new species, 10 new combinations, four epitypes, and 16 interesting new host and / or geographical records. (based on ) is introduced as new family, with three new combinations. (based on ) is introduced to accommodate gen. nov. (based on ) is described on stems of (Germany). New species include: on leaf litter on leaves of sp on leaves of and on leaves of (Australia); on leaves of (Chile); on (Germany); on branch tissue of sp. (France); on stems of on twig of on branch tissues of on twigs of and on twigs of (Germany); on leaves of (Malaysia); on dead wood (Spain); on leaves of on leaves of and on leaves of (South Africa); on leaves of on sp., and on twig cankers on sp. (UK); on leaf litter and on fallen branches of (Ukraine). New combinations include: on leaves of sp. (Portugal), on leaf litter (USA), on leaves of sp. (Australia), on leaves of sp. (Malaysia), on × (Malaysia), on leaves of (Australia), on leaves of (Australia), on leaves of (Australia), on leaf litter (South Africa), and on leaves of sp. (Brazil). New records include: on leaves of sp., on leaves of sp. and , and on leaf litter of sp. (Australia); on twigs of sp. (Finland); on twigs of , on branches (Germany); on stems of (Hungary); on leaves of (Malaysia); from garden soil (Netherlands); on needles of (Spain), on twigs of sp. (South Africa), on branch of sp. (Switzerland); on leaves of (UK); on decaying wood of on decaying wood (Ukraine). Epitypes are designated for: on leaves of (Brazil), on twig bark (Italy), on fronds of (Brazil), on leaves of × (Chile), and on leaves of sp. (Malaysia).
PubMed: 32490366
DOI: 10.3114/fuse.2018.01.08 -
Polish Journal of Microbiology Dec 2023The sp. strain cr013 is a mycoparasite of , a potential biocontrol fungus for Armand pine () blister rust. A previous study showed that the strain cr013 has great...
The sp. strain cr013 is a mycoparasite of , a potential biocontrol fungus for Armand pine () blister rust. A previous study showed that the strain cr013 has great potential to produce new compounds. However, there has been no report of the whole-genome sequence of the mycoparasite sp. In this study, the BGISEQ-500 and Oxford Nanopore GridION X5 sequencing platforms were used to sequence the strain cr013 isolates and assemble the reads to obtain the complete genome. We first report the whole-genome information of the mycoparasite sp. strain cr013 (GenBank accession number: JACFXT010000000, BioProject ID: PRJNA647543, BioSample ID: SAMN15589943), and the genomic components and gene functions related to the mycoparasitism process were analyzed. This study provides a theoretical basis for understanding the lifestyle strategy of the mycoparasite sp. and reveals the mechanisms underlying secondary metabolite diversity in the strain cr013.
Topics: Pestalotiopsis; Basidiomycota; Genomics; Fungi
PubMed: 38095159
DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2023-041 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2017A total of 124 Pestalotiopsis-like isolates associated with symptomatic and asymptomatic tissues of Camellia sinensis and other Camellia spp. from eight provinces in...
A total of 124 Pestalotiopsis-like isolates associated with symptomatic and asymptomatic tissues of Camellia sinensis and other Camellia spp. from eight provinces in China were investigated. Based on single- and multi-locus (ITS, TEF, TUB2) phylogenies, as well as morphological characters, host associations and geographical distributions, they were classified into at least 19 species in three genera, i.e. Neopestalotiopsis, Pestalotiopsis and Pseudopestalotiopsis. Eight novel species in Pestalotiopsis and three novel species in Pseudopestalotiopsis were described. Our data suggested that the currently widely used loci in Pestalotiopsis-like genera do not consistently provide stable and sufficient resolution tree topologies, especially for Neopestalotiopsis. Moreover, the number, branch pattern and length of the conidial basal appendages were revealed to be phylogenetically informative characters in Pestalotiopsis.
Topics: Camellia; China; DNA, Fungal; Phylogeny; Saccharomycetales; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 28408743
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00972-5 -
Plant Disease Feb 2023The coconut (Cocos nucifera L., Arecaceae) is one of the most important tropical species used by humans. In Brazil, its cultivation has been expanding in the recent...
The coconut (Cocos nucifera L., Arecaceae) is one of the most important tropical species used by humans. In Brazil, its cultivation has been expanding in the recent years (Souza et al. 2020) and many diseases have emerged. The pestalotia spot, caused by Pestalotiopsis guepinii (Desm.), is a leaf disease of the coconut characterized by elliptic lesions with defined dark borders varying in size from 3 to 5 mm (Cardoso et al. 2003). In January of 2018, leaves with symptoms of pestalotia spot were obtained from ten year old coconut plants "dwarf variety" in a commercial planting in the city of Neópolis (10°20'S/36°42'W), Sergipe, Brazil. Disease incidence was 80% on 60 plants observed. Twenty samples of symptomatic tissues were collected and disinfested for 2 min in 1% sodium hypochlorite, washed in sterile water, placed on PDA (potato dextrose agar), and incubated at 25 ± 1°C with a 12-h photoperiod for 4 days. Five isolates were obtained, and pure cultures deposited in Phytopathogen Collection of the Federal University of Alagoas, accession numbers: COUFAL0240 to COUFAL0244. Seven day old colonies grown on PDA at 25°C, were whitish with aerial mycelium on the surface and abundant production of black conidiomata. Conidia were fusiform, straight to slightly curved with five cells, three median cells with brown coloring being the second and third being darker and the apical and basal cells, hyaline. Fifty conidia were measured and varied in size from 20.02-24.26 x 5.37-7.50 μm. The conidia presented two to four apical appendages and one basal appendage (Fig. S1). The morphological characteristics coincide with the Neopestalotiopsis foedans (Sacc. & Ellis), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014). Molecular identification was conducted using partial nucleotide sequences from the ITS (ITS1/ITS4) region (GenBank no. MT605375 to MT605379) and from the genes TUB2 (Bt2a/Bt2B) (no. MT634202 to MT634206) and TEF-1α (526F/1567R) (no. MT634197 to MT634201). Besides that, the isolates grouped with the ex-type N. foedans species (CGMCC 3.9123) in a phylogenetic tree of Bayesian inference using concatenated sequences (Fig. S2). The pathogenicity was confirmed on seedling from coconut plants "dwarf variety" maintained in a greenhouse. Four plants were used, being one as a control. Spore suspensions of 106 conidia mL-1 was prepared from a 7 days old culture (cultivated at 25ºC). Inoculations were performed by spraying the conidial suspension on two whole leaves per plant (wounded and unwounded). In the control, sterilized distilled water was used. Plants were incubated at 25 ± 1°C and 100% relative humidity. Ten days after inoculation, depressed and necrotic lesions were observed in 100% on the inoculated leaves with wound. No symptoms observed on unwounded leaves, nor in the control treatment. To complete Koch's postulates, the N. foedans fungus was successfully re-isolated from the symptomatic leaves and identified phenotypically in optical microscope. Neopestalotiopsis foedans has already been reported in Calliandra haematocephala (Hassk), Neodypsis decaryi (Jum.), Rhizophora mangle (L.), Thuja occidentalis and Psidium guajava (L.) (Saccardo, 1882; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014, Solarte et al. 2018). However, this is first report of N. foedans causing leaf spot in coconut in the world. The pestalotia spot is commonly observed in Brazil in C. nucifera and should be considered an important disease for this culture, as this can significantly reduce its photosynthetic area.
PubMed: 36726002
DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-12-22-2874-PDN -
Biocontrol fungi induced stem-base rot disease resistance of How revealed by transcriptome analysis.Frontiers in Microbiology 2023How (MO) is a Rubiaceae plant, and its medicinal part is dried root, which is one of the "Four Southern Medicines" in China. At present, the plant MO breed seedlings...
INTRODUCTION
How (MO) is a Rubiaceae plant, and its medicinal part is dried root, which is one of the "Four Southern Medicines" in China. At present, the plant MO breed seedlings mainly by cutting methods. Long-term asexual propagation makes pathogenic fungi accumulate in MO, leading to stem-base rot, which is caused by (Fon).
METHODS
In this study, we used and sp. as biocontrol fungi to investigate their antagonistic ability to Fon through in vitro antagonism and pot experiments, and combined with transcriptome sequencing to explore the mechanism of biocontrol.
RESULTS
The results showed that both and sp. could inhibit the growth of Fon. In addition, and sp. could also enhance the basic immunity to Fon by increasing the activities of defensive enzymes such as POD and SOD, chlorophyll content, soluble sugar content, and oligosaccharide content of MO. The mechanism of biological control of stem-base rot of MO was discussed by transcriptome technology. MO was treated with two treatments, root irrigation with biocontrol fungi or inoculation with Fon after root irrigation with biocontrol fungi. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that nearly 11,188 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were involved in the process of inducing MO systemic resistance to Fon by biocontrol fungi. Meanwhile, Gene Ontology (GO) classification and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment, as well as transcription factor (TFs) prediction showed that there were significant differences in the expression levels of MO roots under different treatments. Also, the genes of the "MAPK signaling pathway" and "plant hormone signaling pathway" were analyzed, in which the ERFs gene of the ethylene signal transduction pathway participated in the metabolism of glycosyl compounds. It is speculated that the ethylene signal may participate in the immune response of the sugar signal to the infection of Fon. After qRT-PCR verification of 10 DEGs related to the ethylene signal transduction pathway, the expression trend is consistent with the results of transcriptome sequencing, which proves the reliability of transcriptome sequencing.
DISCUSSION
In conclusion, this study preliminarily identified the molecular mechanism of the biological control of MO stem-base rot and provided a scientific basis for further research on the prevention and control mechanism of MO stem-base rot.
PubMed: 38107850
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1257437 -
Plant Disease Sep 2022Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, an important Chinese medicine, is cultivated on approximately 1,400 hectares in China. From August to October 2016, a severe disease...
Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, an important Chinese medicine, is cultivated on approximately 1,400 hectares in China. From August to October 2016, a severe disease affecting leaves, stems, and fruits of G. jasminoides, occurred in Cangnan (120°39'E, 27°48'N), Zhejiang province. Infected leaves or stems became shriveled, and in severe cases, young fruits presented red-brown or yellow necrotic lesions with numerous black spots. More than thirty diseased fruit and stem samples were collected, ten diseased fruits were surfacedisinfected (70% ethanol for 30 s, 1.5% sodium hypochlorite for 1 min) and kept at about 25℃ for 24 h with 80% humidity. The conidial suspension (105 conidia/ml) made of creamy drops secreted from the lesion black spots was spread onto PDA (Potato-Dextrose-Agar) and incubated at 25℃ in the dark for 7 d. Only one isolate (step01) was suspected to be the target pathogen, and other three isolates were Alternaria sp. The colony of step01 was white to grayish with an irregular edge on the front and a white to brown spiral grain on the back. Black pycnidia, produced after 20 d, were globose to subglobose, individual or overlapped, with an ostiole secreting a creamy conidial suspension. Alpha-conidia were aseptate, hyaline, oval to oblong with two oil balls, 7.4-15.9×2.4-4.5 µm (average 10.2×3.3 µm); beta-conidia were hyaline, aseptate, linetype, straight or slightly curled, 15.3-26.5×1.3-2.5 µm (average 20.8×1.6 µm). This isolate resembled Diaporthe sp. (Hansen and Barrett 1938). For species identification, DNA was extracted (Sangon Biotech Rapid Fungi Genomic DNA Isolation Kit - B518229),and the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), elongation factor (EF1-α), β-Tubulin (TUB), and histone H3 (HIS) of step01 were amplified using the primer pairs ITS1/ITS4, EF1-728F/ EF1-986R, BT-2a /BT-2b and CYLH3F/CYLH3R, respectively (Udayanga et al 2014, Huang et al. 2015).These sequences were submitted to GenBank as KY797655 (ITS), MF158048 (EF1- α), MF158049 (TUB), and MF158050 (HIS). In comparison with the other sequence of Diaporthe sp. using MEGA7.0 (maximum likelihood, bootstrap replications=1,000), step01 showed 100% identity with D. gardeniae. Based on their morphology and molecular identification, step01 was identified as D. gardeniae (syn. Phomopsis gardeniae). Pathogenicity was tested on three one-year-old G. jasminoides plants by stem inoculation. Two or three stems per plant were inoculated by binding a mycelial plug (5 ×12 mm), covered by humid cotton and plastic film, to the tender stem. A total of two plants were treated. Plants were kept at about 25℃ for 4 weeks. Control plants were inoculated with PDA plugs. Leaf blight started from the apex, extended to the stalk, and the leaves finally fell off. Three months after inoculation, symptoms developed on the underlying leaves, the stem was withered with black spots, a pattern like that observed in the field. No symptoms appeared in the control leaves. Five identical colonies were re-isolated from symptomatic tissues and identified again as D. gardeniae, fulfilling the Koch's postulates. Several fungi are associated with canker, leaf spot, and fruit rot in Gardenia throughout China, including Pestalotiopsis sp. (Huang et al. 2006), Botryosphaeria dothidea (Dong et al. 2016), and Phoma sp. (Luo et al. 2016). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of D. gardenia infecting G. jasminoides Ellis in Zhejiang Province, China.
PubMed: 36109874
DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-03-22-0460-PDN -
Biodiversity Data Journal 2021Pestalotiopsis-like fungi are widely distributed in many plants and include endophytes, pathogens and saprobes. Five strains of were isolated from diseased leaves of...
BACKGROUND
Pestalotiopsis-like fungi are widely distributed in many plants and include endophytes, pathogens and saprobes. Five strains of were isolated from diseased leaves of (Principes, Palmae), and (Ericales, Ericaceae) and (Santalales, Olacaceae) in southern China.
NEW INFORMATION
Based on morphology and multi-gene (ITS, , ) phylogeny, our five strains of represent two new species and one extant species. Descriptions, illustrations and notes are also provided for the new species.
PubMed: 34539202
DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.9.e70446 -
BMC Microbiology May 2021Eucalyptus bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is an important eucalyptus disease. Endophytic fungi, an important source of natural active substances,...
BACKGROUND
Eucalyptus bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is an important eucalyptus disease. Endophytic fungi, an important source of natural active substances, provide a new breakthrough for the control of plant diseases.
RESULTS
In the present study, 80 endophytic fungal isolates were obtained from the healthy branches and fruits of Eucalyptus exserta. Fifteen distinct isolates (MK120854-MK120868) were selected for further taxonomic identification through morphological trait assessments and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region-rRNA gene sequence analysis. Thirteen genera, namely, Phyllosticta, Penicillium, Eutypella, Purpureocillium, Talaromyces, Lophiostoma, Cladosporium, Pestalotiopsis, Chaetomium, Fusarium, Gongronella, Scedosporium and Pseudallescheria, were identified on the basis of their morphological characteristics. Members of the genus Phyllosticta were the primary isolates, with a colonization frequency (CF) of 27.5 %. Most of the fungal isolates displayed antibacterial activity. The crude extracts obtained from Lophiostoma sp. Eef-7, Pestalotiopsis sp. Eef-9 and Chaetomium sp. Eef-10 exhibited strong inhibition on the test bacteria, and Lophiostoma sp. Eef-7 was further cultured on a large scale. Three known compounds, scorpinone (1), 5-deoxybostrycoidin (2) and 4-methyl-5,6-dihydro-2 H-pyran-2-one (3), were isolated from the endophytic fungus Lophiostoma sp. Eef-7 associated with E. exserta. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by analysis of 1D and 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS spectra and a comparison of their spectral data with published values. Compounds 1 and 2 showed weak antimicrobial activity against Ralstonia solanacearum.
CONCLUSIONS
Endophytic fungi from Eucalyptus exserta may represent alternative sources of antimicrobial agents. Lophiostoma sp. Eef-7 can produce 2-azaanthraquinone derivatives and shows weak antibacterial activity against Ralstonia solanacearum.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Endophytes; Eucalyptus; Fruit; Fungi; Plant Stems; Ralstonia solanacearum; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
PubMed: 34044780
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02229-8 -
Microorganisms Jan 2023Fungal endophytes are friendly microorganisms that colonize plants and are important in the interactions between plants and their environment. They generate valuable...
Fungal endophytes are friendly microorganisms that colonize plants and are important in the interactions between plants and their environment. They generate valuable secondary metabolites that are valuable to both plants and humans. Endophytic fungi with bioactivities were isolated from the leaves of the medicinal plant . An efficient isolate was selected and identified as based on nucleotide sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS 1-5.8S-ITS 2) of the 18S rRNA gene (NCBI accession number OP529850); the 564 bp had 99 to 100% similarity with MH860161.1, AY682935.1, KP689121.1, and MG572407.1, according to the BLASTn analysis, following preliminary phytochemical and antifungal screening. The biological activities of this fungus' crude ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract were assessed. With an efficient radical scavenging activity against 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and an IC value of 36.6 µg mL, extract has shown its potential as an antioxidant. Moreover, it displayed notable cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 (breast carcinoma, IC = 22.4 µg mL), HeLa (cervical carcinoma, IC = 28.9 µg mL) and HepG-2 (liver carcinoma, IC = 28.9 µg mL). At 10 µg mL, EtOAc demonstrated significant DNA protection against hydroxyl radical-induced damage. Based on FT-IR and GC-MS spectral analysis, it was detected that the EtOAc of product contains multiple bioactive functional groups. Subsequently, this validated the features of major different potent compounds; tolycaine, 1H-pyrazol, 1,3,5-trimethyl-, eugenol, 2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethyl), and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Since these compounds are biologically relevant in various aspects, and distinct biological activities of fungal extract were acceptable in vitro, this suggests that endophytic fungus may be a viable source of bioactive natural products. This could be a good starting point for pharmaceutical applications.
PubMed: 36677409
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010117 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2022Nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)-like enzymes containing A-T-R domain architecture are also known as carboxylate reductases (CARs) for aldehyde generation. To...
Nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)-like enzymes containing A-T-R domain architecture are also known as carboxylate reductases (CARs) for aldehyde generation. To identify new members of CARs, we established a virtual library containing 84 fungal CARs distributed in seven distinct clades by genome mining and phylogenetic analysis. Nine CARs, including PnlA from and eight known CARs, were clustered in clade VI and proposed to catalyze the reduction of nonreducing polyketide synthase (NR-PKS)-derived aryl carboxylic acids. The recombinant protein PnlA was overproduced and purified to apparent homogeneity from . In vitro enzyme assays of PnlA with 28 different benzoic acid derivatives (-) revealed the corresponding aldehyde formation in 14 cases (-). Comparison of conversion yields indicated the high preference of PnlA toward 3,5-dimethylorsellinic acid (DMOA, ) and vanillic acid (). A specificity-conferring code Q355 in PnlA was postulated by sequence alignment with the known CARs in clade VI. Our study provides an updated virtual library of fungal CAR enzymes and expands the biocatalytic selectivity of CARs.
PubMed: 36294566
DOI: 10.3390/jof8101001