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Scientific Reports May 2020Two unique housefly strains, PSS and N-PRS (near-isogenic line with the PSS), were used to clarify the mechanisms associated with propoxur resistance in the housefly,...
Two unique housefly strains, PSS and N-PRS (near-isogenic line with the PSS), were used to clarify the mechanisms associated with propoxur resistance in the housefly, Musca domestica. The propoxur-selected resistant (N-PRS) strain exhibited >1035-fold resistance to propoxur and 1.70-, 12.06-, 4.28-, 57.76-, and 57.54-fold cross-resistance to beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, bifenthrin, phoxim, and azamethiphos, respectively, compared to the susceptible (PSS) strain. We purified acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from the N-PRS and PSS strains using a procainamide affinity column and characterized the AChE. The sensitivity of AChE to propoxur based on the bimolecular rate constant (K) was approximately 100-fold higher in the PSS strain compared to the N-PRS strain. The cDNA encoding Mdace from both the N-PRS strain and the PSS strain were cloned and sequenced using RT-PCR. The cDNA was 2073 nucleotides long and encoded a protein of 691 amino acids. A total of four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), I162M, V260L, G342A, and F407Y, were present in the region of the active site of AChE from the N-PRS strain. The transcription level and DNA copy number of Mdace were significantly higher in the resistant strain than in the susceptible strain. These results indicated that mutations combined with the up-regulation of Mdace might be essential in the housefly resistance to propoxur.
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Animals; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Houseflies; Insect Proteins; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticides; Mutation; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Propoxur
PubMed: 32439946
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65242-3 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2021A novel sorbent based on the ZrO nanoparticles and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)-modified graphene oxide aerogel-grafted stainless steel mesh (ZrO/PDDA-GOA-SSM)...
ZrO Nanoparticles and Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)-Doped Graphene Oxide Aerogel-Coated Stainless-Steel Mesh for the Effective Adsorption of Organophosphorus Pesticides.
A novel sorbent based on the ZrO nanoparticles and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)-modified graphene oxide aerogel-grafted stainless steel mesh (ZrO/PDDA-GOA-SSM) was used for the extraction and detection of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs). Firstly, the PDDA and GO composite was grafted onto the surface of SSM and then freeze-dried to obtain the aerogel, which efficiently reduced the accumulation of graphene nanosheets. It integrated the advanced properties of GOA with a thin coating and the three-dimensional structural geometry of SSM. The modification of ZrO nanoparticles brought a selective adsorption for OPPs due to the combination of the phosphate group as a Lewis base and ZrO nanoparticles with the Lewis acid site. The ZrO/PDDA-GOA-SSM was packed into the solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge to extract OPPs. According to the investigation of different factors, the extraction recovery was mainly affected by the hydrophilic-hydrophobic properties of analytes. Effective extraction and elution parameters such as sample volume, sample pH, rate of sample loading, eluent, and eluent volume, were also investigated and discussed. Under the optimal conditions, the linearity of phoxim and fenitrothion was in the range of 1.0-200 μg L, and the linearity of temephos was in the range of 2.5-200 μg L. The limits of detection were ranged from 0.2 to 1.0 μg L. This established method was successfully applied to detect OPPs in two vegetables. There was no OPP detected in real samples, and results showed that the matrix effects were in the range of 46.5%-90.1%. This indicates that the ZrO/PDDA-GOA-SSM-SPE-HPLC method could effectively extract and detect OPPs in vegetables.
PubMed: 34359486
DOI: 10.3390/foods10071616 -
PloS One 2022Temperature can have influences on the toxicities and efficacies of insecticides. Therefore, it is important to accurately evaluate the temperature effect (TE) on the...
Temperature can have influences on the toxicities and efficacies of insecticides. Therefore, it is important to accurately evaluate the temperature effect (TE) on the toxicities of insecticides to insects. Previous studies have shown that the pre-exposure of insects to temperatures before their contact with insecticides, caused variations in their toxicities. However, most of these studies focused on the TE of the insecticides post-treatment. In this study we hypothesized that pre-exposure time of insect at different temperature can influence the toxicities of insecticides. We then evaluated the influence of different pre-exposure time (0, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h) on toxicities of three different temperature effect insecticides (TEIs) to Apolygus lucorum at 15, 25 and 35°C respectively. We found that all toxicities of three TEIs to A. lucorum did not vary with pre-exposure time at 25°C. The LC50 of hexaflumuron (positive TEI) only decreased (from 1800.06 to 237.40 mg/L) at 15°C, with an increase in the pre-exposure time. Whereas the LC50 of β-cypermethrin (negative TEI) decreased from 225.43 to 60.79 mg/L at 35°C. These results also showed that the temperature coefficients (TCs) of the toxicities were influenced by pre-exposure time at different temperatures. For hexaflumuron, all the TCs at 25°C and 35°C decreased, as the pre-exposure time increased. For β-cypermethrin, the TCs decreased significantly only at 35°C. The toxicity and TCs of phoxim (non-effect TEI) showed no obvious fluctuation at the tested temperatures. These results showed that when the pre-exposure times were extended, the toxicities of the positive / negative TEI showed an increase at the temperature where the pest was less sensitive to the insecticides. These results can be applied to determine the toxicities / bioactivities of different insecticides accurately at different temperatures.
Topics: Animals; Heteroptera; Insecta; Insecticides; Temperature
PubMed: 35969534
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272429 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2019Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-cytochrome P450 reductases (CPRs) function as redox partners of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s). CPRs and...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-cytochrome P450 reductases (CPRs) function as redox partners of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s). CPRs and P450s in insects have been found to participate in insecticide resistance. However, the CPR of the moth has not been well characterized yet. Based on previously obtained transcriptome information, a full-length CPR cDNA of () was PCR-cloned. The deduced amino acid sequence contains domains and residues predicted to be essential for CPR function. Phylogenetic analysis with insect CPR amino acid sequences showed that is closely related to CPRs of Lepidoptera. Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to determine expression levels of in different developmental stages and tissues of . expression was strongest at the sixth-instar larvae stage and fifth-instar larvae showed highest expression in the midgut. Expression of in the midgut and fat body was strongly upregulated when fifth-instar larvae were exposed to phoxim at LC (4 μg/mL) and LC (20 μg/mL) doses. RNA interference (RNAi) mediated silencing of increased larval mortality by 34.6% (LC dose) and 53.5% (LC dose). Our results provide key information on the gene and indicate that expression levels in larvae influence their susceptibility to phoxim and possibly other insecticides.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Gene Expression Regulation; Gene Silencing; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticides; Larva; NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Phylogeny; RNA Interference; Spodoptera
PubMed: 31390813
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153839 -
Parasites & Vectors Jul 2018Besnoitiosis is caused by different species of intracellular protozoan parasites belonging to the family Sarcocystidae and affecting multiple host species worldwide....
BACKGROUND
Besnoitiosis is caused by different species of intracellular protozoan parasites belonging to the family Sarcocystidae and affecting multiple host species worldwide. Including B. besnoiti, ten species are described infecting animals. Among ungulates, Besnoitia bennetti infects horses, donkeys and zebras and was described in Africa and in the USA where donkey besnoitiosis is considered as an emerging disease.
CASE PRESENTATION
A two-year-old male donkey was purchased in May 2016 in poor body condition (cachexia, alopetic areas and pruritus mainly on neck and head) by the present owner in Le Roeulx (Belgium) from a milk producing donkey farm in Frasnes-lez-Buissenal (Belgium). Shortly after its purchase and shearing, the donkey presented with crusts, hyperkeratosis (both flanks and neck) anorexia and cachexia. A treatment with phoxim was given with no improvement. A cutaneous biopsy of hyperkeratotic skin was performed in July. It showed a perivascular eosinophilic infiltrate with a large thick walled cyst located in the dermis containing numerous bradyzoites. This was highly suggestive of besnoitiosis. Several skin biopsy samples were obtained for qPCR analysis and confirmed the presence of Besnoitia spp. DNA. Further laboratory diagnosis tests were performed (western blot and rDNA sequencing) confirming Besnoitia bennetti aetiology for the male. For the female, the punch-biopsy, haematology and qPCR were negatives but the western blot showed the presence of antibodies directed to Besnoitia spp. Further clinical examination performed in August highlighted scleral pinhead sized cysts (pearl) in the right eye and between nares. Another ten-year-old female donkey purchased in France and sharing the same accommodation showed a good clinical condition, but a thorough clinical examination showed the presence of numerous cysts on the inner face of upper labial mucosa. A daily treatment based on sulfamethaxzole and trimethoprim (Emdotrim 60% Mix®, 30 mg/kg) was given orally and some improvement was noticed.
CONCLUSION
This is the first evidence of Besnoitia bennetti infection (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) in donkeys (Equus asinus) in Belgium.
Topics: Animals; Base Sequence; Belgium; Coccidiosis; DNA, Protozoan; DNA, Ribosomal; Equidae; Female; France; Male; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sarcocystidae; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination
PubMed: 30021659
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2993-3 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2020The existence of a temperature effect of insecticides frustrated the control of the green plant bug (Meyer-Dür). Previous studies mostly focused on the application of... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The existence of a temperature effect of insecticides frustrated the control of the green plant bug (Meyer-Dür). Previous studies mostly focused on the application of insecticides, but the underlying mechanism remains incompletely understood. Here, we report a transcriptome profiling of treated by three kinds of temperature coefficient insecticides (TCIs) (positive TCI: imidacloprid, negative TCI: b-cypermethrin and non-effect TCI: phoxim) at 15 °C, 25 °C and 35 °C by using next- and third-generation RNA-Seq methods. A total of 34,739 transcripts were annotated from 277.74 Gb of clean data. There were more up-regulated transcripts than down-regulated transcripts in all three kinds of TCI treatments. Further Venn diagrams indicate the regulatory transcripts and regulatory modes were different at the three temperatures. The responses to imidacloprid involved more detox and stress response transcripts such as cytochrome P450 (CYP450), carboxylesterase (CarE) and catalase (CAT) at 35 °C, which was the case for beta-cypermethrin at 15 °C. UDP-glucuronyltransferase (UGT) and heat shock protein (HSP) transcripts were heavily involved, and thus deserve particular note in the temperature effect of insecticides. This high-confidence transcriptome atlas provides improved gene information for further study on the insecticide temperature effect related physiological and biochemical processes of .
Topics: Animals; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation; Heteroptera; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Insect Proteins; Insecticides; Molecular Sequence Annotation; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Pyrethrins; Sequence Analysis, RNA; Temperature
PubMed: 31963875
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020658 -
Parasites & Vectors Jun 2015Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) facilitate detoxification of drugs by catalysing the conjugation of the reduced glutathione (GSH) to electrophilic xenobiotic...
BACKGROUND
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) facilitate detoxification of drugs by catalysing the conjugation of the reduced glutathione (GSH) to electrophilic xenobiotic substrates and therefore have a function in multi-drug resistance. As a result, knowledge of GSTs can inform both drug resistance in, and novel interventions for, the control of endo- and ectoparasite species. Acaricide resistance and the need for novel control methods are both pressing needs for Dermanyssus gallinae, a highly economically important haematophagous ectoparasite of poultry.
METHODS
A transcriptomic database representing D. gallinae was examined and 11 contig sequences were identified with GST BlastX identities. The transcripts represented by 3 contigs, designated Deg-GST-1, -2 and -3, were fully sequenced and further characterized by phylogenetic analysis. Recombinant versions of Deg-GST-1, -2 and -3 (rDeg-GST) were enzymically active and acaricide-binding properties of the rDeg-GSTs were established by evaluating the ability of selected acaricides to inhibit the enzymatic activity of rDeg-GSTs.
RESULTS
6 of the identified GSTs belonged to the mu class, followed by 3 kappa, 1 omega and 1 delta class molecules. Deg-GST-1 and -3 clearly partitioned with orthologous mu class GSTs and Deg-GST-2 partitioned with delta class GSTs. Phoxim, permethrin and abamectin significantly inhibited rDeg-GST-1 activity by 56, 35 and 17% respectively. Phoxim also inhibited rDeg-2-GST (14.8%) and rDeg-GST-3 (20.6%) activities.
CONCLUSIONS
Deg-GSTs may have important roles in the detoxification of pesticides and, with the increased occurrence of acaricide resistance in this species worldwide, Deg-GSTs are attractive targets for novel interventions.
Topics: Acaricides; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Databases, Factual; Drug Resistance; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Glutathione Transferase; Mites; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; Transcriptome
PubMed: 26112960
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0960-9 -
Frontiers in Chemistry 2019Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides are widely used to control pests because of their high activity. This study described a rapid and sensitive lateral flow...
Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides are widely used to control pests because of their high activity. This study described a rapid and sensitive lateral flow immunochromatographic (LFIC) assay based on up-converting nanoparticles (UCNPs) for multi-residue detection of three OP pesticides. The developed assay integrated novel fluorescent material UCNPs labeled with a broad-specific monoclonal antibody. Based on the competitive platform by immobilized antigen in the test zone, the optimized UCNPs-LFIC assay enabled sensitive detection for parathion, parathion-methyl, and fenitrothion with IC of 3.44, 3.98, and 12.49 ng/mL ( ≥ 0.9776) within 40 min. The detectable ability ranged from 0.98 to 250 ng/mL. There was no cross-reactivity with fenthion, phoxim, isocarbophos, chlorpyrifos, or triazophos, even at a high concentration of 500 ng/mL. Matrix interference from various agricultural products was also studied in food sample detection. In the spiked test, recoveries of the three OP pesticides ranged from 67 to 120% and relative standard deviations were below 19.54%. These results indicated that the proposed strip assay can be an alternative screening tool for rapid detection of the three OP pesticides in food samples.
PubMed: 30792975
DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00018 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2020YC-XJ1 isolated from desert soil exhibited a diverse degrading ability towards aromatic oxyphenoxypropionic acid esters (AOPPs) herbicide, phthalate esters (PAEs),...
YC-XJ1 isolated from desert soil exhibited a diverse degrading ability towards aromatic oxyphenoxypropionic acid esters (AOPPs) herbicide, phthalate esters (PAEs), organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), chlorpyrifos and phoxim. The genome of YC-XJ1 was sequenced and analyzed systematically. YC-XJ1 contained a large number of exogenous compounds degradation pathways and hydrolase resources. The quizalofop-p-ethyl (QPE) degrading gene and diethyl phthalate (DEP) degrading gene were cloned and expressed. The characteristics of corresponding hydrolases were investigated. The specific activity of recombinant QPEH2 was 0.1 ± 0.02 U mg for QPE with / values of 1.8 ± 0.016 (mM·s). The specific activity of recombinant DEPH1 was 0.1 ± 0.02 U mg for DEP with / values of 0.8 ± 0.02 (mM·s). This work systematically illuminated the metabolic versatility of strain YC-XJ1 via the combination of genomics analysis and laboratory experiments. These results suggested that strain YC-XJ1 with diverse xenobiotics biodegrading capacity was a promising candidate for the bioremediation of polluted sites.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Biodegradation, Environmental; DNA, Bacterial; Genome, Bacterial; Hydrolases; Methylobacteriaceae; Phylogeny; Sequence Homology; Soil Microbiology; Xenobiotics
PubMed: 32580446
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124436 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Nov 2023Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the most destructive insect pests owned strong resistance to different insecticides. Indoxacarb as a...
DIMBOA-induced gene expression, activity profiles of detoxification enzymes, multi-resistance mechanisms, and increased resistance to indoxacarb in tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius).
Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the most destructive insect pests owned strong resistance to different insecticides. Indoxacarb as a novel oxadiazine insecticide becomes the main pesticide against S. litura. DIMBOA [2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2 H-1,4-benz-oxazin-3(4 H)-one] is involved in important chemical defense processes in corn plants. However, the insects' adaptation mechanism to insecticides when exposed to defensive allelochemicals in their host plants remains unclear. Here, we assessed multi-resistance, and resistance mechanisms based on S. litura life history traits. After 18 generations of selection, indoxacarb resistance was increased by 61.95-fold (Ind-Sel) and 86.06-fold (Dim-Sel) as compared to the Lab-Sus. Also, DIMBOA-pretreated larvae developed high resistance to beta-cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, phoxim, chlorantraniliprole, and emamectin benzoate. Meanwhile, indoxacarb (LC) was applied to detect its impact on thirty-eight detoxification-related genes expression. The transcripts of SlituCOE073, SlituCOE009, SlituCOE074, and SlituCOE111 as well as SlGSTs5, SlGSTu1, and SlGSTe13 were considerably raised in the Ind-Sel strain. Among the twenty-three P450s, CYP6AE68, CYP321B1, CYP6B50, CYP9A39, CYP4L10, and CYP4S9v1 transcripts denoted significantly higher levels in the Ind-Sel strain, suggesting that CarEs, GSTs and P450s genes may be engaged in indoxacarb resistance. These outcomes further highlighted the importance of detoxification enzymes for S. litura gene expression and their role in responses to insecticides and pest management approaches.
Topics: Animals; Spodoptera; Insecticides; Nicotiana; Benzoxazines; Larva; Gene Expression; Insecticide Resistance
PubMed: 37944464
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115669