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Open Veterinary Journal 2022Dogs' health and welfare enhancement can be achieved using some prophylactics and immunization go with strict hygienic and optimum biosecurity measures.
BACKGROUND
Dogs' health and welfare enhancement can be achieved using some prophylactics and immunization go with strict hygienic and optimum biosecurity measures.
AIM
Exploration of the insecticidal action of Phoxim for combating infestation in dogs and its prophylactic influences on the blood indices, biochemistry, antioxidant enzymes, and cortisol hormone in healthy and infested dogs.
METHODS
Twenty German Shepherd male dogs at 1 year old and 44.0 kg were divided randomly into four groups of five dogs in four separate Kennels with optimum biosecurity measures. The 1st group (G1) was artificially infested with and treated with Phoxim, the 2nd (G2) was non-infested and treated with Phoxim, the 3rd (G3) was infested with and not treated (positive control), and the 4th (G4) was accounted as negative control (non-infested and non-treated). A total of 160 (80 whole blood and 80 sera) samples were collected.
RESULTS
Parasitological examination revealed prominent characteristic features of such as a distinct anal groove, the basis capitulum is hexagonal and lateral, the palpi are short, the second segment of the palpi as long as wide and not produced laterally, and the spiracular plate is comma-shaped and consists of stigma, peritreme, and tail. The results conveyed highly significant ( < 0.01) enhancement in erythrocytes, leukocytes, hematohiston, hematocrit, hemoglobin centering, granulocytes, alanine aminotransferase, random blood sugars, triglycerides, and total cholesterol, and highly significant ( < 0.01) declines of all measured antioxidant enzymes in treated non-infested dogs.
CONCLUSION
Phoxim proved efficient insecticidal activity with optimum safety and can be brought into play in the prophylactic biosecurity measures installed to eradicate external parasitism in dogs.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Male; Antioxidants; Dog Diseases; Insecticides; Tick Infestations
PubMed: 36650864
DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2022.v12.i6.15 -
Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2023Exposure to phoxim at low levels caused bioaccumulation with neurotoxicity but also induced oxidative stress, tissue damage, and abnormal nutrient metabolism. This study...
Exposure to phoxim at low levels caused bioaccumulation with neurotoxicity but also induced oxidative stress, tissue damage, and abnormal nutrient metabolism. This study described that vitamin E ameliorates phoxim-induced nephrotoxicity via inhibiting mitochondrial apoptosis. In vivo, 24 healthy piglets were treated with phoxim (0 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) and vitamin E + phoxim (vitamin E + phoxim: 200 mg/kg + 500 mg/kg). In vitro, PK15 cells were treated with phoxim (0 mg/L and 1 mg/L) and vitamin E + phoxim (phoxim + vitamin E: 1 mg/L + 1 mg/L) for 12 h and 24 h. Our results indicated that accumulation of ROS, oxidative stress, and renal cell injury through stimulation of mitochondrial apoptosis resulted in phoxim-induced nephrotoxicity. Phoxim resulted in swollen mitochondria, blurred internal cristae, renal glomerular atrophy, and renal interstitial fibrosis. Vitamin E alleviated the adverse effects of phoxim by reducing ROS and improving antioxidant capacity in vivo and in vitro. Vitamin E significantly increased SDH in vitro ( < 0.01), while it decreased ROS, Bad, and cyto-c in vitro and SOD and CAT in vivo ( < 0.05). Vitamin E ameliorated phoxim-induced renal histopathologic changes, and mitochondria swelled. In addition, vitamin E regulates phoxim-induced apoptosis by alleviating oxidative damage to the mitochondria.
PubMed: 38001853
DOI: 10.3390/antiox12112000 -
Journal of Insect Science (Online) Jan 2021Insecticides can have consequences for beneficial arthropods. Insect parasitoids can contact insecticides through direct exposure spray droplets or residues on crop...
Evaluation of Sensitivity to Phoxim and Cypermethrin in an Endoparasitoid, Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and Its Parasitization Efficiency Under Insecticide Stress.
Insecticides can have consequences for beneficial arthropods. Insect parasitoids can contact insecticides through direct exposure spray droplets or residues on crop foliage. Here, we focus on better understand the response of Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael), a parasitoid wasp of lepidopteran pests, and its detoxification mechanisms on stress caused by phoxim and cypermethrin. Hence, we determined the dose-mortality curves and estimating the sublethal concentrations (LC30 and LC50). Then, we applied the sublethal concentrations against adult parasitoids to assess its survival, parasitism efficacy, and also developmental and morphometric parameters of their offspring. Simultaneously, we check the activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and peroxidase (POD) after sublethal exposure of both insecticides, which has measured until 48 h after treatment. Overall, phoxim and cypermethrin exhibited acute lethal activity toward the parasitoid with LC50 values 4.608 and 8.570 mg/liter, respectively. Also, we detect that LC30 was able to trigger the enzymatic activity of GST, AChE, and POD, suggesting a potential detoxification mechanism. However, even when subjected to sublethal exposure, our results indicate strong negatives effects, in particular for phoxim, which has affected the parasitism efficacy and also the developmental and morphometric parameters of M. pulchricornis offspring. Therefore, it can be concluded that both phoxim and cypermethrin have negative impacts on M. pulchricornis and we suggest cautioning their use and the need for semifield and field assessments to confirm such an impact.
Topics: Animals; Host-Parasite Interactions; Insecticides; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Pyrethrins; Spodoptera; Wasps
PubMed: 33580255
DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab002 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2022Malathion, phoxim, and thiram are organophosphates and organosulfur pesticides widely used in agricultural products. The residues of these pesticides present a direct...
Malathion, phoxim, and thiram are organophosphates and organosulfur pesticides widely used in agricultural products. The residues of these pesticides present a direct threat to human health. Rapid and on-site detection is critical for minimizing such risks. In this work, a simple approach was introduced using a flexible surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate. The prepared Ag nanoparticles-polydimethylsiloxane (AgNPs-PDMS) substrate showed high SERS activity, good precision (relative standard deviation = 5.33%), and stability (30 days) after optimization. For target pesticides, the linear relationship between characteristic SERS bands and concentrations were achieved in the range of 10~1000, 100~5000, and 50~5000 μg L with LODs down to 3.62, 41.46, and 15.69 μg L for thiram, malathion, and phoxim, respectively. Moreover, SERS spectra of mixed samples indicated that three pesticides can be identified simultaneously, with recovery rates between 96.5 ± 3.3% and 118.9 ± 2.4%, thus providing an ideal platform for detecting more than one target. Pesticide residues on orange surfaces can be simply determined through swabbing with the flexible substrate before acquiring the SERS signal. This study demonstrated that the prepared substrate can be used for the rapid detection of pesticides on real samples. Overall, this method greatly simplified the pre-treatment procedure, thus serving as a promising analytical tool for rapid and nondestructive screening of malathion, phoxim, and thiram on various agricultural products.
PubMed: 36429190
DOI: 10.3390/foods11223597 -
Toxicology Research Mar 2018Research has shown that organophosphorus pesticides impair glucose homeostasis and cause insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The current study investigates the...
Research has shown that organophosphorus pesticides impair glucose homeostasis and cause insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The current study investigates the influence of phoxim on insulin signaling pathways and the protective effects of vitamin E. Phoxim (180 mg kg) and VE (200 mg kg) were administered orally to Sprague-Dawley rats over a period of 28 consecutive days. After exposure to phoxim, the animals showed glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia during glucose tolerance tests, and insulin tolerance tests demonstrated an impaired glucose-lowering effect of insulin. Phoxim increases the fasting glucose, insulin and cholesterol levels, as well as the liver hexokinase activity (HK) significantly while decreasing the high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and glycogen content in the liver and skeletal muscles observably. Furthermore, we observed an increase of insulin resistance biomarkers and a decrease of insulin sensitivity indices. The insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-2 mRNA expressions of liver and skeletal muscles were down-regulated by phoxim, while the expression of IRS-1 showed no difference. There were no differences in triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, and fasting glucose treated with phoxim. On the basis of biochemical and molecular findings, phoxim has been determined to impair glucose homeostasis through insulin resistance and insulin signaling pathway disruptions resulting in a reduced function of insulin in hepatocytes and muscles. VE supplementation reduced the fasting glucose, increased the glycogen content and HDL-cholesterol, but did not reduce the insulin resistance indices, when phoxim-treated rats were compared to VE supplemented rats. Overall, this study shows that vitamin E modifies the phoxim toxicity in rats only to a moderate degree.
PubMed: 30090575
DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00243b -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2019Phoxim, a type of organophosphorus pesticide (OP), is widely used in both agriculture and fisheries. The persistence of phoxim has caused serious environmental pollution...
Phoxim, a type of organophosphorus pesticide (OP), is widely used in both agriculture and fisheries. The persistence of phoxim has caused serious environmental pollution problems. In this study, YP6 (YP6), which is capable of promoting plant growth and degrading broad-spectrum OPs, was used to study phoxim degradation. Different culture media were applied to evaluate the growth and phoxim degradation of YP6. YP6 can grow rapidly and degrade phoxim efficiently in Luria-Bertani broth (LB broth) medium. Furthermore, it can also utilize phoxim as the sole phosphorus source in a mineral salt medium. Response surface methodology was performed to optimize the degradation conditions of phoxim by YP6 in LB broth medium. The optimum biodegradation conditions were 40 °C, pH 7.20, and an inoculum size of 4.17% (/). The phoxim metabolites, ,-diethylthiophosphoric ester, phoxom, and α-cyanobenzylideneaminooxy phosphonic acid, were confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Meanwhile, transcriptome analysis and qRT-PCR were performed to give insight into the phoxim-stress response at the transcriptome level. The hydrolase-, oxidase-, and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase-encoding genes were significantly upregulated for phoxim hydrolysis, sulfoxidation, and o-dealkylation. Furthermore, the phoxim biodegradation pathways by YP6 were proposed, for the first time, based on transcriptomic data and product analysis.
Topics: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens; Biodegradation, Environmental; Genes, Bacterial; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydrolysis; NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Pesticides; Transcriptome
PubMed: 31694203
DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213997 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Nov 2023Pesticide resistance inflicts significant economic losses on a global scale each year. To address this pressing issue, substantial efforts have been dedicated to...
Pesticide resistance inflicts significant economic losses on a global scale each year. To address this pressing issue, substantial efforts have been dedicated to unraveling the resistance mechanisms, particularly the newly discovered microbiota-derived pesticide resistance in recent decades. Previous research has predominantly focused on investigating microbiota-derived pesticide resistance from the perspective of the pest host, associated microbes, and their interactions. However, a gap remains in the quantification of the contribution by the pest host and associated microbes to this resistance. In this study, we investigated the toxicity of phoxim by examining one resistant and one sensitive Delia antiqua strain. We also explored the critical role of associated microbiota and host in conferring phoxim resistance. In addition, we used metaproteomics to compare the proteomic profile of the two D. antiqua strains. Lastly, we investigated the activity of detoxification enzymes in D. antiqua larvae and phoxim-degrading gut microbes, and assessed their respective contributions to phoxim resistance in D. antiqua. The results revealed contributions by D. antiqua and its gut bacteria to phoxim resistance. Metaproteomics showed that the two D. antiqua strains expressed different protein profiles. Detoxifying enzymes including Glutathione S-transferases, carboxylesterases, Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione Peroxidase, and esterase B1 were overexpressed in the resistant strain and dominated in differentially expressed insect proteins. In addition, organophosphorus hydrolases combined with a group of ABC type transporters were overexpressed in the gut microbiota of resistant D. antiqua compared to the sensitive strain. 85.2% variation of the larval mortality resulting from phoxim treatment could be attributed to the combined effects of proteins from both from gut bacteria and D. antiqua, while the individual contribution of proteins from gut bacteria or D. antiqua alone accounted for less than 10% of the variation in larval mortality caused by phoxim. The activity of the overexpressed insect enzymes and the phoxim-degrading activity of gut bacteria in resistant D. antiqua larvae were further confirmed. This work enhances our understanding of microbiota-derived pesticide resistance and illuminates new strategies for controlling pesticide resistance in the context of insect-microbe mutualism.
Topics: Animals; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Onions; Proteomics; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Aryldialkylphosphatase; Larva; Pesticides
PubMed: 37913580
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115649 -
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica Sep 2018Fleas (Ceratophyllus sciurorum) are common on farmed mink in Denmark. When present, the fleas have a negative impact on the health of the farmed mink and are of nuisance...
BACKGROUND
Fleas (Ceratophyllus sciurorum) are common on farmed mink in Denmark. When present, the fleas have a negative impact on the health of the farmed mink and are of nuisance for farm staff. Severe infestations of fleas cause anemia, poor growth and may result in death of mink kits. Changed behavior of the dams is also observed. Further it has been demonstrated that the fleas are vectors of Aleutian disease virus. Flea control is based on use of a few insecticides and resistance has been reported against permethrin. There is thus a need for new flea control products. In this blinded, randomized clinical trial according to GCP standard, phoxim spray and bendiocarb powder for flea control on mink farms were investigated.
RESULTS
Both the phoxim spray solution and bendiocarb powder were found to be efficient for the control of C. sciurorum fleas on farmed mink. Phoxim treatments reduced the number of fleas by 98.4% and the bendiocarb treatments reduced the number of fleas by 99.0% in the mink nest boxes when compared to counts in controls. No clinical signs were observed post treatment.
CONCLUSIONS
The study demonstrated that phoxim sprayed on the animals and the use of bendiocarb powder in the nest box material were highly efficient for the control of the C. sciurorum fleas on farmed mink. Both products were safe to use at the recommended dose rate. Both compounds are recommended to be integrated in a new farm management plan suggested here.
Topics: Animals; Denmark; Flea Infestations; Mink; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Phenylcarbamates; Random Allocation; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 30243298
DOI: 10.1186/s13028-018-0412-6 -
Veterinary Parasitology Jul 2023The poultry red mite (PRM), Dermanyssus gallinae, is a major threat for the poultry industry worldwide. Chemical compounds have been extensively used for PRM control,...
The poultry red mite (PRM), Dermanyssus gallinae, is a major threat for the poultry industry worldwide. Chemical compounds have been extensively used for PRM control, leading to selection of resistant mites. Molecular mechanisms of resistance have been investigated in arthropods, showing the role of target-site insensitivity and enhanced detoxification. Few studies are available about those mechanisms in D. gallinae, and none have yet focused on the expression levels of detoxification enzymes and other defense-related genes through RNA-seq. We tested PRM populations from Italy for their susceptibility to the acaricidal compounds phoxim and cypermethrin. Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) and in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were investigated, detecting mutations known to be associated with acaricide/insecticide resistance in arthropods, including M827I and M918L/T in the vgsc and G119S in the AChE. RNA-seq analysis was performed to characterize metabolic resistance in fully susceptible PRM and in cypermethrin-resistant PRM exposed and unexposed to cypermethrin as well as phoxim resistant PRM exposed and unexposed to phoxim. Detoxification enzymes (including P450 monooxygenases and glutathione-S-transferases), ABC transporters and cuticular proteins were constitutively overexpressed in phoxim and cypermethrin resistant mites. In addition, heat shock proteins were found constitutively and inductively upregulated in phoxim resistant mites, while in cypermethrin resistant mites esterases and an aryl hydrocarbon receptor were constitutively highly expressed. The findings suggest that acaricide resistance in D. gallinae is due to both target-site insensitivity and overexpression of detoxification enzymes and other xenobiotic defense-related genes, which is mostly constitutive and not induced by treatment. Understanding the molecular basis of resistance could be useful to screen or test PRM populations in order to select targeted acaricides and to avoid the abuse/misuse of the few available compounds.
Topics: Animals; Acaricides; Acetylcholinesterase; Mites; Poultry; Trombiculidae; Chickens; Poultry Diseases; Mite Infestations
PubMed: 37207568
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109957 -
PloS One Feb 2011As one of the most widely used organophosphate insecticides in vegetable production, phoxim (C(12)H(15)N(2)O(3)PS) is often found as residues in crops and soils and thus...
BACKGROUND
As one of the most widely used organophosphate insecticides in vegetable production, phoxim (C(12)H(15)N(2)O(3)PS) is often found as residues in crops and soils and thus poses a potential threat to public health and environment. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi may make a contribution to the decrease of organophosphate residues in crops and/or the degradation in soils, but such effects remain unknown.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
A greenhouse pot experiment studied the influence of AM fungi and phoxim application on the growth of carrot and green onion, and phoxim concentrations in the two vegetables and their soil media. Treatments included three AM fungal inoculations with Glomus intraradices BEG 141, G. mosseae BEG 167, and a nonmycorrhizal control, and four phoxim application rates (0, 200, 400, 800 mg l(-1), while 400 mg l(-1) rate is the recommended dose in the vegetable production system). Carrot and green onion were grown in a greenhouse for 130 d and 150 d. Phoxim solution (100 ml) was poured into each pot around the roots 14d before plant harvest. Results showed that mycorrhizal colonization was higher than 70%, and phoxim application inhibited AM colonization on carrot but not on green onion. Compared with the nonmycorrhizal controls, both shoot and root fresh weights of these two vegetables were significantly increased by AM inoculations irrespective of phoxim application rates. Phoxim concentrations in shoots, roots and soils were increased with the increase of phoxim application rate, but significantly decreased by the AM inoculations. Soil phosphatase activity was enhanced by both AM inocula, but not affected by phoxim application rate. In general, G. intraradices BEG 141 had more pronounced effects than G. mosseae BEG 167 on the increase of fresh weight production in both carrot and green onion, and the decrease of phoxim concentrations in plants and soils.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE
Our results indicate a promising potential of AM fungi for enhancing vegetable production and reducing organophosphorus pesticide residues in plant tissues and their growth media, as well as for the phytoremediation of organophosphorus pesticide-contaminated soils.
Topics: Allium; Daucus carota; Mycorrhizae; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Pesticide Residues; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Soil; Soil Microbiology; Vegetables
PubMed: 21347374
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016949