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Parasites & Vectors Aug 2015Culicoides biting midges are biological vectors of internationally important arboviruses of livestock and equines. Insecticides are often employed against Culicoides as...
BACKGROUND
Culicoides biting midges are biological vectors of internationally important arboviruses of livestock and equines. Insecticides are often employed against Culicoides as a part of vector control measures, but systematic assessments of their efficacy have rarely been attempted. The objective of the present study is to determine baseline susceptibility of multiple Culicoides vector species and populations in Europe and Africa to the most commonly used insecticide active ingredients. Six active ingredients are tested: three that are based on synthetic pyrethroids (alpha-cypermethrin, deltamethrin and permethrin) and three on organophosphates (phoxim, diazinon and chlorpyrifos-methyl).
METHODS
Susceptibility tests were conducted on 29,064 field-collected individuals of Culicoides obsoletus Meigen, Culicoides imicola Kieffer and a laboratory-reared Culicoides nubeculosus Meigen strain using a modified World Health Organization assay. Populations of Culicoides were tested from seven locations in four different countries (France, Spain, Senegal and South Africa) and at least four concentrations of laboratory grade active ingredients were assessed for each population.
RESULTS
The study revealed that insecticide susceptibility varied at both a species and population level, but that broad conclusions could be drawn regarding the efficacy of active ingredients. Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides were found to inflict greater mortality than organophosphate active ingredients and the colony strain of C. nubeculosus was significantly more susceptible than field populations. Among the synthetic pyrethroids, deltamethrin was found to be the most toxic active ingredient for all species and populations.
CONCLUSIONS
The data presented represent the first parallel and systematic assessment of Culicoides insecticide susceptibility across several countries. As such, they are an important baseline reference to monitor the susceptibility status of Culicoides to current insecticides and also to assess the toxicity of new active ingredients with practical implications for vector control strategies.
Topics: Africa; Animals; Biological Assay; Ceratopogonidae; Europe; Insect Vectors; Insecticides; Organophosphates; Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; Pyrethrins; Survival Analysis
PubMed: 26310789
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1042-8 -
Cell Stress & Chaperones Jan 2015Arginine kinases (AK) in invertebrates play the same role as creatine kinases in vertebrates. Both proteins are important for energy metabolism, and previous studies on...
Arginine kinases (AK) in invertebrates play the same role as creatine kinases in vertebrates. Both proteins are important for energy metabolism, and previous studies on AK focused on this attribute. In this study, the arginine kinase gene was isolated from Apis cerana cerana and was named AccAK. A 5'-flanking region was also cloned and shown to contain abundant putative binding sites for transcription factors related to development and response to adverse stress. We imitated several abiotic and biotic stresses suffered by A. cerana cerana during their life, including heavy metals, pesticides, herbicides, heat, cold, oxidants, antioxidants, ecdysone, and Ascosphaera apis and then studied the expression patterns of AccAK after these treatments. AccAK was upregulated under all conditions, and, in some conditions, this response was very pronounced. Western blot and AccAK enzyme activity assays confirmed the results. In addition, a disc diffusion assay showed that overexpression of AccAK reduced the resistance of Escherichia coli cells to multiple adverse stresses. Taken together, our results indicated that AccAK may be involved of great significance in response to adverse abiotic and biotic stresses.
Topics: 5' Flanking Region; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Arginine Kinase; Base Sequence; Bees; Binding Sites; Escherichia coli; Herbicides; Metals, Heavy; Molecular Sequence Data; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Pesticides; Phylogeny; Sequence Alignment; Stress, Physiological; Temperature; Transcription Factors; Transcriptome; Up-Regulation
PubMed: 25135575
DOI: 10.1007/s12192-014-0535-2 -
Medicine Jun 2021Acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning (AOPP) is a common critical illness observed in clinical practice, and severe AOPP can cause serious cardiac toxicity.
RATIONALE
Acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning (AOPP) is a common critical illness observed in clinical practice, and severe AOPP can cause serious cardiac toxicity.
PATIENT CONCERNS
This patient was a 43-year-old woman who was admitted to the emergency department with acute respiratory failure and hypotension 13 hours after oral consumption of 300 mL of phoxim pesticide.
DIAGNOSES
Acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning, cardiogenic shock.
INTERVENTIONS
We conducted veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) therapy as the patient did not respond to conventional measures.
OUTCOMES
This patient was successfully rescued with VA-ECMO therapy and discharged.
LESSONS
We suggest that for patients with severe myocardial injury complicated with cardiogenic shock caused by AOPP, the use of VA-ECMO therapy can improve the prognosis.
Topics: Adult; Cardiotoxicity; Electrocardiography; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Female; Humans; Organophosphate Poisoning; Organophosphates; Pesticides; Shock, Cardiogenic; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 34115044
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000026318 -
Journal of Analytical Methods in... 2015An efficient, rapid, and selective method for sample pretreatment, namely, molecularly imprinted matrix solid-phase dispersion (MI-MSPD) coupled with gas chromatography...
Molecularly imprinted nanomicrospheres as matrix solid-phase dispersant combined with gas chromatography for determination of four phosphorothioate pesticides in carrot and yacon.
An efficient, rapid, and selective method for sample pretreatment, namely, molecularly imprinted matrix solid-phase dispersion (MI-MSPD) coupled with gas chromatography (GC), was developed for the rapid isolation of four phosphorothioate organophosphorus pesticides (tolclofos-methyl, phoxim, chlorpyrifos, and parathion-methyl) from carrot and yacon samples. New molecularly imprinted polymer nanomicrospheres were synthesized by using typical structural analogue tolclofos-methyl as a dummy template via surface grafting polymerization on nanosilica. Then, these four pesticides in carrot and yacon were extracted and adsorbed using the imprinted nanomicrospheres and further determined by gas chromatography. Under the optimized conditions, a good linearity of four pesticides was obtained in a range of 0.05-17.0 ng·g(-1) with R varying from 0.9971 to 0.9996, and the detection limit of the method was 0.012~0.026 ng·g(-1) in carrot and yacon samples. The recovery rates at two spiked levels were in the range of 85.4-105.6% with RSD ≤9.6%. The presented MI-MSPD method combined the advantages of MSPD for allowing the extraction, dispersion, and homogenization in two steps and the advantages of MIPs for high affinity and selectivity towards four phosphorothioate pesticides, which could be applied to the determination of pesticide residues in complicated vegetal samples.
PubMed: 25954569
DOI: 10.1155/2015/385167