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Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Sep 2022As the host defense response to various injuries and pathogens in the body, inflammation can remove damaged cells and pathogens in the host organism and protect the... (Review)
Review
As the host defense response to various injuries and pathogens in the body, inflammation can remove damaged cells and pathogens in the host organism and protect the body. However, excessive inflammation may cause damage to normal tissue cells while removing pathogens, which in turn cause numerous inflammatory diseases and adversely affect the human health. Phycocyanin is an active substance extracted from algae; it has outstanding antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and can effectively inhibit various diseases caused by inflammation. This review systematically summarizes recent applications of phycocyanin against various inflammatory diseases in lung, liver, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular systems. In addition, possible anti-inflammatory action pathways of phycocyanin are reviewed to canvass the anti-inflammatory mechanism. At last, based on the existing research, phycocyanobilin in phycocyanin is proposed as a bilirubin analog by inducing heme oxygenase 1 in vivo to suppress inflammation.
Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Bilirubin; Humans; Inflammation; Phycocyanin
PubMed: 36076518
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113362 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2022Spirulina is a kind of blue-green algae (BGA) that is multicellular, filamentous, and prokaryotic. It is also known as a cyanobacterium. It is classified within the... (Review)
Review
Spirulina is a kind of blue-green algae (BGA) that is multicellular, filamentous, and prokaryotic. It is also known as a cyanobacterium. It is classified within the phylum known as blue-green algae. Despite the fact that it includes a high concentration of nutrients, such as proteins, vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids-in particular, the necessary omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids-the percentage of total fat and cholesterol that can be found in these algae is substantially lower when compared to other food sources. This is the case even if the percentage of total fat that can be found in these algae is also significantly lower. In addition to this, spirulina has a high concentration of bioactive compounds, such as phenols, phycocyanin pigment, and polysaccharides, which all take part in a number of biological activities, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. As a result of this, spirulina has found its way into the formulation of a great number of medicinal foods, functional foods, and nutritional supplements. Therefore, this article makes an effort to shed light on spirulina, its nutritional value as a result of its chemical composition, and its applications to some food product formulations, such as dairy products, snacks, cookies, and pasta, that are necessary at an industrial level in the food industry all over the world. In addition, this article supports the idea of incorporating it into the food sector, both from a nutritional and health perspective, as it offers numerous advantages.
Topics: Dietary Supplements; Functional Food; Minerals; Phycocyanin; Spirulina
PubMed: 36080350
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175584 -
Bioengineered Jun 2022() aqueous extract has massive amounts of natural products that can be used as future drugs, such as C-phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, etc. This extract was chosen... (Review)
Review
() aqueous extract has massive amounts of natural products that can be used as future drugs, such as C-phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, etc. This extract was chosen because of its high adaptability, which reflects its resolute genetic composition. The proactive roles of cyanobacteria, particularly in the medical field, have been discussed in this review, including the history, previous food and drug administration (FDA) reports, health benefits and the various dose-dependent therapeutic functions that possesses, including its role in fighting against lethal diseases such as cancer, SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19, etc. However, the remedy will not present its maximal effect without the proper delivery to the targeted place for deposition. The goal of this research is to maximize the bioavailability and delivery efficiency of constituents through selected sites for effective therapeutic outcomes. The solutions reviewed are mainly on parenteral and tablet formulations. Moreover, suggested enteric polymers were discussed with minor composition variations applied for better storage in high humid countries alongside minor variations in the polymer design were suggested to enhance the premature release hindrance of basic drugs in low pH environments. In addition, it will open doors for research in delivering active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in femtoscale with the use of various existing and new formulations. SDGs; , IL-4; , HDL; , LDL; , VLDL; , C-PC; , APC; , PE; , COX-2; , RCTs; , TNF-α; , γ-LFA; , PGs; , PUFAs: , NK-cell; , FDA; , GRAS; , SD; , API; , DW; , IM; , IV; , ID; , SC; , AERs; , DSI-EC; , cGMP; , Spirulina sp.; species, , Tecuitlatl; , CRC; , HDI; , Tf; , TfR; , FR; , CPP; , SUV; , LUV; , GUV; , MLV; , COVID-19; , PEGylated; , PEG; , OSCEs; , GI; , CAP; , HPMCP, , SR; , DR; , Poly(MA-EA); -DR L-30 D-55; , MW; , T; , SN; , EPR; , VEGF; , RGD; , VCAM-1; , P; , PES; , pH; , ζ-potential; , NTA; , PB; , DLS; , AFM; , Log P; , MR; , tPSA; , C log P; , CMR; , Log S; , pka; , DDAB; , DOPE; , GDP; , RES; , PKU; , MS; , SLE; , NASA; , DOX; , ADRs; , SVM; , MDA; , TBARS; , CRP; , CK; , LDH; , T2D; , PCB; , PBP; , PEB; , DPP-4; , MTT; , IL-2; , IL-6; , PRISMA; , STATA; , HepG2; , HCT116; , Kasumi-1; , K562; , Se-PC; , MCF-7; , A375; , RAS; , IQP; , VEP; , M; , PL; , BMI; , IC; , LD; , PC12 Adh; , RNS; , Hb1Ac; .
Topics: COVID-19; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Leukemia; Lipoproteins, LDL; Peptide Hydrolases; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Phycocyanin; Polymers; SARS-CoV-2; Spirulina; Treatment Outcome; United States; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
PubMed: 35946342
DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2100863 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta.... Apr 2020Cyanobacteria and red-algae share a common light-harvesting complex which is different than all other complexes that serve as photosynthetic antennas - the Phycobilisome... (Review)
Review
Cyanobacteria and red-algae share a common light-harvesting complex which is different than all other complexes that serve as photosynthetic antennas - the Phycobilisome (PBS). The PBS is found attached to the stromal side of thylakoid membranes, filling up most of the gap between individual thylakoids. The PBS self assembles from similar homologous protein units that are soluble and contain conserved cysteine residues that covalently bind the light absorbing chromophores, linear tetra-pyrroles. Using similar construction principles, the PBS can be as large as 16.8 MDa (68×45×39nm), as small as 1.2 MDa (24 × 11.5 × 11.5 nm), and in some unique cases smaller still. The PBS can absorb light between 450 nm to 650 nm and in some cases beyond 700 nm, depending on the species, its composition and assembly. In this review, we will present new observations and structures that expand our understanding of the distinctive properties that make the PBS an amazing light harvesting system. At the end we will suggest why the PBS, for all of its excellent properties, was discarded by photosynthetic organisms that arose later in evolution such as green algae and higher plants.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Energy Transfer; Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes; Models, Molecular; Photochemical Processes; Phycobilisomes
PubMed: 31306623
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.07.002 -
Journal of Immunology Research 2022Phycocyanobilin (PCB) is a linear open-chain tetrapyrrole chromophore that captures and senses light and a variety of biological activities, such as anti-oxidation,... (Review)
Review
Phycocyanobilin (PCB) is a linear open-chain tetrapyrrole chromophore that captures and senses light and a variety of biological activities, such as anti-oxidation, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory. In this paper, the biological activities of PCB are reviewed, and the related mechanism of PCB and its latest application in disease treatment are introduced. PCB can resist oxidation by scavenging free radicals, inhibiting the activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, and delaying the activity of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, PCB can also be used as an excellent anti-inflammatory agent to reduce the proinflammatory factors IL-6 and IFN- and to up-regulate the production of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 by inhibiting the inflammatory signal pathways NF-B and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Due to the above biological activities of phycocyanobilin PCB, it is expected to become a new effective drug for treating various diseases, such as COVID-19 complications, atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis (MS), and ischaemic stroke (IS).
Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Brain Ischemia; Humans; MAP Kinase Signaling System; NADPH Oxidases; NF-kappa B; Phycobilins; Phycocyanin; Spirulina
PubMed: 35726224
DOI: 10.1155/2022/4008991 -
Biomolecules Nov 2019The phycobilisome (PBS) is the major light-harvesting complex of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria, red algae, and glaucophyte algae. In spite of the fact that it is very... (Review)
Review
The phycobilisome (PBS) is the major light-harvesting complex of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria, red algae, and glaucophyte algae. In spite of the fact that it is very well structured to absorb light and transfer it efficiently to photosynthetic reaction centers, it has been completely lost in the green algae and plants. It is difficult to see how selection alone could account for such a major loss. An alternative scenario takes into account the role of chance, enabled by (contingent on) the evolution of an alternative antenna system early in the diversification of the three lineages from the first photosynthetic eukaryote.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Chlorophyta; Cyanobacteria; Evolution, Molecular; Photosynthesis; Phycobilisomes; Plant Proteins; Rhodophyta
PubMed: 31752285
DOI: 10.3390/biom9110748 -
Nature Communications Nov 2017Serial X-ray crystallography allows macromolecular structure determination at both X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) and, more recently, synchrotron sources. The time...
Serial X-ray crystallography allows macromolecular structure determination at both X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) and, more recently, synchrotron sources. The time resolution for serial synchrotron crystallography experiments has been limited to millisecond timescales with monochromatic beams. The polychromatic, "pink", beam provides a more than two orders of magnitude increased photon flux and hence allows accessing much shorter timescales in diffraction experiments at synchrotron sources. Here we report the structure determination of two different protein samples by merging pink-beam diffraction patterns from many crystals, each collected with a single 100 ps X-ray pulse exposure per crystal using a setup optimized for very low scattering background. In contrast to experiments with monochromatic radiation, data from only 50 crystals were required to obtain complete datasets. The high quality of the diffraction data highlights the potential of this method for studying irreversible reactions at sub-microsecond timescales using high-brightness X-ray facilities.
Topics: Crystallography, X-Ray; Databases, Chemical; Endopeptidase K; Equipment Design; Models, Molecular; Phycocyanin; Protein Conformation; Static Electricity; Synchrotrons; X-Ray Diffraction
PubMed: 29097720
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01417-3 -
Marine Drugs Jan 2023In the food industry, manufacturers and customers have paid more attention to natural pigments instead of the synthetic counterparts for their excellent coloring ability... (Review)
Review
In the food industry, manufacturers and customers have paid more attention to natural pigments instead of the synthetic counterparts for their excellent coloring ability and healthy properties. Microalgae are proven as one of the major photosynthesizers of naturally derived commercial pigments, gaining higher value in the global food pigment market. Microalgae-derived pigments, especially chlorophylls, carotenoids and phycobiliproteins, have unique colors and molecular structures, respectively, and show different physiological activities and health effects in the human body. This review provides recent updates on characteristics, application fields, stability in production and extraction processes of chlorophylls, carotenoids and phycobiliproteins to standardize and analyze their commercial production from microalgae. Potential food commodities for the pigment as eco-friendly colorants, nutraceuticals, and antioxidants are summarized for the target products. Then, recent cultivation strategies, metabolic and genomic designs are presented for high pigment productivity. Technical bottlenecks of downstream processing are discussed for improved stability and bioaccessibility during production. The production strategies of microalgal pigments have been exploited to varying degrees, with some already being applied at scale while others remain at the laboratory level. Finally, some factors affecting their global market value and future prospects are proposed. The microalgae-derived pigments have great potential in the food industry due to their high nutritional value and competitive production cost.
Topics: Antioxidants; Carotenoids; Chlorophyll; Food Industry; Microalgae; Phycobiliproteins
PubMed: 36827122
DOI: 10.3390/md21020082 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta Mar 2016Multicellular cyanobacteria form different cell types in response to environmental stimuli. Under nitrogen limiting conditions a fraction of the vegetative cells in the... (Review)
Review
Multicellular cyanobacteria form different cell types in response to environmental stimuli. Under nitrogen limiting conditions a fraction of the vegetative cells in the filament differentiate into heterocysts. Heterocysts are specialized in atmospheric nitrogen fixation and differentiation involves drastic morphological changes on the cellular level, such as reorganization of the thylakoid membranes and differential expression of thylakoid membrane proteins. Heterocysts uphold a microoxic environment to avoid inactivation of nitrogenase by developing an extra polysaccharide layer that limits air diffusion into the heterocyst and by upregulating heterocyst-specific respiratory enzymes. In this review article, we summarize what is known about the thylakoid membrane in heterocysts and compare its function with that of the vegetative cells. We emphasize the role of photosynthetic electron transport in providing the required amounts of ATP and reductants to the nitrogenase enzyme. In the light of recent high-throughput proteomic and transcriptomic data, as well as recently discovered electron transfer pathways in cyanobacteria, our aim is to broaden current views of the bioenergetics of heterocysts. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Organization and dynamics of bioenergetic systems in bacteria, edited by Conrad Mullineaux.
Topics: Cyanobacteria; Electron Transport; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Thylakoids
PubMed: 26545609
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.10.016 -
Marine Drugs Aug 2023Phycobiliproteins are photosynthetic light-harvesting pigments isolated from microalgae with fluorescent, colorimetric and biological properties, making them a potential... (Review)
Review
Phycobiliproteins are photosynthetic light-harvesting pigments isolated from microalgae with fluorescent, colorimetric and biological properties, making them a potential commodity in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. Hence, improving their metabolic yield is of great interest. In this regard, the present review aimed, first, to provide a detailed and thorough overview of the optimization of culture media elements, as well as various physical parameters, to improve the large-scale manufacturing of such bioactive molecules. The second section of the review offers systematic, deep and detailed data about the current main features of phycobiliproteins. In the ultimate section, the health and nutritional claims related to these bioactive pigments, explaining their noticeable potential for biotechnological uses in various fields, are examined.
Topics: Microalgae; Biotechnology; Coloring Agents; Commerce; Phycobiliproteins
PubMed: 37623721
DOI: 10.3390/md21080440