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Bioinformation 2014Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are one of the major families of detoxifying enzymes that detoxifies different chemical compounds including insecticides in different...
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are one of the major families of detoxifying enzymes that detoxifies different chemical compounds including insecticides in different insect species. Among the GST subclasses, sigma GSTs are found to be the most abundant and conserved among different insect orders. These GSTs are found to play an important role in lipid peroxidation as well as detoxification. Cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii is the most damaging sucking pest with a wide range of hosts and vector of more than 50 plant viruses. Resistance to insecticides in A. gossypii is reported in India and in other countries. Glutathione S transferases (GSTs), an oxidative enzyme is understood to have a role in insecticide resistance and plant resistance breakdown. In relation to this, we have focused on the sigma 1 (GenBank Accession No: JN989964.1) and sigma 2 (GenBank Accession No: JN989965.1) GSTs of A. gossypii and their interaction with plant natural compounds and insecticides. Molecular screening of different insecticides (Chlorphinamidine, Mevinphos, Nitenpyrum, Piperonyl butoxide, Tetrachlorovinphos, Pyrethrins, Resmetrin, Pirimicarb and Dinotefuran) and known plant derived natural compounds (Catechin, Gossypol, Myrcene, Kaempferol, P-coumaric acid, Quercetin, Tannins, α-mangostin, Capsaicin, Cinnamic acid, Citronellal, Curcumin, Dicumarol, Ellagic acid, Eugenol, Geriniol, Isoeugenol, Juglone, Menadione, Methyl jasmonate, Morin, Myricetin, Myristicin, Piperine, Plumbagin, Tangitinin C, Thymol, Vanillin, Alpha pipene, α-terpineol Apigenin and β-Caryophyllene) with sigma 1 and sigma 2 GST protein models was completed using Maestro 9.3 (Schrodinger, USA). This exercise showed the binding of piperonyl butoxide with sigma 1 GST and tannin with sigma 2 GST for further consideration.
PubMed: 25512683
DOI: 10.6026/97320630010679 -
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination... Apr 2016Surface water sampling in 2007-2010 measured the occurrence of carbamates and metalaxyl during base flow conditions and wet weather events in southern Ontario surface...
Surface water sampling in 2007-2010 measured the occurrence of carbamates and metalaxyl during base flow conditions and wet weather events in southern Ontario surface waters. Carbaryl, metalaxyl and pirimicarb were the most frequently detected compounds. In 2008 these three compounds were detected in over 50 % of the samples. Overall mean concentrations of carbaryl and metalaxyl over the course of the study (2007-2010) were 15 and 18 ng/L, respectively. Elevated concentrations of carbaryl (~100 to ~950 ng/L) appeared associated with wet weather (high flow) events, while highest concentrations of metalaxyl (~20-1330 ng/L) were correlated with base flow conditions. We attributed these observations as the result of runoff of carbaryl from the watershed during rain events, while metalaxyl contamination may have resulted primarily from spray drift.
Topics: Alanine; Carbamates; Carbaryl; Environmental Monitoring; Fresh Water; Ontario; Pesticides; Pyrimidines; Rain; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 26754544
DOI: 10.1007/s00128-015-1719-x -
Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny 2015Peaches, sour cherries, nectarines, apricots, plums and cherries are fruit commonly known as "stone fruit". Their nutritional properties namely, vitamins, minerals,...
BACKGROUND
Peaches, sour cherries, nectarines, apricots, plums and cherries are fruit commonly known as "stone fruit". Their nutritional properties namely, vitamins, minerals, fiber and numerous microelements, make them a very important component of human diet. As fruit trees can be attacked by numerous diseases and pests, chemical protection of these crops is used. Therefore, it is important that the relevant governmental agencies or institutions ensure correct application of pesticides.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of pesticide residues in stone fruits south-eastern region of Poland in 2012-2014 in order to provide data to estimate health risk to consumers.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Validated analytical methods based on liquid / liquid extraction coupled with gas chromatography with electron capture and nitrogen phosphorus detection (GC-ECD/NPD) and spectrophotometry (dithiocarbamates residues) were used for the analysis. 92 samples of stone fruits were tested for the presence of pesticide residues.
RESULTS
13 of all samples (14%) contained pesticide residues. 7 active substances were detected, including 5 fungicides: boscalide, bupirimate, difenoconazole, dithiocarbamates and captan, and 2 insecticides: cypermethrin and pirimicarb. In the analysed samples, the use of not recommended plant protection products in orchard crops were found. However, neither maximum residue levels (MRLs) recommended by the Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 were exceeded nor pesticides being unapproved by the Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 detected in the analysed samples.
CONCLUSIONS
Lack of plant protection products for control specific diseases or pests in crops results in the use of formulations not recommended for use in certain orchard crops. On a basis of results reported in previous years it can be concluded that occurrence of pesticide residues in stone fruit samples dropped significantly.
Topics: Bridged Bicyclo Compounds; Dioxolanes; Endosulfan; Food Contamination; Fruit; Humans; Insecticides; Maximum Allowable Concentration; Pesticide Residues; Pesticides; Poland; Pyrimidines; Thiocarbamates; Triazoles
PubMed: 26400116
DOI: No ID Found -
Arhiv Za Higijenu Rada I Toksikologiju Dec 2016The aim of the study was to evaluate genotoxic effects of Pirimor-50®, a pirimicarb-based formulation (50 % active ingredient), in human lymphocyte cultures and Vicia...
Genotoxic effects of the carbamate insecticide Pirimor-50® in Vicia faba root tip meristems and human lymphocyte culture after direct application and treatment with its metabolic extracts.
The aim of the study was to evaluate genotoxic effects of Pirimor-50®, a pirimicarb-based formulation (50 % active ingredient), in human lymphocyte cultures and Vicia faba root meristems. Furthermore, the objective was to examine a combined influence of insecticide treatment with mammalian microsomal S9 and vegetal S10 metabolic fractions or S10 mix metabolic transformation extracts (after Vicia faba primary roots treatment with Pirimor-50®). We used sister chromatid exchange assay-SCE and measured cell cycle progression and proliferation (proportion of M1-M3 metaphases and replication index ratio-RI). Two processes were used for plant promutagen activation: in vivo activation-Pirimor-50® was applied for 4 h to the plant and then S10 mix was added to lymphocytes; and, in vitro activation-lymphocytes were treated with Pirimor-50® and S10 or S9 for 2 h. Direct treatment induced significantly higher SCE frequencies in meristems at 0.01 mg mL-1. In lymphocytes, significantly higher SCE was at 1 mg mL-1 with decrease in RI and M1-M3 metaphase proportions at 0.5 mg mL-1 and cell division stop at 2.5 mg mL1. S10 mix lymphocyte treatment showed significantly elevated SCE values at 2-2.5 mg mL-1, with cell death at 3 mg mL-1. Lymphocyte treatment with Pirimor-50® together with S9 or S10 showed slightly elevated SCE frequency but had a significant influence on RI decrease, with lowest values in S9 treatment. Since no data are available on the genotoxicity of Pirimor-50®, this study is one of the first to evaluate and compare its direct effect in two bioassays, animal and vegetal, and also the effect of plant and animal metabolism on its genotoxic potential.
Topics: Carbamates; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; DNA Damage; Humans; Insecticides; Lymphocytes; Mutagenicity Tests; Plant Roots; Sister Chromatid Exchange; Vicia faba
PubMed: 28033107
DOI: 10.1515/aiht-2016-67-2809 -
EXCLI Journal 2015A dramatic increase in pesticide usage in agriculture highlights the need for on-site monitoring for public health and safety. Here, a paper-based sensor combined with a...
A dramatic increase in pesticide usage in agriculture highlights the need for on-site monitoring for public health and safety. Here, a paper-based sensor combined with a wet system was developed for the simple and rapid screening of organophosphate (OP) and carbamate (CM) pesticides based on the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The paper-based sensor was designed as a foldable device consisting of a cover and detection sheets pre-prepared with indoxyl acetate and AChE, respectively. The paper-based sensor requires only the incubation of a sample on the test zone for 10 minutes, followed by closing of the foldable sheet to initiate the enzymatic reaction. Importantly, the buffer loading hole was additionally designed on the cover sheet to facilitate the interaction of the coated substrate and the immobilized enzyme. This subsequently facilitates the mixing of indoxyl acetate with AChE, resulting in the improved analytical performance of the sensor. The absence or decrease in blue color produced by the AChE hydrolysis of indoxyl acetate can be observed in the presence of OPs and CMs. Under optimized conditions and using image analysis, the limit of detection (LOD) of carbofuran, dichlorvos, carbaryl, paraoxon, and pirimicarb are 0.003, 0.3, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.6 ppm, respectively. The assay could be applied to determine OP and CM residues in spiked food samples. Visual interpretation of the color signal was clearly observed at the concentration of 5 mg/kg. Furthermore, a self-contained sample pre-concentration approach greatly enhanced the detection sensitivity. The paper-based device developed here is low-cost, requires minimal reagents and is easy to handle. As such, it would be practically useful for pesticide screening by non-professional end-users.
PubMed: 26417364
DOI: 10.17179/excli2014-684