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CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Nov 2022
Topics: Humans; Poliomyelitis; Disease Eradication
PubMed: 36379554
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.221320 -
Poliomyelitis is a current challenge: long-term sequelae and circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus.GeroScience Apr 2023For more than 20 years, the World Health Organization Western Pacific Region (WPR) has been polio-free. However, two current challenges are still polio-related. First,... (Review)
Review
For more than 20 years, the World Health Organization Western Pacific Region (WPR) has been polio-free. However, two current challenges are still polio-related. First, around half of poliomyelitis elderly survivors suffer late poliomyelitis sequelae with a substantial impact on daily activities and quality of life, experiencing varying degrees of residual weakness as they age. The post-polio syndrome as well as accelerated aging may be involved. Second, after the worldwide Sabin oral poliovirus (OPV) vaccination, the recent reappearance of strains of vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) circulating in the environment is worrisome and able to persistent person-to-person transmission. Such VDPV strains exhibit atypical genetic characteristics and reversed neurovirulence that can cause paralysis similarly to wild poliovirus, posing a significant obstacle to the elimination of polio. Immunization is essential for preventing paralysis in those who are exposed to the poliovirus. Stress the necessity of maintaining high vaccination rates because declining immunity increases the likelihood of reemergence. If mankind wants to eradicate polio in the near future, measures to raise immunization rates and living conditions in poorer nations are needed, along with strict observation. New oral polio vaccine candidates offer a promissory tool for this goal.
Topics: Aged; Humans; Paralysis; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Quality of Life
PubMed: 36260265
DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00672-7 -
Neurologia Jun 2022Patients presenting sequelae of poliomyelitis may present new symptoms, known as post-polio syndrome (PPS).
INTRODUCTION
Patients presenting sequelae of poliomyelitis may present new symptoms, known as post-polio syndrome (PPS).
OBJECTIVE
To identify the clinical and functional profile and epidemiological characteristics of patients presenting PPS.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
We performed a retrospective study of 400 patients with poliomyelitis attended at the Institut Guttmann outpatient clinic, of whom 310 were diagnosed with PPS. We describe patients' epidemiological, clinical, and electromyographic variables and analyse the relationships between age of poliomyelitis onset and severity of the disease, and between sex, age of PPS onset, and the frequency of symptoms.
RESULTS
PPS was more frequent in women (57.7%). The mean age at symptom onset was 52.4 years, and was earlier in women. Age at primary infection > 2 years was not related to greater poliomyelitis severity. The frequency of symptoms was: pain in 85% of patients, loss of strength in 40%, fatigue in 65.5%, tiredness in 57.8%, cold intolerance in 20.2%, dysphagia in 11.7%, cognitive complaints in 9%, and depressive symptoms in 31.5%. Fatigue, tiredness, depression, and cognitive complaints were significantly more frequent in women. Fifty-nine percent of patients presented electromyographic findings suggestive of PPS.
CONCLUSIONS
While the symptoms observed in our sample are similar to those reported in the literature, the frequencies observed are not. We believe that patients' clinical profile may be very diverse, giving more weight to such objective parameters as worsening of symptoms or appearance of weakness; analysis of biomarkers may bring us closer to an accurate diagnosis.
Topics: Disease Progression; Fatigue; Female; Humans; Poliomyelitis; Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 35672121
DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2019.03.023 -
Revista Chilena de Infectologia :... Aug 2018
Topics: Americas; Disease Eradication; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Poliomyelitis
PubMed: 30534918
DOI: 10.4067/s0716-10182018000400341 -
Revista Chilena de Infectologia :... Aug 2018
Topics: Disease Eradication; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccines
PubMed: 30534932
DOI: 10.4067/s0716-10182018000400436 -
Nature Reviews. Immunology Dec 2021In August 2020, Africa was declared free of poliomyelitis (polio), bringing to fruition a goal that took more than 30 years to achieve. This Perspective chronicles... (Review)
Review
In August 2020, Africa was declared free of poliomyelitis (polio), bringing to fruition a goal that took more than 30 years to achieve. This Perspective chronicles global, continental, national and community actions taken by diverse stakeholders that finally led to the elimination of transmission of wild poliovirus in Africa. The cascade of events started with the development of polio vaccines and the realization that polio, much like smallpox, could be eradicated. After a 1988 pledge by the World Health Assembly to eradicate polio globally, concerted and deliberate efforts were made in Africa to achieve this goal. This included the use of evidence-based approaches for the harmonization and standardization of public health strategies, using a network of polio laboratories and emergency operation centres and actively pursuing underserved populations. Innovative solutions to counter challenges such as conflict and vaccine hesitancy may be of use in future public health interventions.
Topics: Africa; Animals; Disease Eradication; Global Health; Humans; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccines; Vaccination Hesitancy
PubMed: 34697501
DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00640-w -
The Lancet. Microbe Dec 2023
Topics: Humans; Poliomyelitis; Global Health
PubMed: 38042153
DOI: 10.1016/S2666-5247(23)00371-3 -
Bulletin of the World Health... Dec 2023A decrease in vaccine coverage in conflict-affected areas has placed Yemen at higher risk of polio outbreaks caused by vaccine-derived poliovirus strains.
PROBLEM
A decrease in vaccine coverage in conflict-affected areas has placed Yemen at higher risk of polio outbreaks caused by vaccine-derived poliovirus strains.
APPROACH
In response to polio outbreaks, the Yemeni health ministry and partners initiated multiple vaccination campaigns to deliver vaccines to children. We also implemented several measures to enhance communication, education, health promotion and hygiene, especially in camps for internally displaced people.
LOCAL SETTING
In 2009, Yemen achieved polio-free status and maintained it until 2019. However, the ongoing political conflict since 2015, coupled with challenges in delivering the polio vaccine to conflict-affected areas, resulted in two polio outbreaks: 35 cases caused by vaccine-derived poliovirus strain 1 between 2019 and 2021, and 230 cases due to vaccine-derived poliovirus strain 2 between November 2021 and December 2022.
RELEVANT CHANGES
In response to the first outbreak, by the end of 2020, we vaccinated 7.2 million children through nationwide vaccination campaigns, except in Sa'ada governorate due to a ban by the authorities. By the end of 2021, 3 800 313 children younger than 5 years had received polio vaccines. For the second outbreak, by the end of 2022, 4 463 389 vaccines had been given to children younger than 10 years, and 1 217 423 to those younger than 5 years.
LESSONS LEARNT
Vaccination campaigns in conflict-affected areas with low vaccine coverage remain crucial in eradicating polio. Efforts are needed to reach vulnerable groups such as displaced populations. Advocacy, communication and social mobilization actions help ensure broader public inclusion and participation in vaccination efforts to prevent polio outbreaks.
Topics: Child; Humans; Yemen; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccines; Disease Outbreaks
PubMed: 38024246
DOI: 10.2471/BLT.23.290122 -
Indian Journal of Pediatrics Feb 2018In 1988, the World Health Assembly resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis by the year 2000. Although substantial progress was achieved by 2000, global polio eradication... (Review)
Review
In 1988, the World Health Assembly resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis by the year 2000. Although substantial progress was achieved by 2000, global polio eradication proved elusive. In India, the goal was accomplished in 2011, and the entire South-East Asia Region was certified as polio-free in 2014. The year 2016 marks the lowest wild poliovirus type 1 case count ever, the lowest number of polio-endemic countries (Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan), the maintenance of wild poliovirus type 2 eradication, and the continued absence of wild poliovirus type 3 detection since 2012. The year also marks the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) moving into the post-cessation of Sabin type 2, after the effort of globally synchronized withdrawal of Sabin type 2 poliovirus in April 2016. Sustained efforts will be needed to ensure polio eradication is accomplished, to overcome the access and security issues, and continue to improve the quality and reach of field operations. After that, surveillance (the "eyes and ears") will move further to the center stage. Sensitive surveillance will monitor the withdrawal of all Sabin polioviruses, and with facility containment, constitute the cornerstones for eventual global certification of wild poliovirus eradication. An emergency response capacity is essential to institute timely control measures should polio still re-emerge. Simultaneously, the public health community needs to determine whether and how to apply the polio-funded infrastructure to other priorities (after the GPEI funding has stopped). Eradication is the primary goal, but securing eradication will require continued efforts, dedicated resources, and a firm commitment by the global public health community.
Topics: Disease Eradication; Global Health; Humans; India; Poliomyelitis
PubMed: 29302865
DOI: 10.1007/s12098-017-2586-8 -
Communicable Diseases Intelligence... Jun 2014Australia, like all polio-free countries and regions, remains at risk of a wild poliovirus importation until polio is eradicated globally. The most probable route of...
Australia, like all polio-free countries and regions, remains at risk of a wild poliovirus importation until polio is eradicated globally. The most probable route of importation will be through a traveller arriving in Australia either by air or sea from a polio-endemic or re-infected country. While the overall risk of an imported wild poliovirus infection leading to transmission within Australia is assessed as being low, some areas of the country have been identified as at increased risk. Local areas with relatively high arrivals from polio endemic countries, areas of low vaccination coverage and the potential for transmission to occur when these 2 factors are combined, were identified by this review as Australia's main polio risk. The risk of an importation event leading to locally acquired cases is mitigated by generally high polio vaccination coverage in Australia. This high coverage extends to residents of the Torres Strait Islands who are in close proximity to Papua New Guinea, a country identified as at high risk of poliovirus transmission should an importation occur. In 2012, all states and territories had vaccination coverage of greater than 90% at 1 year of age and all exceeded 93% at 2 years of age. Population immunity to wild poliovirus type 1, which remains the major cause of paralysis globally, has been estimated at 82%. This is sufficient to prevent outbreaks of this type in Australia. Of the 211 eligible non-polio acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases classified between 2008 and 2011, 91% (193) were vaccinated against polio at least once. High quality surveillance for AFP, which is supplemented by sentinel enterovirus and environmental surveillance activities, gives confidence that an imported case would be detected and appropriate public health action would ensue.
Topics: Australia; Child, Preschool; Disease Outbreaks; Disease Susceptibility; Humans; Immunization Programs; Infant; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccines; Population Surveillance; Risk Assessment; Vaccination
PubMed: 25222205
DOI: No ID Found