-
Ciencia & Saude Coletiva Feb 2023
Topics: Humans; Brazil; Poliomyelitis; Vaccination; Retreatment
PubMed: 36651388
DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232023282.18972022 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Mar 2016Nigeria has made tremendous strides towards eliminating polio and has been free of wild polio virus (WPV) for more than a year as of August 2015. However, sustained... (Review)
Review
Nigeria has made tremendous strides towards eliminating polio and has been free of wild polio virus (WPV) for more than a year as of August 2015. However, sustained focus towards getting rid of all types of poliovirus by improving population immunity and enhancing disease surveillance will be needed to ensure it sustains the polio-free status. We reviewed the pertinent literature including published and unpublished, official reports and working documents of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) partners as well as other concerned organizations. The literature were selected based on the following criteria: published in English Language, published after year 2000, relevant content and conformance to the theme of the review and these were sorted accordingly. The challenges facing the Polio Eradication Initiative (PEI) in Nigeria were found to fall into 3 broad categories viz failure to vaccinate, failure of the Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) and epidemiology of the virus. Failure to vaccinate resulted from insecurity, heterogeneous political support, programmatic limitation in implementation of vaccination campaigns, poor performance of vaccination teams in persistently poor performing Local Government areas and sporadic vaccine refusals in Northern Nigeria. Sub optimal effectiveness of OPV in some settings as well as the rare occurrence of VDPVs associated with OPV type 2 in areas of low immunization coverage were also found to be key issues. Some of the innovations which helped to manage the threats to the PEI include a strong government accountability frame work, change from type 2 containing OPV to bi valent OPVs for supplementary immunization activities (SIA), enhancing environmental surveillance in key states (Sokoto, Kano and Borno) along with an overall improvement in SIA quality. There has been an improvement in coverage of routine immunization and vaccination campaigns, which has resulted in Nigeria being removed from the list of endemic countries following an absence of new cases for an entire year as of September 2015. However, the last mile remains to be crossed and there is need to further improve and sustain the momentum to complete the journey toward polio elimination.
Topics: Disease Eradication; Humans; Nigeria; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccines
PubMed: 26383769
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1088617 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Oct 2022Investments in national immunization programs and the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) have resulted in substantial reductions in paralytic polio worldwide....
BACKGROUND
Investments in national immunization programs and the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) have resulted in substantial reductions in paralytic polio worldwide. However, cases prevented because of investments in immunization programs and GPEI remain incompletely characterized.
METHODS
Using a global model that integrates polio transmission, immunity, and vaccine dynamics, we provide estimates of polio incidence and numbers of paralytic cases prevented. We compare the results with reported cases and estimates historically published by the World Health Organization.
RESULTS
We estimate that the existence and use of polio vaccines prevented 5 million cases of paralytic polio for 1960-1987 and 24 million cases worldwide for 1988-2021 compared to a counterfactual world with no polio vaccines. Since the 1988 resolution to eradicate polio, our estimates suggest GPEI prevented 2.5-6 million cases of paralytic polio compared to counterfactual worlds without GPEI that assume different levels of intensity of polio vaccine use in routine immunization programs.
CONCLUSIONS
Analysis of historical cases provides important context for understanding and communicating the benefits of investments made in polio eradication. Prospective studies will need to explore the expected benefits of future investments, the outcomes of which will depend on whether and when polio is globally eradicated.
Topics: Disease Eradication; Global Health; Humans; Immunization Programs; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccines; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 35415741
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac130 -
Lakartidningen Sep 2017Polio close to eradication The WHO Global Polio Eradication Initiative has been highly successful. With a dramatic decrease in polio since it started in 1988, the number... (Review)
Review
Polio close to eradication The WHO Global Polio Eradication Initiative has been highly successful. With a dramatic decrease in polio since it started in 1988, the number of globally reported cases reached a record low of 37 in 2016. This article describes the WHO Endgame Strategic Plan including milestones that have been reached and challenges that have to be overcome in order to reach the goal of polio eradication by 2020. Efforts to strengthen immunizations systems and to detect and interrupt polio virus transmission focus on the three remaining endemic countries, namely Pakistan, Afghanistan and Nigeria. In 2016 the WHO took the first step to withdraw the oral polio vaccine (OPV) by globally shifting from trivalent to bivalent OPV. The role of the inactivated vaccine (IPV) in the final phase of eradication and in the post-eradication situation is also considered. Certification of eradication and containment of all polio virus by the end of 2020 is a key objective. Legacy planning includes mainstreaming polio functions into ongoing public health programmes.
Topics: Afghanistan; Disease Eradication; Global Health; Humans; Nigeria; Pakistan; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccines; Strategic Planning; Sweden; World Health Organization
PubMed: 28926080
DOI: No ID Found -
Annali Dell'Istituto Superiore Di Sanita 2016The global eradication of polio is close to achieving success. However, transmission of wild poliovirus persists in countries where the disease is endemic, and outbreaks... (Review)
Review
The global eradication of polio is close to achieving success. However, transmission of wild poliovirus persists in countries where the disease is endemic, and outbreaks may also occur in previously polio-free countries where population immunity is not maintained. To achieve polio eradication, several key actions are required: (1) to detect any poliovirus transmission, (2) to strengthen immunization systems and withdraw all oral polio vaccines from use, (3) to contain polioviruses and certify interruption of transmission, and (4) to sustain ongoing public health programs. In this context, residual hurdles to global polio eradication have been identified, from unstable political situation in affected countries to population movements from and to endemic areas, and opposition to immunization strategies. Global efforts are needed in order to promote routine immunization campaigns and large-scale vaccination rounds, which may provide direct protection of individuals and minimize virus circulation.
Topics: Endemic Diseases; Global Health; Humans; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccines
PubMed: 27999213
DOI: 10.4415/ANN_16_04_01 -
Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal =... Nov 2017The Eastern Mediterranean Region, and the world, has never been closer to eradicating poliomyelitis. Wild poliovirus transmission is at the lowest levels in history and...
The Eastern Mediterranean Region, and the world, has never been closer to eradicating poliomyelitis. Wild poliovirus transmission is at the lowest levels in history and is limited to a few zones in the two remaining polio-endemic countries - Afghanistan and Pakistan. As at 30 October 2017, only 13 cases of poliomyelitis due to wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV 1) had been reported in the Region in 2017: 8 from Afghanistan and 5 from Pakistan. These two countries collectively reported 33 cases in 2016, 74 in 2015, and 334 in 2014.
Topics: Afghanistan; Humans; Immunization Programs; Mediterranean Region; Pakistan; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Population Surveillance
PubMed: 30378657
DOI: No ID Found -
Revista Chilena de Infectologia :... Dec 2020Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) has been instrumental in controlling the polio epidemic, and stands out for its safety, efficacy, ease of oral administration, and low... (Review)
Review
Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) has been instrumental in controlling the polio epidemic, and stands out for its safety, efficacy, ease of oral administration, and low cost. However, despite these advantages, as it is a live attenuated virus vaccine, there is the possibility of mutations that confer neurovirulence. Therefore, surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) is important, whether associated with live vaccines (VAPP) or vaccine-derived viruses (VDPV). In this review we present important data from Latin America in recent years, where data on VDPV of community transmission, of ambiguous origin and associated with immunodeficiencies are reviewed. Due to the presence of VDPV, it is important to strengthen the epidemiological surveillance system for AFP, with data much lower than those recommended in recent years in the Americas. Additionally, it is essential to improve vaccination coverage to reduce the number of infants at risk of acquiring poliomyelitis. Consequently, we present the vaccination coverage rates with the inactivated vaccine against poliovirus (IPV) in the region and analyze the vaccination programs against poliomyelitis in accordance with the recommendations of the Latin American Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (SLIPE; minimum 3 doses of IPV) and the WHO Strategic Advisory Expert Group (SAGE) on Immunization (minimum 2 doses of IPV). The study concludes with recommendations from the authors for the change from OPV to exclusive use of IPV, to increase vaccination coverage and to strengthen surveillance for AFP in the region.
Topics: Child; Humans; Immunization Schedule; Infant; Latin America; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Vaccination
PubMed: 33844811
DOI: 10.4067/S0716-10182020000600701 -
Medecine Et Sante Tropicales 2014
Topics: Humans; Poliomyelitis
PubMed: 25763421
DOI: No ID Found -
Historia, Ciencias, Saude--Manguinhos 2015
Topics: Civil Rights; Editorial Policies; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Periodicals as Topic; Poliomyelitis; United States
PubMed: 26333281
DOI: 10.1590/S0104-59702015000300001 -
Infectious Disease Clinics of North... Dec 2015In the United States during the 1950's, polio was on the forefront of every provider and caregiver's mind. Today, most providers in the United States have never seen a... (Review)
Review
In the United States during the 1950's, polio was on the forefront of every provider and caregiver's mind. Today, most providers in the United States have never seen a case. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI), which began in 1988 has reduced the number of cases by over 99%. The world is closer to achieving global eradication of polio than ever before but as long as poliovirus circulates anywhere in the world, every country is vulnerable. The global community can support the polio eradication effort through continued vaccination, surveillance, enforcing travel regulations and contributing financial support, partnerships and advocacy.
Topics: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.; Disease Eradication; Epidemiological Monitoring; Global Health; Humans; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Risk Factors; United States; Vaccine Potency; Vaccines, Inactivated; World Health Organization
PubMed: 26610419
DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2015.07.003