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Annals of the Academy of Medicine,... Jan 2023
Topics: Humans; Poliomyelitis; Vaccination
PubMed: 36730798
DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.20236 -
Malawi Medical Journal : the Journal of... Sep 2022
Topics: Humans; Malawi; Poliomyelitis; Disease Outbreaks
PubMed: 36406100
DOI: 10.4314/mmj.v34i3.14 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Nov 2014The world is on the verge of achieving global polio eradication. During >25 years of operations, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) has mobilized and trained... (Review)
Review
The world is on the verge of achieving global polio eradication. During >25 years of operations, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) has mobilized and trained millions of volunteers, social mobilizers, and health workers; accessed households untouched by other health initiatives; mapped and brought health interventions to chronically neglected and underserved communities; and established a standardized, real-time global surveillance and response capacity. It is important to document the lessons learned from polio eradication, especially because it is one of the largest ever global health initiatives. The health community has an obligation to ensure that these lessons and the knowledge generated are shared and contribute to real, sustained changes in our approach to global health. We have summarized what we believe are 10 leading lessons learned from the polio eradication initiative. We have the opportunity and obligation to build a better future by applying the lessons learned from GPEI and its infrastructure and unique functions to other global health priorities and initiatives. In so doing, we can extend the global public good gained by ending for all time one of the world's most devastating diseases by also ensuring that these investments provide public health dividends and benefits for years to come.
Topics: Disease Eradication; Global Health; Humans; Poliomyelitis
PubMed: 25316878
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu345 -
Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences Jul 2021Polio is a disabling and potentially deadly disease caused by a wild poliovirus and vaccine-derived poliovirus. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Polio is a disabling and potentially deadly disease caused by a wild poliovirus and vaccine-derived poliovirus. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current situation of polio in Ethiopia.
METHOD
Relevant scientific articles on Polio were searched from different data bases and websites.
RESULTS
The first wild poliovirus in Ethiopia was detected in 1999, followed by detection of few cases in 2000 and 2001. No wild poliovirus was detected in Ethiopia for the next 3 years (2001-2003). However, the disease resurged again in the country between 2004 and 2008 due to challenge to provide sufficient oral poliovirus vaccine coverage, migration and cross border economic activities and lack of good acute flaccid paralysis surveillance. After almost 5 years with no wild polio virus, Ethiopia again affected by polio outbreak importation in 2013. However, due to multiple supplementary immunization activities campaigns of improved quality and enhanced surveillance, the outbreak was eventually successfully interrupted within 6 months of confirmation. The most recent emergence of polio in Ethiopia has seen in this year (2020) six years after the country documented zero polio cases since 2014. The cause of the resurgence of the disease is circulating vaccine derived polio virus-2. Currently, Ethiopia has been conducting outbreak response by declaring Mop-up campaigns since September 2020.
CONCLUSIONS
Therefore, it can be recommended that: - 1. The country has to completely shift from oral polio virus vaccine to inactivated polio vaccine so that the risk of vaccine derived polio will be diminished; 2. Ethiopia has to strengthen the mop up campaign that it has started in September 2020 following the reemergence of the disease in the country; 3. Ethiopia has to strengthen surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis in order to rapidly detect any new virus importation and to facilitate a rapid response.
Topics: Ethiopia; Humans; Paralysis; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral
PubMed: 34703190
DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v31i4.25 -
Journal of Immunology Research 2016Pakistan is among the last three countries along with Afghanistan and Nigeria, where polio virus is still endemic. More or less, with some fluctuations, numbers of... (Review)
Review
Pakistan is among the last three countries along with Afghanistan and Nigeria, where polio virus is still endemic. More or less, with some fluctuations, numbers of reported cases in the past few years have shown a rising trend. Year 2014 pushed the country into the deep sea of difficulties, as number of cases rose to red alert level of 328. Security situation has adversely affected the whole immunization coverage campaign. In a country where 40 polio vaccinators have been killed since 2012, such a big number of cases is not a surprising outcome. Worse perception of parents about polio vaccine as in Karachi and FATA, the high risk zones, makes 100% coverage a dream. Minor and perhaps delayed payments to polio workers make them frustrated, resulting in decline of trained manpower for vaccination. Strong implementation of policies is required and those found guilty of attack on polio workers need to be punished. Targeted community awareness programme, strong surveillance network, and involvement of influential religious entities can help to root out polio disease from country. Present review is aimed at analyzing all barriers on the road to success in eradication of polio from Pakistan.
Topics: Health Planning; Humans; Immunization Programs; Outcome Assessment, Health Care; Pakistan; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Population Surveillance; Risk Factors; Vaccination
PubMed: 27517055
DOI: 10.1155/2016/6837824 -
The Pan African Medical Journal 2023
Topics: Humans; Nigeria; Poliomyelitis; Global Health; Disease Eradication; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Immunization Programs; Poliovirus
PubMed: 38370100
DOI: 10.11604/pamj.supp.2023.45.2.41049 -
Postgraduate Medical Journal Nov 2022On 22 June 2022, the UK Health Security Agency declared a 'rare national incidence' after finding poliovirus in sewage in London for the first time in nearly 40 years....
On 22 June 2022, the UK Health Security Agency declared a 'rare national incidence' after finding poliovirus in sewage in London for the first time in nearly 40 years. Although no cases of the disease or accompanying paralysis have been documented, the general public's risk is considered minimal. However, public health experts recommend that families are up to date on their polio vaccines to decrease the chance of harm. This article discusses the epidemiology of poliovirus by examining the aetiology of the disease and current mitigation policies implemented to prevent the spread of type 2 vaccine-deceived poliovirus in the UK. Finally, by examining the clinical features of polio, which range from mild gastroenteritis episodes, respiratory sickness, malaise and severe paralysis type, this article offers an advice on particular therapies and tactics to avoid poliovirus outbreaks and other future outbreaks.
Topics: Humans; Poliovirus; Sewage; Poliomyelitis; Paralysis; United Kingdom
PubMed: 36126982
DOI: 10.1136/pmj-2022-142103 -
Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal =... Jul 2022The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) promised to eradicate polio by 2000, yet the disease remains endemic in 2 countries. The current threat of resurgence in... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) promised to eradicate polio by 2000, yet the disease remains endemic in 2 countries. The current threat of resurgence in countries with low vaccine coverage and circulating vaccinederived poliovirus (cVDPV) outbreaks due to oral polio vaccine warrants a strategy review.
AIMS
To review the performance of the GPEI from a context based in Pakistan, identifying threats to success and suggesting strategy modifications to help achieve eradication.
METHODS
This was a desk review of the effectiveness of GPEI that was launched in 1988 to eradicate polio by 2000. Subsequent failure to eradicate led to multiple iterations in strategy and planning documents. These documents were reviewed alongside relevant literature to explore the reasons for failure and emergence of cVDPV.
RESULTS
GPEI has been effective in reducing the global polio disease burden by > 99%, but it remains endemic in Pakistan and Afghanistan. cVDPV has caused multiple outbreaks since 2000, and caused 7 times more cases than wild poliovirus (WPV) globally in 2020. The Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic Plan 2013-2018 aimed to eradicate WPV and cVDPV simultaneously. In 2019, Pakistan saw an upsurge in WPV amid an outbreak of cVDPV infection that continued throughout 2020. Wild polio eradication was not realized and the country was unable to transition to inactivated polio vaccine as predicted in the strategic plan.
CONCLUSION
Over 20 countries now report cVDPV outbreaks and many others are at risk. A country-specific modified strategy is required to eradicate WPV and cVDPV simultaneously, more so in endemic countries.
Topics: Disease Eradication; Disease Outbreaks; Global Health; Humans; Immunization Programs; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral
PubMed: 35959667
DOI: 10.26719/emhj.22.045 -
MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly... Jan 2022Wild poliovirus types 2 and 3 were declared eradicated in 2015 and 2019, respectively, and, since 2017, transmission of wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) has been detected...
Wild poliovirus types 2 and 3 were declared eradicated in 2015 and 2019, respectively, and, since 2017, transmission of wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) has been detected only in Afghanistan and Pakistan. In 2020, these countries reported their highest number of WPV1 cases since 2014 and experienced outbreaks of type 2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV2)* (1); in Afghanistan, the number of WPV1 cases reported increased 93%, from 29 in 2019 to 56 in 2020, with 308 cVDPV2 cases reported. This report describes the activities and progress toward polio eradication in Afghanistan during January 2020-November 2021 and updates previous reports (2-4). Despite restrictions imposed by antigovernment elements since 2018, disruption of polio eradication efforts by the COVID-19 pandemic, and civil and political instability, eradication activities have resumed. During January-November 2021, four WPV1 cases and 43 cVDPV2 cases were detected, representing decreases of 93% from 56 and 85% from 281, respectively, during the same period in 2020. After the assumption of nationwide control by the current de facto government of Afghanistan during August 2021, health officials committed to oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) campaigns nationwide, with the potential to vaccinate approximately 2.5 million children against poliovirus who were previously not accessible for ≥2 years. Although challenges remain, vigorous, sustained polio eradication efforts in Afghanistan could result in substantial progress toward eradication during 2022-2023.
Topics: Adult; Afghanistan; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Eradication; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Immunization Programs; Infant; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Population Surveillance
PubMed: 35051135
DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7103a3 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Nov 2014This article summarizes the status of environmental surveillance (ES) used by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, provides the rationale for ES, gives examples of... (Review)
Review
This article summarizes the status of environmental surveillance (ES) used by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, provides the rationale for ES, gives examples of ES methods and findings, and summarizes how these data are used to achieve poliovirus eradication. ES complements clinical acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance for possible polio cases. ES detects poliovirus circulation in environmental sewage and is used to monitor transmission in communities. If detected, the genetic sequences of polioviruses isolated from ES are compared with those of isolates from clinical cases to evaluate the relationships among viruses. To evaluate poliovirus transmission, ES programs must be developed in a manner that is sensitive, with sufficiently frequent sampling, appropriate isolation methods, and specifically targeted sampling sites in locations at highest risk for poliovirus transmission. After poliovirus ceased to be detected in human cases, ES documented the absence of endemic WPV transmission and detected imported WPV. ES provides valuable information, particularly in high-density populations where AFP surveillance is of poor quality, persistent virus circulation is suspected, or frequent virus reintroduction is perceived. Given the benefits of ES, GPEI plans to continue and expand ES as part of its strategic plan and as a supplement to AFP surveillance.
Topics: Disease Eradication; Environmental Monitoring; Epidemiological Monitoring; Humans; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Sewage
PubMed: 25316848
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu384