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Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in... Nov 2022The excellent features of non-invasive molecular imaging, its progressive technology (real-time, whole-body imaging and quantification), and global impact by a growing... (Review)
Review
The excellent features of non-invasive molecular imaging, its progressive technology (real-time, whole-body imaging and quantification), and global impact by a growing infrastructure for positron emission tomography (PET) scanners are encouraging prospects to investigate new concepts, which could transform clinical care of complex infectious diseases. Researchers are aiming towards the extension beyond the routinely available radiopharmaceuticals and are looking for more effective tools that interact directly with causative pathogens. We reviewed and critically evaluated (challenges or pitfalls) antibiotic-derived PET radiopharmaceutical development efforts aimed at infection imaging. We considered both radiotracer development for infection imaging and radio-antibiotic PET imaging supplementing other tools for pharmacologic drug characterization; overall, a total of 20 original PET radiotracers derived from eleven approved antibiotics.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Positron-Emission Tomography; Radiopharmaceuticals
PubMed: 35834311
DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204955 -
Journal of Integrative Neuroscience Dec 2023Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provide key structural information on brain pathophysiology. Positron emission tomography (PET) measures... (Review)
Review
Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provide key structural information on brain pathophysiology. Positron emission tomography (PET) measures metabolism in the living brain; it plays an important role in molecular neuroimaging and is rapidly expanding its field of application to the study of neurodegenerative diseases. Different PET radiopharmaceuticals allow characterization and quantization of biological processes at the molecular and cellular levels, from which many neurodegenerative diseases develop. In addition, hybrid imaging tools such as PET/CT and PET/MRI support the utility of PET, enabling the anatomical mapping of functional data. In this overview, we describe the most commonly used PET tracers in the diagnostic work-up of patients with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases. We also briefly discuss the pathophysiological processes of tracer uptake in the brain, detailing their specific cellular pathways in clinical cases. This overview is limited to imaging agents already applied in human subjects, with particular emphasis on those tracers used in our department.
Topics: Humans; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Nuclear Medicine; Positron-Emission Tomography; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Molecular Imaging
PubMed: 38176937
DOI: 10.31083/j.jin2206172 -
Seminars in Nuclear Medicine Mar 2021Positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) are nuclear diagnostic imaging modalities that are routinely deployed for cancer staging and monitoring. They... (Review)
Review
Positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) are nuclear diagnostic imaging modalities that are routinely deployed for cancer staging and monitoring. They hold the advantage of detecting disease related biochemical and physiologic abnormalities in advance of anatomical changes, thus widely used for staging of disease progression, identification of the treatment gross tumor volume, monitoring of disease, as well as prediction of outcomes and personalization of treatment regimens. Among the arsenal of different functional imaging modalities, nuclear imaging has benefited from early adoption of quantitative image analysis starting from simple standard uptake value normalization to more advanced extraction of complex imaging uptake patterns; thanks to application of sophisticated image processing and machine learning algorithms. In this review, we discuss the application of image processing and machine/deep learning techniques to PET/CT imaging with special focus on the oncological radiotherapy domain as a case study and draw examples from our work and others to highlight current status and future potentials.
Topics: Artificial Intelligence; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Neoplasm Staging; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Positron-Emission Tomography
PubMed: 33509372
DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2020.10.003 -
Cancer Oct 2021F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is now an integral part of lymphoma staging and management. Because of its greater... (Review)
Review
F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is now an integral part of lymphoma staging and management. Because of its greater accuracy compared with CT alone, PET/CT is currently routinely performed for staging and for response assessment at the end of treatment in the vast majority of FDG-avid lymphomas and is the cornerstone of response classification for these lymphomas according to the Lugano classification. Interim PET/CT, typically performed after 2 to 4 of 6 to 8 chemotherapy/chemoimmunotherapy cycles with or without radiation, is commonly performed for prognostication and potential treatment escalation or de-escalation early in the course of therapy, a concept known as response-adapted or risk-adapted treatment. Quantitative PET is an area of growing interest. Metrics, such as the standardized uptake value, changes (Δ) in the standardized uptake value, metabolic tumor volume, and total lesion glycolysis, are being investigated as more reproducible and potentially more accurate predictors of response and prognosis. Despite the progress made in standardizing the use of PET/CT in lymphoma, challenges remain, particularly with respect to its limited positive predictive value, emphasizing the need for more specific molecular probes. This review highlights the most relevant applications of PET/CT in Hodgkin and B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, its strengths and limitations, as well as recent efforts at implementing PET/CT-based metrics as promising tools for precision medicine.
Topics: Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Humans; Lymphoma; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Positron-Emission Tomography; Prognosis; Tumor Burden
PubMed: 34286864
DOI: 10.1002/cncr.33772 -
Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official... Aug 2022During the last 3 decades, PET has become a standard-of-care imaging technique used in the management of cancer and in the characterization of neurologic disorders and... (Review)
Review
During the last 3 decades, PET has become a standard-of-care imaging technique used in the management of cancer and in the characterization of neurologic disorders and cardiovascular disease. It has also emerged as a prominent molecular imaging method to study the basic biologic pathways of disease in rodent models. This review describes the basics of PET detectors, including a detailed description of indirect and direct 511-keV photon detection methods. We will also cover key detector performance parameters and describe detector instrumentation advances during the last decade.
Topics: Photons; Positron-Emission Tomography
PubMed: 35914819
DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.121.262509 -
Journal of Nuclear Cardiology :... Oct 2021Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) disease is characterized by an asymptomatic, permanent, focal dilatation of the abdominal aorta progressing towards rupture, which... (Review)
Review
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) disease is characterized by an asymptomatic, permanent, focal dilatation of the abdominal aorta progressing towards rupture, which confers significant mortality. Patient management and surgical decisions rely on aortic diameter measurements via abdominal ultrasound surveillance. However, AAA rupture can occur at small diameters or may never occur at large diameters, implying that anatomical size is not necessarily a sufficient indicator. Molecular imaging may help identify high-risk patients through AAA evaluation independent of aneurysm size, and there is the question of the potential role of positron emission tomography (PET) and emerging role of novel radiotracers for AAA. Therefore, this review summarizes PET studies conducted in the last 10 years and discusses the usefulness of PET radiotracers for AAA risk stratification. The most frequently reported radiotracer was [F]fluorodeoxyglucose, indicating inflammatory activity and reflecting the biomechanical properties of AAA. Emerging radiotracers include [F]-labeled sodium fluoride, a calcification marker, [Cu]DOTA-ECL1i, an indicator of chemokine receptor type 2 expression, and [F]fluorothymidine, a marker of cell proliferation. For novel radiotracers, preliminary trials in patients are warranted before their widespread clinical implementation. AAA rupture risk is challenging to evaluate; therefore, clinicians may benefit from PET-based risk assessment to guide patient management and surgical decisions.
Topics: Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Humans; Positron-Emission Tomography; Radiopharmaceuticals; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 33977372
DOI: 10.1007/s12350-021-02616-8 -
Deutsches Arzteblatt International Mar 2018Anatomical and molecular data can be acquired simultaneously through the use of positron emission tomography (PET) in combination with computed tomography (CT) or... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Anatomical and molecular data can be acquired simultaneously through the use of positron emission tomography (PET) in combination with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a hybrid technique. A variety of radiopharmaceuticals can be used to characterize various metabolic processes or to visualize the expression of receptors, enzymes, and other molecular target structures.
METHODS
This review is based on pertinent publications retrieved by a selective search in PubMed, as well as on guidelines from Germany and abroad and on systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
RESULTS
Established radiopharmaceuticals for PET, such as 2-[18F]fluoro-2- deoxyglucose ([18F]FDG), enable the visualization of physiological processes on the molecular level and can provide vital information for clinical decision-making. For example, PET can be used to evaluate pulmonary nodules for malignancy with 95% sensitivity and 82% specificity. It can be used both for initial staging and for the guidance of further treatment. Alongside the PET radiopharmaceuticals that have already been well studied and evaluated, newer ones are increasingly becoming available for the noninvasive phenotyping of tumor diseases, e.g., for analyzing the expression of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), of somatostatin receptors, or of chemokine receptors on tumor cells.
CONCLUSION
PET is an important component of diagnostic algorithms in oncology. It can help make diagnosis more precise and treatment more individualized. An increasing number of PET radiopharmaceuticals are now expanding the available options for imaging. Many radiopharmaceuticals can be used not only for noninvasive analysis of the expression of therapeutically relevant target structures, but also for the ensuing, target-directed treatment with radionuclides.
Topics: Germany; Half-Life; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Molecular Imaging; Positron-Emission Tomography; Radiopharmaceuticals; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 29607803
DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2018.0175 -
The Quarterly Journal of Nuclear... Sep 2017The use of positron-emission tomography (PET) with fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), 11C-acetate and radio-labelled choline such as 11C-choline or 18F-fluorocholine in the... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
The use of positron-emission tomography (PET) with fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), 11C-acetate and radio-labelled choline such as 11C-choline or 18F-fluorocholine in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), for risk stratification or therapy monitoring has emerged. This review aims to summarize the published results dealing with this issue.
EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
PubMed database was searched until February 2017. Sensitivities, specificities, progression-free survival (PFS), survival and hazard ratios (HR) are reported.
EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS
Seventy-one studies were included. Most studies are dealing with the diagnostic value of FDG PET (N.=21), 11C-acetate PET (N.=11), and choline PET (N.=8). The results indicate a homogenously higher sensitivity for 11C-acetate and choline PET as compared to FDG PET in the diagnosis of primary or recurrent HCC. This is particularly true for well differentiated HCC, which tend to have higher uptake of 11C-acetate and radio-labelled choline. Contrary, poorly differentiated HCC are more often FDG-positive than well differentiated HCC. Sixteen studies are evaluating the prognostic value of FDG PET for surgery or liver transplantation. The studies found a significant worse prognosis in terms of time to recurrence, PFS, and survival in FDG-positive HCC as compared to FDG-negative ones. Sixteen studies are reporting about the prognostic value of FDG PET and one about 18F-fluoroethylcholine PET for palliative treatment. Most of these studies indicate a significant shorter PFS and survival in FDG-positive HCC for various treatments.
CONCLUSIONS
Whereas FDG PET has only a limited role in the diagnosis of HCC, it provides valuable prognostic information for liver surgery, transplantation and palliative treatment. 11C-acetate and choline PET have a higher sensitivity in the diagnosis of HCC.
Topics: Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Liver Neoplasms; Positron-Emission Tomography
PubMed: 28686007
DOI: 10.23736/S1824-4785.17.02994-6 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2015The contribution of 68Ga to the promotion and expansion of clinical research and routine positron emission tomography (PET) for earlier better diagnostics and... (Review)
Review
The contribution of 68Ga to the promotion and expansion of clinical research and routine positron emission tomography (PET) for earlier better diagnostics and individualized medicine is considerable. The potential applications of 68Ga-comprising imaging agents include targeted, pre-targeted and non-targeted imaging. This review discusses the key aspects of the production of 68Ga and 68Ga-based radiopharmaceuticals in the light of the impact of regulatory requirements and endpoint pre-clinical and clinical applications.
Topics: Gallium; Humans; Positron-Emission Tomography; Radiopharmaceuticals
PubMed: 26193247
DOI: 10.3390/molecules200712913 -
Molecular Imaging and Biology Feb 2022In oncology, biomarker research aimed to provide insights on cancer biology via positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission tomography (SPECT) imaging... (Review)
Review
In oncology, biomarker research aimed to provide insights on cancer biology via positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission tomography (SPECT) imaging has seen an incredible growth in the past two decades. Despite the increased number of publications on PET/SPECT radiopharmaceuticals, the field lacked standardization of in vitro and in vivo parameters necessary for the characterization of any radiotracer. Through the efforts of the World Molecular Imaging Society Education Committee, this white paper lays down validation studies that are essential to chemically and biologically characterize new radiopharmaceuticals derived from small molecules, peptides or proteins. Finally, a brief overview of the steps toward translation is also presented.Herein, we discuss the following: Chemistry and radiochemistry metrics to establish the identity of the imaging agent. In vitro and in vivo studies to examine the radiotracer's mechanism of action, which includes target specificity, pharmacokinetics and in vivo metabolism.
Topics: Medical Oncology; Positron-Emission Tomography; Radiochemistry; Radiopharmaceuticals; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
PubMed: 34542804
DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01645-6