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The British Journal of Radiology Dec 2022Total body (TB) positron emission tomography (PET) instruments have dramatically changed the paradigm of PET clinical and research studies due to their very high... (Review)
Review
Total body (TB) positron emission tomography (PET) instruments have dramatically changed the paradigm of PET clinical and research studies due to their very high sensitivity and capability to image dynamic radiopharmaceutical distributions in the major organs of the body simultaneously. In this manuscript, we review the design of these systems and discuss general challenges and trade-offs to maximize the performance gains of current TB-PET systems. We then describe new concepts and technology that may impact future TB-PET systems. The manuscript summarizes what has been learned from the initial sites with TB-PET and explores potential research and clinical applications of TB-PET. The current generation of TB-PET systems range in axial field-of-view (AFOV) from 1 to 2 m and serve to illustrate the benefits and opportunities of a longer AFOV for various applications in PET. In only a few years of use these new TB-PET systems have shown that they will play an important role in expanding the field of molecular imaging and benefiting clinical practice.
Topics: Humans; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Positron-Emission Tomography; Radiopharmaceuticals; Molecular Imaging
PubMed: 35993615
DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20220357 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Jul 2018Cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) are encouraging precise non-invasive imaging modalities that... (Review)
Review
Cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) are encouraging precise non-invasive imaging modalities that allow imaging of the cellular function of the heart, while other non-invasive cardiovascular imaging modalities are considered to be techniques for imaging the anatomy, morphology, structure, function and tissue characteristics. The role of cardiac PET has been growing rapidly and providing high diagnostic accuracy of coronary artery disease (CAD). Clinical cardiology has established PET as a criterion for the assessment of myocardial viability and is recommended for the proper management of reduced left ventricle (LV) function and ischemic cardiomyopathy. Hybrid PET/CT imaging has enabled simultaneous integration of the coronary anatomy with myocardial perfusion and metabolism and has improved characterization of dysfunctional areas in chronic CAD. Also, the availability of quantitative myocardial blood flow (MBF) evaluation with various PET perfusion tracers provides additional prognostic information and enhances the diagnostic performance of nuclear imaging.
Topics: Coronary Artery Disease; Heart; Humans; Myocardial Perfusion Imaging; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Positron-Emission Tomography; Radiopharmaceuticals
PubMed: 30344278
DOI: 10.3390/medicina54030047 -
Physica Medica : PM : An International... Jan 2016This paper provides a review and an update on time-of-flight PET imaging with a focus on PET instrumentation, ranging from hardware design to software algorithms. We... (Review)
Review
This paper provides a review and an update on time-of-flight PET imaging with a focus on PET instrumentation, ranging from hardware design to software algorithms. We first present a short introduction to PET, followed by a description of TOF PET imaging and its history from the early days. Next, we introduce the current state-of-art in TOF PET technology and briefly summarize the benefits of TOF PET imaging. This is followed by a discussion of the various technological advancements in hardware (scintillators, photo-sensors, electronics) and software (image reconstruction) that have led to the current widespread use of TOF PET technology, and future developments that have the potential for further improvements in the TOF imaging performance. We conclude with a discussion of some new research areas that have opened up in PET imaging as a result of having good system timing resolution, ranging from new algorithms for attenuation correction, through efficient system calibration techniques, to potential for new PET system designs.
Topics: Algorithms; Animals; Calibration; Electronics; Equipment Design; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Multimodal Imaging; Neoplasms; Phantoms, Imaging; Positron-Emission Tomography; Software
PubMed: 26778577
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2015.12.007 -
Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official... Jan 2015Time-of-flight (TOF) PET was initially introduced in the early days of PET. The TOF PET scanners developed in the 1980s had limited sensitivity and spatial resolution,... (Review)
Review
Time-of-flight (TOF) PET was initially introduced in the early days of PET. The TOF PET scanners developed in the 1980s had limited sensitivity and spatial resolution, were operated in 2-dimensional mode with septa, and used analytic image reconstruction methods. The current generation of TOF PET scanners has the highest sensitivity and spatial resolution ever achieved in commercial whole-body PET, is operated in fully-3-dimensional mode, and uses iterative reconstruction with full system modeling. Previously, it was shown that TOF provides a gain in image signal-to-noise ratio that is proportional to the square root of the object size divided by the system timing resolution. With oncologic studies being the primary application of PET, more recent work has shown that in modern TOF PET scanners there is an improved tradeoff between lesion contrast, image noise, and total imaging time, leading to a combination of improved lesion detectability, reduced scan time or injected dose, and more accurate and precise lesion uptake measurement. Because the benefit of TOF PET is also higher for heavier patients, clinical performance is more uniform over all patient sizes.
Topics: Biological Transport; Humans; Positron-Emission Tomography; Sensitivity and Specificity; Time Factors
PubMed: 25525181
DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.145029 -
The British Journal of Radiology Jan 2018The combination of positron emission tomography (PET) and MRI has attracted the attention of researchers in the past approximately 20 years in small-animal imaging and... (Review)
Review
The combination of positron emission tomography (PET) and MRI has attracted the attention of researchers in the past approximately 20 years in small-animal imaging and more recently in clinical research. The combination of PET/MRI allows researchers to explore clinical and research questions in a wide number of fields, some of which are briefly mentioned here. An important number of groups have developed different concepts to tackle the problems that PET instrumentation poses to the exposition of electromagnetic fields. We have described most of these research developments in preclinical and clinical experiments, including the few commercial scanners available. From the software perspective, an important number of algorithms have been developed to address the attenuation correction issue and to exploit the possibility that MRI provides for motion correction and quantitative image reconstruction, especially parametric modelling of radiopharmaceutical kinetics. In this work, we give an overview of some exemplar applications of simultaneous PET/MRI, together with technological hardware and software developments.
Topics: Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Multimodal Imaging; Positron-Emission Tomography
PubMed: 27376170
DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20160363 -
BioMed Research International 2015Noninvasive imaging of atherosclerosis could potentially move patient management towards individualized triage, treatment, and followup. The newly introduced combined... (Review)
Review
Noninvasive imaging of atherosclerosis could potentially move patient management towards individualized triage, treatment, and followup. The newly introduced combined positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system could emerge as a key player in this context. Both PET and MRI have previously been used for imaging plaque morphology and function: however, the combination of the two methods may offer new synergistic opportunities. Here, we will give a short summary of current relevant clinical applications of PET and MRI in the setting of atherosclerosis. Additionally, our initial experiences with simultaneous PET/MRI for atherosclerosis imaging are presented. Finally, future potential vascular applications exploiting the unique combination of PET and MRI will be discussed.
Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Positron-Emission Tomography
PubMed: 25695091
DOI: 10.1155/2015/914516 -
Annals of Oncology : Official Journal... Jan 2022
Topics: Humans; Immunotherapy; Neoplasms; Positron-Emission Tomography
PubMed: 34808339
DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2021.11.003 -
Revista Medica de Chile Feb 202218F-fluorodesoxyglucose positron emission tomography/ computed tomography (PET-CT) has a high sensitivity and specificity to detect medullary and extramedullary lesions...
BACKGROUND
18F-fluorodesoxyglucose positron emission tomography/ computed tomography (PET-CT) has a high sensitivity and specificity to detect medullary and extramedullary lesions in multiple myeloma (MM).
AIM
To describe the findings of PET-CT in extramedullary multiple myeloma (EMM) at diagnosis and at relapse, and correlate its results with clinical variables, response to treatment and survival.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Review of medical records and PET-CT reports of 39 patients with multiple myeloma (MM) who had at least one PET-CT study, treated between January 1, 2015, and January 1, 2019 at a clinical hospital.
RESULTS
The Standard Uptake Values for each hypermetabolic lesion were not described in PET-CT reports. Fifteen patients had an EMM and in eight, without a previous clinical suspicion, PET-TC lead to the diagnosis. The mortality rate in the 39 patients with MM was 46%. Sixty seven percent of deaths occurred in patients with EMM.
CONCLUSIONS
PET-TC was useful to diagnose EMM. However, a standardization in PETCT reports would be required to unify criteria. As previously reported, EMM had a greater aggressiveness and lower survival.
Topics: Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Humans; Multiple Myeloma; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Positron-Emission Tomography; Radiopharmaceuticals
PubMed: 36156646
DOI: 10.4067/S0034-98872022000200199 -
Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia Jan 2020Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and ischemic heart disease is the most frequent etiology, with high economic costs for both treatment and... (Review)
Review
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and ischemic heart disease is the most frequent etiology, with high economic costs for both treatment and diagnosis. Over the past two decades, the assessment of patients with this disease has undergone various changes, with cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) emerging as a powerful and versatile imaging exam for diagnosis and risk stratification of these patients. This review aimed to assess the utility of this exam, particularly through quantification of myocardial blood flow and myocardial flow reserve in the diagnosis and risk stratification of coronary artery disease. Compared to other imaging methods, measurement of these parameters by cardiac PET provides a better characterization of coronary artery disease, with particular value in microvascular and balanced multivessel disease.
Topics: Computed Tomography Angiography; Coronary Angiography; Coronary Artery Disease; Coronary Circulation; Fractional Flow Reserve, Myocardial; Humans; Microcirculation; Myocardial Perfusion Imaging; Positron-Emission Tomography; Radiopharmaceuticals
PubMed: 32145986
DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2019.05.014 -
Annals of Nuclear Medicine Jun 2023Primary cutaneous lymphoma (PCL) is a cutaneous non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that originates in the skin and lacks extracutaneous spread upon initial diagnosis. The clinical... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Primary cutaneous lymphoma (PCL) is a cutaneous non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that originates in the skin and lacks extracutaneous spread upon initial diagnosis. The clinical management of secondary cutaneous lymphomas is different from that of PCLs, and earlier detection is associated with better prognosis. Accurate staging is necessary to determine the extent of disease and to choose the appropriate treatment. The aim of this review is to investigate the current and potential roles of F- fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (F-FDG PET/CT) in the diagnosis, staging, and monitoring of PCLs.
METHODS
A focused review of the scientific literature was performed using inclusion criteria to filter results pertaining to human clinical studies performed between 2015 and 2021 that analyzed cutaneous PCL lesions on F PET/CT imaging.
RESULTS & CONCLUSION
A review of 9 clinical studies published after 2015 concluded that F-FDG PET/CT is highly sensitive and specific for aggressive PCLs and proved valuable for identifying extracutaneous disease. These studies found F-FDG PET/CT highly useful for guiding lymph node biopsy and that imaging results influenced therapeutic decision in many cases. These studies also predominantly concluded that F-FDG PET/CT is more sensitive than computed tomography (CT) alone for detection of subcutaneous PCL lesions. Routine revision of nonattenuation-corrected (NAC) PET images may improve the sensitivity of F-FDG PET/CT for detection of indolent cutaneous lesions and may expand the potential uses of F-FDG PET/CT in the clinic. Furthermore, calculating a global disease score from F-FDG PET/CT at every follow-up visit may simplify assessment of disease progression in the early clinical stages, as well as predict the prognosis of disease in patients with PCL.
Topics: Humans; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Neoplasm Staging; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Radiopharmaceuticals; Positron-Emission Tomography
PubMed: 37095393
DOI: 10.1007/s12149-023-01830-3