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Nutrients Jan 2024This study aimed to compare newly developed diabetes-specific complete smoothie formulas with a standard diabetes-specific nutritional formula (DSNF) regarding their... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
This study aimed to compare newly developed diabetes-specific complete smoothie formulas with a standard diabetes-specific nutritional formula (DSNF) regarding their effects on glucose homeostasis, insulin levels, and lipid metabolism in obese type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, crossover study with 41 obese T2DM participants to compare two developed diabetes-specific complete smoothie formulas, a soy-based regular smoothie (SM) and a smoothie with modified carbohydrate content (SMMC), with the standard DSNF, Glucerna. Glycemic and insulin responses were assessed after the participants randomly consumed 300 kilocalories of each formulation on three separate days with a 7-day gap between. Postprandial effects on glycemic control, insulin levels, and lipid metabolism were measured. SMMC resulted in a significantly lower glucose area under the curve (AUC) compared to Glucerna and SM ( < 0.05 for both). Insulin AUC after SMMC was significantly lower than that after SM and Glucerna ( < 0.05). During the diets, the suppression of NEFA was more augmented on SM, resulting in a less total AUC of NEFA compared to the SMMC diet ( < 0.05). -peptide AUC after SMMC was significantly lower than that after Glucerna ( < 0.001). Conversely, glucagon AUC after SMMC was significantly higher than that after SM and Glucerna ( < 0.05). These results highlight SMMC as the better insulin-sensitive formula, potentially achieved through increased insulin secretion or a direct reduction in glucose absorption. The unique composition of carbohydrates, amino acids, and fats from natural ingredients in the smoothies may contribute to these positive effects, making them promising functional foods for managing diabetes and obesity.
Topics: Humans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Cross-Over Studies; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Insulin; Obesity; Glucose; Postprandial Period; Blood Glucose
PubMed: 38337679
DOI: 10.3390/nu16030395 -
Biology of Sex Differences Jun 2022Sex-based differences in appetite ratings have been observed previously. Ghrelin is the only known orexigenic peptide hormone. Sex differences in postprandial ghrelin...
BACKGROUND
Sex-based differences in appetite ratings have been observed previously. Ghrelin is the only known orexigenic peptide hormone. Sex differences in postprandial ghrelin responses may underlie different perceptions of hunger and satiety, but results are conflicting. We conducted a parallel study to evaluate sex differences in postprandial appetite ratings and ghrelin concentration after administration of a physiological meal among students of University of Milan.
METHODS
Twenty-four healthy, normal weight volunteers (12 men and 12 women) aged 18-35 years were recruited. A balanced mixed meal meeting 40% of the estimated daily energy expenditure and providing 60% of calories from carbohydrates, 25% from lipids and 15% from protein was administrated. Sex differences in appetite ratings (satiety, hunger, fullness and desire to eat) and magnitude of ghrelin suppression during postprandial period (up to 180 min) were determined.
RESULTS
In the fasting state, men and women did not differ in appetite ratings and ghrelin concentrations. After feeding, women tended to reach peak of satiety earlier than men, who in turn reached the nadir of hunger later than women (median: 30 min, interquartile range (IQR): 1; 120 vs. 1 min, IQR 1; 1, p = 0.007). Ghrelin suppression was greater in women (median decremental AUC - 95, IQR - 122; - 66) than in men (median decremental AUC - 47, IQR - 87; - 31, p = 0.041).
CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest sex differences in the postprandial appetite regulation that might be important for nutritional strategy to prevent and treat obesity and eating disorders.
Topics: Appetite; Female; Ghrelin; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Humans; Hunger; Male; Postprandial Period; Young Adult
PubMed: 35659737
DOI: 10.1186/s13293-022-00434-2 -
Lakartidningen Mar 2015
Review
Topics: Aging; Animals; Biomimetics; Birds; Blood Glucose; Boidae; Hibernation; Mole Rats; Postprandial Period; Seals, Earless; Ursidae
PubMed: 25781587
DOI: No ID Found -
Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej 2015Prandial insulin is a key component in insulin treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and in many patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The evidence-based... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
INTRODUCTION
Prandial insulin is a key component in insulin treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and in many patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The evidence-based data supporting the choice of an insulin preparation are still limited.
OBJECTIVES
We performed a systematic review to summarize and update the evidence on relative efficacy and safety of insulin aspart (IAsp) and regular human insulin (RHI) in both types of diabetes.
METHODS
Randomized controlled trials comparing IAsp with RHI in patients with either T1DM or T2DM and conducted until May 2013 were retrieved from a systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library.
RESULTS
Of 16 relevant trials, 11 involved patients with T1DM and 5--with T2DM. In the T1DM population, IAsp, when compared with RHI, provided a greater reduction in hemoglobin A₁c (HbA₁c) levels (weighted mean difference [WMD], -0.11%; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.16 to -0.05; WMD, -1.2 mmol/mol; 95% CI, -1.7 to -0.5), and improved postprandial glucose levels following breakfast (WMD, -1.40 mmol/l; 95% CI, -1.72 to -1.07), lunch (WMD, -1.01 mmol/l; 95% CI, -1.61 to -0.41), and dinner (WMD, -0.89 mmol/l; 95% CI, -1.19 to -0.59). The risk of nocturnal hypoglycemia was lower in T1DM patients receiving IAsp (relative risk, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.64-0.91), while no difference was observed for severe hypoglycemia. In T2DM patients, IAsp led to a greater reduction in HbA₁c levels (WMD, -0.22%; 95% CI, -0.39 to -0.05; -2.4 mmol/mol, -4.3 to -0.5) and postprandial blood glucose. The risk of overall hypoglycemia and severe adverse effects was comparable between the groups.
CONCLUSIONS
IAsp provides better glycemic control when compared with RHI in patients with T1DM and T2DM. Fewer T1DM patients treated with IAsp experienced nocturnal hypoglycemia, while both interventions showed a comparable risk of severe hypoglycemic events in both types of diabetes.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Drug Therapy, Combination; Glycated Hemoglobin; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin; Insulin Aspart; Postprandial Period; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 25644227
DOI: 10.20452/pamw.2705 -
Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) Apr 2021l-arginine supplementation may improve vascular endothelial function. As tree nuts and groundnuts are a source of the amino acid l-arginine, we performed a meta-analysis... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Meta-Analysis
Effects of tree nut and groundnut consumption compared with those of l-arginine supplementation on fasting and postprandial flow-mediated vasodilation: Meta-analysis of human randomized controlled trials.
INTRODUCTION
l-arginine supplementation may improve vascular endothelial function. As tree nuts and groundnuts are a source of the amino acid l-arginine, we performed a meta-analysis of human randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to compare effects of tree nut and groundnut consumption with those of l-arginine supplementation on fasting and postprandial endothelial function as assessed by flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery (FMD).
METHODS
Summary estimates of weighted mean differences (WMDs) in FMD and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random-effect meta-analyses.
RESULTS
A total of thirteen RCTs focusing on tree nut and groundnut consumption and nineteen RCTs investigating effects of l-arginine supplementation were included. Longer-term consumption of tree nuts and groundnuts increased fasting FMD by 1.09 %-point (PP) (95% CI: 0.49, 1.69, P < 0.001; I: 76.7%, P < 0.001), while l-arginine supplementation (daily range: 3-21 g) increased fasting FMD by 0.53 PP (95% CI: 0.12, 0.93; P = 0.012; I: 91.6%, P < 0.001). Effects between treatments were not statistically different (P = 0.31). Tree nut and groundnut consumption did not affect postprandial FMD responses (1.25 PP, 95% CI: -0.31, 2.81, P = 0.12; I: 91.4%, P < 0.001), whereas l-arginine supplementation (range: 3-15 g) improved FMD during the postprandial phase by 2.02 PP (95% CI: 0.92, 3.13, P < 0.001; I: 99.1%, P < 0.001). However, treatment effects did not differ significantly (P = 0.60). Overall, these results derive from high-quality evidence.
CONCLUSION
Longer-term consumption of tree nuts and groundnuts, as well as l-arginine supplementation did improve fasting endothelial function, as assessed by FMD. However, the positive effects of tree nuts and groundnuts could not be fully explained by the amount of l-arginine in these nuts. Only l-arginine supplementation did improve postprandial FMD, but effects were not different from those of tree nuts and groundnuts. Future studies should focus on the identifications of the bioactive nutrients in tree nuts and groundnuts and mechanistic pathways behind differences in postprandial and longer-term fasting changes in FMD.
Topics: Arginine; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Fasting; Humans; Nuts; Postprandial Period; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Vasodilation
PubMed: 32980186
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.09.015 -
European Journal of Nutrition Sep 2022Low-grade inflammation in obesity is associated with insulin resistance and other metabolic disturbances. In response to high-energy meal intake, blood concentrations of... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
PURPOSE
Low-grade inflammation in obesity is associated with insulin resistance and other metabolic disturbances. In response to high-energy meal intake, blood concentrations of inflammatory markers, glucose and insulin rise. The aim of this study was to examine whether a basal inflammatory state influences postprandial responses.
METHODS
A randomized crossover trial was performed in 60 participants with a cardiometabolic risk phenotype (age 70 ± 5 years; BMI 30.9 ± 3.1 kg/m). Each participant consumed three different iso-energetic meals (4300 kJ): a Western diet-like high-fat meal (WDHF), a Western diet-like high-carbohydrate meal (WDHC) and a Mediterranean diet-like meal (MED). Blood samples were collected when fasted and hourly for 5 h postprandially and analyzed for glucose, insulin, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and endothelial adhesion molecules. Based on fasting serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations, participants were assigned to a high inflammation (CRP ≥ 2.0 mg/L; n = 30) or low inflammation (CRP < 2.0 mg/L; n = 30) group, and postprandial outcomes were compared.
RESULTS
Plasma IL-6, glucose and serum insulin increased after all meals, while IL-1β and endothelial adhesion molecules were unchanged. The high inflammation group had higher fasting and postprandial IL-6 concentrations than the low inflammation group, although the IL-6 response slope was similar between groups. In response to the WDHC meal, participants in the high inflammation group experienced a higher glycaemic response than those in the low inflammation group.
CONCLUSION
A basal proinflammatory state results in higher absolute fasting and postprandial IL-6 concentrations, but the increase in IL-6 relative to basal levels is not different between high and low inflammation groups. Elevated glycaemic response in the high inflammation group may be due to inflammation-induced short-term insulin resistance. The trial was registered at http://www.germanctr.de and http://www.drks.de under identifier DRKS00009861 (registration date, January 22, 2016).
Topics: Aged; Blood Glucose; C-Reactive Protein; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cross-Over Studies; Humans; Inflammation; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Interleukin-6; Meals; Phenotype; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 35352134
DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02870-7 -
Current Diabetes Reviews 2015This article reviews different glycemic parameters and is aimed to clarify the most dependable glycemic parameter that predicts renal preservation. Glycosylated... (Review)
Review
This article reviews different glycemic parameters and is aimed to clarify the most dependable glycemic parameter that predicts renal preservation. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) are the most commonly ordered tests for the diagnosis of diabetes and are also used to indicate prevention of microvascular complications associated with diabetes. Some experts have concluded that HbA1c remains the only test that can predict microvascular complications but HbA1c is misleading with anemia. Other experts have reported that elevation of 2 hour postprandial glucose (2hPPG) or postprandial hyperglycemia is critical for the development of diabetic complications Measurement of parameters under fasting conditions is convenient in both clinical and research settings and are used to establish clinical guidelines for diabetes management and for rating efficacy of management. Despite the use of these diagnostic markers and a plethora of oral antidiabetic agents to treat diabetes, diabetic complications namely; cardiovascular disorders (CVD), end stage renal disease (ESRD) and amputation are on the rise. Although affirmative data on many of the complications are not available, the United States Renal Data System on ESRD is a testimonial to poor diabetes care. We have innovated dglucose (2hPPG-FBG) and found that dglucose relates significantly to renal function change measured by serum creatinine levels or estimated glomerular filtration rate. Our current study on dglucose confirms our previous finding and validates the importance of dglucose to aid in the management of diabetes and prevents diabetic complications. In conclusion, the new finding in this study is dglucose (2h-postprandial glucose-Fasting glucose) which convincingly relates to renal function changes. Since dglucose is a product of 2hPP glucose, keeping 2hPPG under tight control with intensive insulin therapy is fundamentally important. Further blood pressure control avoiding the use of renin-angiotensin inhibitor therapy is additive to renal protection in diabetes.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Disease Management; Fasting; Glycated Hemoglobin; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Postprandial Period; Treatment Outcome; United States
PubMed: 25732030
DOI: 10.2174/1573399811666150302111453 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2021Growing evidence supports a role for extracellular vesicles (EVs) in haemostasis and thrombosis due to exposure of negatively charged procoagulant phospholipids (PPL)....
Growing evidence supports a role for extracellular vesicles (EVs) in haemostasis and thrombosis due to exposure of negatively charged procoagulant phospholipids (PPL). Current commercial PPL-dependent clotting assays use chemically phospholipid depleted plasma to measure PPL activity. The purpose of our study was to modify the PPL assay by substituting the chemically phospholipid depleted plasma with PPL depleted plasma obtained by ultracentrifugation This in order to get readily access to a sensitive and reliable assay to measure PPL activity in human plasma and cell supernatants. The performance of the assay was tested, including the influence of individual coagulation factors and postprandial lipoproteins and compared to a commercial PPL assay (STA-Procoag-PPL). The two PPL assays displayed similar sensitivity to exogenously added standardized phospholipids. The PPL activity measured by the modified assay strongly correlates with the results from the commercial assay. The intraday- and between-days coefficients of variation ranged from 2-4% depending on the PPL activity in the sample. The modified PPL assay was insensitive to postprandial lipoprotein levels in plasma, as well as to tissue factor (TF) positive EVs from stimulated whole blood. Our findings showed that the modified assay performed equal to the comparator, and was insensitive to postprandial lipoproteins and TF EVs.
Topics: Blood Coagulation Tests; Extracellular Vesicles; Humans; Phospholipids; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 33927323
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88835-y -
Physiological Genomics Apr 2018In 2015, a genome-wide association study described 59 independent signals that showed strong associations with 85 fasting metabolite concentrations as measured by the...
In 2015, a genome-wide association study described 59 independent signals that showed strong associations with 85 fasting metabolite concentrations as measured by the Biocrates AbsoluteIDQ p150 kit. However, the human body resides in a nonfasting state for the greater part of the day, and the genetic basis of postprandial metabolite concentrations remains largely unknown. We systematically examined these previously identified genetic associations in postprandial metabolite concentrations after a mixed meal. Of these 85 metabolites, 23 were identified with significant changes after the meal, for which 38 gene-metabolite associations were analyzed. Of these 38 associations, 31 gene-metabolite associations were replicated with postprandial metabolite concentrations. These data indicate that the genetics of fasting and postprandial metabolite levels are significantly overlapping.
Topics: Fasting; Genome-Wide Association Study; Humans; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 29373077
DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00101.2017 -
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology... Jul 2022Obesity interventions often result in increased motivation to eat.
CONTEXT
Obesity interventions often result in increased motivation to eat.
OBJECTIVE
We investigated relationships between obesity outcomes and changes in brain activation by visual food cues and hormone levels in response to obesity intervention by family-based behavioral treatment (FBT).
METHODS
Neuroimaging and hormone assessments were conducted before and after 24-week FBT intervention in children with obesity (OB, n = 28), or children of healthy weight without intervention (HW, n = 17), all 9- to 11-year-old boys and girls. We evaluated meal-induced changes in neural activation to high- vs low-calorie food cues across appetite-processing brain regions and gut hormones.
RESULTS
Among children with OB who underwent FBT, greater declines of BMI z-score were associated with lesser reductions after the FBT intervention in meal-induced changes in neural activation to high- vs low-calorie food cues across appetite-processing brain regions (P < 0.05), and the slope of relationship was significantly different compared with children of HW. In children with OB, less reduction in brain responses to a meal from before to after FBT was associated with greater meal-induced reduction in ghrelin and increased meal-induced stimulation in peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1 (all P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
In response to FBT, adaptations of central satiety responses and peripheral satiety-regulating hormones were noted. After weight loss, changes of peripheral hormone secretion support weight loss, but there was a weaker central satiety response. The findings suggest that even when peripheral satiety responses by gut hormones are intact, the central regulation of satiety is disturbed in children with OB who significantly improve their weight status during FBT, which could favor future weight regain.
Topics: Behavior Therapy; Brain; Child; Family Relations; Female; Gastrointestinal Hormones; Ghrelin; Humans; Male; Obesity; Peptide YY; Postprandial Period; Satiety Response; Weight Loss
PubMed: 35544121
DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac299