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Nutrients Apr 2020Food ingestion induces a metered response of the digestive system. Initially, the upper digestive system reacts to process and extract meal substrates. Later, meal... (Review)
Review
Food ingestion induces a metered response of the digestive system. Initially, the upper digestive system reacts to process and extract meal substrates. Later, meal residues not absorbed in the small bowel, pass into the colon and activate the metabolism of resident microbiota. Food consumption also induces sensations that arise before ingestion (e.g., anticipatory reward), during ingestion (e.g., gustation), and most importantly, after the meal (i.e., the postprandial experience). The postprandial experience involves homeostatic sensations (satiety, fullness) with a hedonic dimension (digestive well-being, mood). The factors that determine the postprandial experience are poorly understood, despite their potential role in personalized diets and healthy eating habits. Current data suggest that the characteristics of the meal (amount, palatability, composition), the activity of the digestive system (suited processing), and the receptivity of the eater (influenced by multiple conditioning factors) may be important in this context.
Topics: Affect; Digestion; Eating; Feeding Behavior; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Postprandial Period; Satiation; Satiety Response
PubMed: 32252402
DOI: 10.3390/nu12040986 -
Nutrients Feb 2020There is no question that elevated postprandial glycemia is a significant driver of common chronic diseases globally [...].
There is no question that elevated postprandial glycemia is a significant driver of common chronic diseases globally [...].
Topics: Diet, Healthy; Dietary Carbohydrates; Glycemic Index; Humans; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 32093020
DOI: 10.3390/nu12020536 -
Nature Metabolism Apr 2021Understanding how to modulate appetite in humans is key to developing successful weight loss interventions. Here, we showed that postprandial glucose dips 2-3 h after...
Understanding how to modulate appetite in humans is key to developing successful weight loss interventions. Here, we showed that postprandial glucose dips 2-3 h after a meal are a better predictor of postprandial self-reported hunger and subsequent energy intake than peak glucose at 0-2 h and glucose incremental area under the blood glucose curve at 0-2 h. We explore the links among postprandial glucose, appetite and subsequent energy intake in 1,070 participants from a UK exploratory and US validation cohort, who consumed 8,624 standardized meals followed by 71,715 ad libitum meals, using continuous glucose monitors to record postprandial glycaemia. For participants eating each of the standardized meals, the average postprandial glucose dip at 2-3 h relative to baseline level predicted an increase in hunger at 2-3 h (r = 0.16, P < 0.001), shorter time until next meal (r = -0.14, P < 0.001), greater energy intake at 3-4 h (r = 0.19, P < 0.001) and greater energy intake at 24 h (r = 0.27, P < 0.001). Results were directionally consistent in the US validation cohort. These data provide a quantitative assessment of the relevance of postprandial glycaemia in appetite and energy intake modulation.
Topics: Adult; Appetite; Blood Glucose; Cohort Studies; Diet; Energy Intake; Female; Humans; Hunger; Male; Postprandial Period; Predictive Value of Tests; Satiation; Young Adult
PubMed: 33846643
DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00383-x -
Diabetologia Feb 2022Sleep, diet and exercise are fundamental to metabolic homeostasis. In this secondary analysis of a repeated measures, nutritional intervention study, we tested whether...
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS
Sleep, diet and exercise are fundamental to metabolic homeostasis. In this secondary analysis of a repeated measures, nutritional intervention study, we tested whether an individual's sleep quality, duration and timing impact glycaemic response to a breakfast meal the following morning.
METHODS
Healthy adults' data (N = 953 [41% twins]) were analysed from the PREDICT dietary intervention trial. Participants consumed isoenergetic standardised meals over 2 weeks in the clinic and at home. Actigraphy was used to assess sleep variables (duration, efficiency, timing) and continuous glucose monitors were used to measure glycaemic variation (>8000 meals).
RESULTS
Sleep variables were significantly associated with postprandial glycaemic control (2 h incremental AUC), at both between- and within-person levels. Sleep period time interacted with meal type, with a smaller effect of poor sleep on postprandial blood glucose levels when high-carbohydrate (low fat/protein) (p = 0.02) and high-fat (p = 0.03) breakfasts were consumed compared with a reference 75 g OGTT. Within-person sleep period time had a similar interaction (high carbohydrate: p = 0.001, high fat: p = 0.02). Within- and between-person sleep efficiency were significantly associated with lower postprandial blood glucose levels irrespective of meal type (both p < 0.03). Later sleep midpoint (time deviation from midnight) was found to be significantly associated with higher postprandial glucose, in both between-person and within-person comparisons (p = 0.035 and p = 0.051, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION
Poor sleep efficiency and later bedtime routines are associated with more pronounced postprandial glycaemic responses to breakfast the following morning. A person's deviation from their usual sleep pattern was also associated with poorer postprandial glycaemic control. These findings underscore sleep as a modifiable, non-pharmacological therapeutic target for the optimal regulation of human metabolic health. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03479866.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Blood Glucose; Breakfast; Diet; Female; Glycemic Control; Glycemic Index; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Postprandial Period; Sleep Deprivation; Young Adult
PubMed: 34845532
DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05608-y -
Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental Sep 2023Continuous glucose monitoring has become a common adjunct in the management of Diabetes Mellitus. However, there has been a recent trend among individuals without... (Review)
Review
Continuous glucose monitoring has become a common adjunct in the management of Diabetes Mellitus. However, there has been a recent trend among individuals without diabetes using these devices as a means of monitoring their health. The increased visibility of glucose data has allowed users to study the effect lifestyle has upon post-prandial glucose levels. Although post-prandial hyperglycemia is well understood in the setting of diabetes, its impact in individuals without diabetes is less well defined. This article reviews the factors which contribute to post-prandial hyperglycemia in individuals without diabetes and how the data obtained from continuous glucose monitoring can be used to improve an individual's metabolic health.
Topics: Humans; Blood Glucose; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; Diabetes Mellitus; Hyperglycemia; Postprandial Period; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
PubMed: 37356796
DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155640 -
Journal of Applied Physiology... Feb 2018Disordered postprandial metabolism of energy substrates is one of the main defining features of prediabetes and contributes to the development of several chronic... (Review)
Review
Disordered postprandial metabolism of energy substrates is one of the main defining features of prediabetes and contributes to the development of several chronic diseases associated with obesity, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Postprandial energy metabolism has been studied using classical isotopic tracer approaches that are limited by poor access to splanchnic metabolism and highly dynamic and complex exchanges of energy substrates involving multiple organs and systems. Advances in noninvasive molecular imaging modalities, such as PET and MRI/magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), have recently allowed important advances in our understanding of postprandial energy metabolism in humans. The present review describes some of these recent advances, with particular focus on glucose and fatty acid metabolism in the postprandial state, and discusses current gaps in knowledge and new perspectives of application of PET and MRI/MRS for the investigation and treatment of human metabolic diseases.
Topics: Fatty Acids; Glucose; Humans; Metabolism; Molecular Imaging; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 28495844
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00212.2017 -
Journal of Nutritional Science 2021Fasting triacylglycerols have long been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other cardiometabolic conditions. Evidence suggests that non-fasting... (Review)
Review
Fasting triacylglycerols have long been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other cardiometabolic conditions. Evidence suggests that non-fasting triglycerides (i.e. measured within 8 h of eating) better predict CVD than fasting triglycerides, which has led several organisations to recommend non-fasting lipid panels as the new clinical standard. However, unstandardised assessment protocols associated with non-fasting triglyceride measurement may lead to misclassification, with at-risk individuals being overlooked. A third type of triglyceride assessment, postprandial testing, is more controlled, yet historically has been difficult to implement due to the time and effort required to execute it. Here, we review differences in assessment, the underlying physiology and the pathophysiological relevance of elevated fasting, non-fasting and postprandial triglycerides. We also present data suggesting that there may be a distinct advantage of postprandial triglycerides, even over non-fasting triglycerides, for early detection of CVD risk and offer suggestions to make postprandial protocols more clinically feasible.
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Fasting; Humans; Postprandial Period; Triglycerides
PubMed: 34589207
DOI: 10.1017/jns.2021.73 -
Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and... Aug 2021Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a rapidly growing yet largely preventable chronic disease. Exaggerated increases in blood glucose concentration following meals is a primary... (Review)
Review
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a rapidly growing yet largely preventable chronic disease. Exaggerated increases in blood glucose concentration following meals is a primary contributor to many long-term complications of the disease that decrease quality of life and reduce lifespan. Adverse health consequences also manifest years prior to the development of T2D due to underlying insulin resistance and exaggerated postprandial concentrations of the glucose-lowering hormone insulin. Postprandial hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic excursions can be improved by exercise, which contributes to the well-established benefits of physical activity for the prevention and treatment of T2D. The aim of this review is to describe the postprandial dysmetabolism that occurs in individuals at risk for and with T2D, and highlight how acute and chronic exercise can lower postprandial glucose and insulin excursions. In addition to describing the effects of traditional moderate-intensity continuous exercise on glycemic control, we highlight other forms of activity including low-intensity walking, high-intensity interval exercise, and resistance training. In an effort to improve knowledge translation and implementation of exercise for maximal glycemic benefits, we also describe how timing of exercise around meals and post-exercise nutrition can modify acute and chronic effects of exercise on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity. Exaggerated postprandial blood glucose and insulin excursions are associated with disease risk. Both a single session and repeated sessions of exercise improve postprandial glycemic control in individuals with and without T2D. The glycemic benefits of exercise can be enhanced by considering the timing and macronutrient composition of meals around exercise.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Exercise; Glycemic Control; Humans; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Nutrients; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 34081875
DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0168 -
Journal of Applied Physiology... Jul 2015
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Exercise; Female; Humans; Male; Meals; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 26177973
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00351.2015 -
Appetite Apr 2022The aim of this study was to compare gastrointestinal (GI) hormones and subjective ratings of appetite among obesity classes, and between classes of obesity and...
The aim of this study was to compare gastrointestinal (GI) hormones and subjective ratings of appetite among obesity classes, and between classes of obesity and controls. Ninety-eight adult individuals with obesity, divided into class I (n = 35), II (n = 44) and III (n = 19), together with 45 controls without obesity were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Body weight/composition, and basal and postprandial (after a 600 kcal fixed breakfast) plasma concentrations of acylated ghrelin, active glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), total peptide YY (PYY), cholecystokinin (CCK) and insulin, as well as subjective ratings of hunger, fullness, desire to eat (DTE) and prospective food consumption (PFC) were measured. There were no differences in the plasma concentration of GI hormones (either basal or postprandial) among obesity classes, except for insulin. In general, obesity was associated with impaired secretion of GI hormones. Ghrelin secretion did not decline postprandially in class-III obesity. GLP-1 peak for obesity class I and II was early and lower, while class III showed no postprandial GLP-1 response. Postprandial PYY response for obesity class II and III was absent, and class III showed a delayed and shortened postprandial CCK response. Obesity class II and III had greater basal insulin concentration compared to controls and postprandial insulin was greater in obesity class III versus class II, class I and controls. No differences were found for appetite ratings among obesity classes. In conclusion, obesity is characterized by impaired secretion of GI hormones, with reduced postprandial satiety, particularly in individuals with obesity class III. This abnormal pattern may lead to overeating.
Topics: Adult; Appetite; Cholecystokinin; Cross-Sectional Studies; Gastrointestinal Hormones; Ghrelin; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Humans; Insulin; Obesity; Peptide YY; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 35063622
DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.105940