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Scientific Reports Jun 2023Altered gut regulation, including motor and secretory mechanisms, is characteristic of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The severity of postprandial symptoms in IBS...
Altered gut regulation, including motor and secretory mechanisms, is characteristic of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The severity of postprandial symptoms in IBS patients is associated with discomfort and pain; gas-related symptoms such as bloating and abdominal distension; and abnormal colonic motility. The aim of this study was to assess the postprandial response, i.e., gut peptide secretion and gastric myoelectric activity, in patients with constipation-predominant IBS. The study was conducted on 42 IBS patients (14 males, 28 females, mean age 45.1 ± 15.3 years) and 42 healthy participants (16 males, 26 females, mean age 41.1 ± 8.7 years). The study assessed plasma gut peptide levels (gastrin, CCK-Cholecystokinin, VIP-Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, ghrelin, insulin) and gastric myoelectric activity obtained from electrogastrography (EGG) in the preprandial and postprandial period (meal-oral nutritional supplement 300 kcal/300 ml). Mean preprandial gastrin and insulin levels were significantly elevated in IBS patients compared to the control group (gastrin: 72.27 ± 26.89 vs. 12.27 ± 4.91 pg/ml; p < 0.00001 and insulin: 15.31 ± 12.92 vs. 8.04 ± 3.21 IU/ml; p = 0.0001), while VIP and ghrelin levels were decreased in IBS patients (VIP: 6.69 ± 4.68 vs. 27.26 ± 21.51 ng/ml; p = 0.0001 and ghrelin: 176.01 ± 88.47 vs. 250.24 ± 84.55 pg/ml; p < 0.0001). A nonsignificant change in the CCK level was observed. IBS patients showed significant changes in postprandial hormone levels compared to the preprandial state-specifically, there were increases in gastrin (p = 0.000), CCK (p < 0.0001), VIP (p < 0.0001), ghrelin (p = 0.000) and insulin (p < 0.0001). Patients with IBS showed reduced preprandial and postprandial normogastria (59.8 ± 22.0 vs. 66.3 ± 20.2%) compared to control values (83.19 ± 16.7%; p < 0.0001 vs. 86.1 ± 9.4%; p < 0.0001). In response to the meal, we did not observe an increase in the percentage of normogastria or the average percentage slow-wave coupling (APSWC) in IBS patients. The postprandial to preprandial power ratio (PR) indicates alterations in gastric contractions; in controls, PR = 2.7, whereas in IBS patients, PR = 1.7, which was significantly lower (p = 0.00009). This ratio reflects a decrease in gastric contractility. Disturbances in the postprandial concentration of gut peptides (gastrin, insulin and ghrelin) in plasma may contribute to abnormal gastric function and consequently intestinal motility, which are manifested in the intensification of clinical symptoms, such as visceral hypersensitivity or irregular bowel movements in IBS patients.
Topics: Male; Female; Humans; Adult; Middle Aged; Gastrointestinal Hormones; Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Ghrelin; Gastrins; Postprandial Period; Cholecystokinin; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; Insulins
PubMed: 37296188
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36445-1 -
Journal of Nutritional Science 2021Fasting triacylglycerols have long been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other cardiometabolic conditions. Evidence suggests that non-fasting... (Review)
Review
Fasting triacylglycerols have long been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other cardiometabolic conditions. Evidence suggests that non-fasting triglycerides (i.e. measured within 8 h of eating) better predict CVD than fasting triglycerides, which has led several organisations to recommend non-fasting lipid panels as the new clinical standard. However, unstandardised assessment protocols associated with non-fasting triglyceride measurement may lead to misclassification, with at-risk individuals being overlooked. A third type of triglyceride assessment, postprandial testing, is more controlled, yet historically has been difficult to implement due to the time and effort required to execute it. Here, we review differences in assessment, the underlying physiology and the pathophysiological relevance of elevated fasting, non-fasting and postprandial triglycerides. We also present data suggesting that there may be a distinct advantage of postprandial triglycerides, even over non-fasting triglycerides, for early detection of CVD risk and offer suggestions to make postprandial protocols more clinically feasible.
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Fasting; Humans; Postprandial Period; Triglycerides
PubMed: 34589207
DOI: 10.1017/jns.2021.73 -
JPMA. the Journal of the Pakistan... Mar 2021To evaluate the effect of cookies supplemented with apple pomace and mango-peel powder on postprandial glucose and insulin concentration.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effect of cookies supplemented with apple pomace and mango-peel powder on postprandial glucose and insulin concentration.
METHODS
The experimental study was conducted from February to August, 2018, at the Nutrition Counselling Centre, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Different cookies with apple pomace and mango-peel powder were prepared and the most nutritive acceptable cookies were used to determine their postprandial effect on glucose and insulin concentrations against the control cookies made with white flour only in female subjects. Adult women were selected through advertisement with normal body mass index. Data was analysed using SPSS 17.
RESULTS
All the 30 subjects received enriched and control cookies at different time slots during the study. The overall mean age of the sample was 25±10 years and each subject had body mass index <25kg/m2. Overall blood glucose and insulin concentrations were significantly lower with treatment cookies , compared to the control cookies (p<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
It was evident that fruit processing waste can be used as a nutraceutical agent in diet-based modules.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Flour; Glucose; Humans; Insulin; Pakistan; Postprandial Period; Young Adult
PubMed: 34057930
DOI: 10.47391/JPMA.735 -
Endocrinology Nov 2020Glucose homeostasis is maintained in large part due to the actions of the pancreatic islet hormones insulin and glucagon, secreted from β- and α-cells, respectively.... (Review)
Review
Glucose homeostasis is maintained in large part due to the actions of the pancreatic islet hormones insulin and glucagon, secreted from β- and α-cells, respectively. The historical narrative positions these hormones in opposition, with insulin primarily responsible for glucose-lowering and glucagon-driving elevations in glucose. Recent progress in this area has revealed a more complex relationship between insulin and glucagon, highlighted by data demonstrating that α-cell input is essential for β-cell function and glucose homeostasis. Moreover, the common perception that glucagon levels decrease following a nutrient challenge is largely shaped by the inhibitory effects of glucose administration alone on the α-cell. Largely overlooked is that a mixed nutrient challenge, which is more representative of typical human feeding, actually stimulates glucagon secretion. Thus, postprandial metabolism is associated with elevations, not decreases, in α-cell activity. This review discusses the recent advances in our understanding of how α-cells regulate metabolism, with a particular focus on the postprandial state. We highlight α- to β-cell communication, a term that describes how α-cell input into β-cells is a critical axis that regulates insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis. Finally, we discuss the open questions that have the potential to advance this field and continue to evolve our understanding of the role that α-cells play in postprandial metabolism.
Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Eating; Energy Metabolism; Glucagon; Glucagon-Secreting Cells; Humans; Insulin; Insulin Secretion; Islets of Langerhans; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 32964214
DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa169 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Mar 2024Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), a gastrointestinal peptide and central mediator of glucose metabolism, is secreted by L cells in the intestine in response to food... (Review)
Review
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), a gastrointestinal peptide and central mediator of glucose metabolism, is secreted by L cells in the intestine in response to food intake. Postprandial secretion of GLP-1 is triggered by nutrient-sensing via transporters and G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). GLP-1 secretion may be lower in adults with obesity/overweight (OW) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) than in those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), but these findings are inconsistent. Because of the actions of GLP-1 on stimulating insulin secretion and promoting weight loss, GLP-1 and its analogs are used in pharmacologic preparations for the treatment of T2DM. However, physiologically stimulated GLP-1 secretion through the diet might be a preventive or synergistic method for improving glucose metabolism in individuals who are OW, or have impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or T2DM. This narrative review focuses on fasting and postprandial GLP-1 secretion in individuals with different metabolic conditions and degrees of glucose intolerance. Further, the influence of relevant diet-related factors (e.g., specific diets, meal composition, and size, phytochemical content, and gut microbiome) that could affect fasting and postprandial GLP-1 secretion are discussed. Some studies showed diminished glucose- or meal-stimulated GLP-1 response in participants with T2DM, IGT, or OW compared with those with NGT, whereas other studies have reported an elevated or unchanged GLP-1 response in T2DM or IGT. Meal composition, especially the relationship between macronutrients and interventions targeting the microbiome can impact postprandial GLP-1 secretion, although it is not clear which macronutrients are strong stimulants of GLP-1. Moreover, glucose tolerance, antidiabetic treatment, grade of overweight/obesity, and sex were important factors influencing GLP-1 secretion. The results presented in this review highlight the potential of nutritional and physiologic stimulation of GLP-1 secretion. Further research on fasting and postprandial GLP-1 concentrations and the resulting metabolic consequences under different metabolic conditions is needed.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glucose Tolerance Test; Insulin; Blood Glucose; Overweight; Diet; Fasting; Glucose Intolerance; Obesity; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 38218319
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.01.007 -
American Journal of Physiology. Renal... Dec 2019Insulin is known to be an important regulator of a number of different channels and transporters in the kidney, but its role in the kidney to prevent Na and volume loss... (Review)
Review
Insulin is known to be an important regulator of a number of different channels and transporters in the kidney, but its role in the kidney to prevent Na and volume loss during the osmotic load after a meal has only recently been validated. With increasing numbers of people suffering from diabetes and hypertension, furthering our understanding of insulin signaling and renal Na handling in both normal and diseased states is essential for improving patient treatments and outcomes. The present review is focused on postprandial effects on Na reabsorption in the kidney and the role of the epithelial Na channels as an important channel contributing to insulin-mediated Na reclamation.
Topics: Animals; Homeostasis; Humans; Kidney; Postprandial Period; Water-Electrolyte Balance
PubMed: 31566434
DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00350.2019 -
American Journal of Physiology.... Dec 2022Chronic nausea is a widespread functional disease in children with numerous comorbidities. High-resolution electrogastrogram (HR-EGG) has shown sufficient sensitivity as...
Chronic nausea is a widespread functional disease in children with numerous comorbidities. High-resolution electrogastrogram (HR-EGG) has shown sufficient sensitivity as a noninvasive clinical marker to objectively detect distinct gastric slow wave properties in children with functional nausea. We hypothesized that the increased precision of magnetogastrogram (MGG) slow wave recordings could provide supplementary information not evident on HR-EGG. We evaluated simultaneous pre- and postprandial MGG and HR-EGG recordings in pediatric patients with chronic nausea and healthy asymptomatic subjects, while also measuring nausea intensity and nausea severity. We found significant reductions in postprandial dominant frequency and normogastric power, and higher levels of postprandial bradygastric power in patients with nausea in both MGG and HR-EGG. MGG also detected significantly lower preprandial normogastric power in patients. A significant difference in the mean preprandial gastric slow wave propagation direction was observed in patients as compared with controls in both MGG (control: 180 ± 61°, patient: 34 ±72°; < 0.05) and HR-EGG (control: 240 ± 39°, patient: 180 ± 46°; < 0.05). Patients also showed a significant change in the mean slow wave direction between pre- and postprandial periods in MGG ( < 0.05). No statistical differences were observed in propagation speed between healthy subjects and patients in either MGG or HR-EGG pre/postprandial periods. The use of MGG and/or HR-EGG represents an opportunity to assess noninvasively the effects of chronic nausea on gastric slow wave activity. MGG data may offer the opportunity for further refinement of the more portable and economical HR-EGG in future machine-learning approaches for functional nausea. Pediatric chronic nausea is a difficult-to-measure subjective complaint that requires objective diagnosis, clinical assessment, and individualized treatment plans. Our study demonstrates that multichannel MGG used in conjunction with custom HR-EGG detects key pathological signatures of functional nausea in children. This quantifiable measure may allow more personalized diagnosis and treatment in addition to minimizing the cost and potential radiation associated with current diagnostic approaches.
Topics: Humans; Child; Gastrointestinal Motility; Stomach; Postprandial Period; Biomarkers; Nausea
PubMed: 36255075
DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00158.2022 -
Lipids in Health and Disease Sep 2017One of the limitations for ranking foods and meals for healthiness on the basis of the glycaemic index (GI) is that the GI is subject to manipulation by addition of fat.... (Review)
Review
One of the limitations for ranking foods and meals for healthiness on the basis of the glycaemic index (GI) is that the GI is subject to manipulation by addition of fat. Postprandial lipemia, defined as a rise in circulating triglyceride containing lipoproteins following consumption of a meal, has been recognised as a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases. Many non-modifiable factors (pathological conditions, genetic background, age, sex and menopausal status) and life-style factors (physical activity, smoking, alcohol and medication use, dietary choices) may modulate postprandial lipemia. The structure and the composition of a food or a meal consumed also plays an important role in the rate of postprandial appearance and clearance of triglycerides in the blood. However, a major difficulty in grading foods, meals and diets according to their potential to elevate postprandial triglyceride levels has been the lack of a standardised marker that takes into consideration both the general characteristics of the food and the food's fat composition and quantity. The release rate of lipids from the food matrix during digestion also has an important role in determining the postprandial lipemic effects of a food product. This article reviews the factors that have been shown to influence postprandial lipemia with a view to develop a novel index for ranking foods according to their healthiness. This index should take into consideration not only the glycaemic but also lipemic responses.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Blood Pressure; Exercise; Fatty Acids; Female; Food; Humans; Hyperlipidemias; Insulin Resistance; Lipids; Male; Menopause; Nutrigenomics; Obesity; Postprandial Period; Smoking; Triglycerides
PubMed: 28923057
DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0568-5 -
Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and... Aug 2021Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a rapidly growing yet largely preventable chronic disease. Exaggerated increases in blood glucose concentration following meals is a primary... (Review)
Review
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a rapidly growing yet largely preventable chronic disease. Exaggerated increases in blood glucose concentration following meals is a primary contributor to many long-term complications of the disease that decrease quality of life and reduce lifespan. Adverse health consequences also manifest years prior to the development of T2D due to underlying insulin resistance and exaggerated postprandial concentrations of the glucose-lowering hormone insulin. Postprandial hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic excursions can be improved by exercise, which contributes to the well-established benefits of physical activity for the prevention and treatment of T2D. The aim of this review is to describe the postprandial dysmetabolism that occurs in individuals at risk for and with T2D, and highlight how acute and chronic exercise can lower postprandial glucose and insulin excursions. In addition to describing the effects of traditional moderate-intensity continuous exercise on glycemic control, we highlight other forms of activity including low-intensity walking, high-intensity interval exercise, and resistance training. In an effort to improve knowledge translation and implementation of exercise for maximal glycemic benefits, we also describe how timing of exercise around meals and post-exercise nutrition can modify acute and chronic effects of exercise on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity. Exaggerated postprandial blood glucose and insulin excursions are associated with disease risk. Both a single session and repeated sessions of exercise improve postprandial glycemic control in individuals with and without T2D. The glycemic benefits of exercise can be enhanced by considering the timing and macronutrient composition of meals around exercise.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Exercise; Glycemic Control; Humans; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Nutrients; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 34081875
DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0168 -
Journal of Applied Physiology... Jul 2015
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Exercise; Female; Humans; Male; Meals; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 26177973
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00351.2015