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The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology... Oct 2017Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) secretion has been shown to respond directly to carbohydrate consumption, with glucose, fructose, and sucrose all reported to...
CONTEXT
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) secretion has been shown to respond directly to carbohydrate consumption, with glucose, fructose, and sucrose all reported to increase plasma levels of FGF21 in rodents and humans. However, carbohydrate consumption also results in secretion of insulin.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to examine the combined and independent effects of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia on total and bioactive FGF21 in the postprandial period in humans, and determine whether this effect is attenuated in conditions of altered insulin secretion and action.
METHODS
Circulating glucose, insulin, total and bioactive FGF21, and fibroblast activation protein were measured in adults with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D) following an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and under a series of insulin and glucose clamp conditions and following high-fat diet in healthy adults.
RESULTS
Circulating total and bioactive FGF21 levels responded acutely to OGTT, and their ratio was attenuated in T2D patients with reduced postprandial insulin response. The clamp studies revealed that insulin but not glucose accounts for the postprandial rise in FGF21. Finally, there was an attenuated rise in FGF21 in response to a high-fat dietary intervention that is known to alter insulin-stimulated substrate utilization in metabolically active tissues.
CONCLUSIONS
Insulin rather than glucose per se increases total and bioactive FGF21 in the postprandial period in adult humans. Understanding the impact of T2D on bioactive FGF21 will have a significant effect upon the efficacy of therapeutic agents designed to target the FGF21 pathway.
Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, High-Fat; Female; Fibroblast Growth Factors; Glucose; Glucose Clamp Technique; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Insulin; Male; Middle Aged; Postprandial Period; Signal Transduction; Young Adult
PubMed: 28938434
DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01257 -
Journal of Diabetes Science and... Mar 2024Technosphere Insulin (TI) is an ultra-rapid-acting inhaled insulin. This study assessed the mean peak two-hour postprandial glucose concentration with the initial TI...
BACKGROUND
Technosphere Insulin (TI) is an ultra-rapid-acting inhaled insulin. This study assessed the mean peak two-hour postprandial glucose concentration with the initial TI dose (dose 1) calculated per the current label (United State Prescribing Information) compared with a ~2× higher dose (dose 2). Secondary objectives were to evaluate hypoglycemia within the two-hour postprandial period, evaluate change in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV) before and after the two-hour postprandial period, and monitor for other adverse events.
METHODS
Twenty patients with diabetes, on basal-bolus insulin therapy, received an initial dose 1 of TI followed by the higher dose 2, one to three days later. Subjects received an identical meal for both visits, and TI doses were administered immediately prior to the meal.
RESULTS
The higher dose 2 provided significant reductions in mean postprandial glucose excursion (PPGE) in the two-hour postprandial period starting from 45 minutes ( = .008) to 120 minutes ( < .0001). Mean peak glucose was reduced from 228.6 to 179.3 mg/dL ( < .001) at two hours. Two hypoglycemic events (one level 1, one level 2) were observed in a single subject during the two-hour postprandial period with dose 2. There were no significant changes in FEV after either dose of TI.
CONCLUSIONS
The higher dose 2 reduced PPGE versus the current label recommended dose 1 within the two-hour postprandial timeframe without any new safety concerns. When confirmed with a larger study, this higher TI dosing recommendation may help patients and clinicians minimize immediate postprandial hyperglycemia when titrating TI for prandial glucose control.
Topics: Humans; Glucose; Postprandial Period; Insulin; Insulin, Regular, Human; Hypoglycemia
PubMed: 35833638
DOI: 10.1177/19322968221110622 -
Hormones and Behavior Apr 2015Loneliness is strongly linked to poor health. Recent research suggests that appetite dysregulation provides one potential pathway through which loneliness and other... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Loneliness is strongly linked to poor health. Recent research suggests that appetite dysregulation provides one potential pathway through which loneliness and other forms of social disconnection influence health. Obesity may alter the link between loneliness and appetite-relevant hormones, one unexplored possibility. We examined the relationships between loneliness and both postmeal ghrelin and hunger, and tested whether these links differed for people with a higher versus lower body mass index (BMI; kg/m(2)). During this double-blind randomized crossover study, women (N=42) ate a high saturated fat meal at the beginning of one full-day visit and a high oleic sunflower oil meal at the beginning of the other. Loneliness was assessed once with a commonly used loneliness questionnaire. Ghrelin was sampled before the meal and postmeal at 2 and 7h. Self-reported hunger was measured before the meal, immediately postmeal, and then 2, 4, and 7h later. Lonelier women had larger postprandial ghrelin and hunger increases compared with less lonely women, but only among participants with a lower BMI. Loneliness and postprandial ghrelin and hunger were unrelated among participants with a higher BMI. These effects were consistent across both meals. These data suggest that ghrelin, an important appetite-regulation hormone, and hunger may link loneliness to weight gain and its corresponding negative health effects among non-obese people.
Topics: Appetite; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Breast Neoplasms; Cross-Over Studies; Diet, High-Fat; Double-Blind Method; Female; Ghrelin; Humans; Hunger; Loneliness; Middle Aged; Overweight; Postprandial Period; Surveys and Questionnaires; Survivors
PubMed: 25725426
DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.01.011 -
International Journal of Environmental... Oct 2022The relationship between metabolic flexibility (MF) and components of metabolic disease has not been well-studied among African American (AA) females and may play a role...
The relationship between metabolic flexibility (MF) and components of metabolic disease has not been well-studied among African American (AA) females and may play a role in the higher incidence of chronic disease among them compared with Caucasian American (CA) females. This pilot study aimed to compare the metabolic response of AA and CA females after a high-fat meal. Eleven AA (25.6 (5.6) y, 27.2 (6.0) kg/m, 27.5 (9.7) % body fat) and twelve CA (26.5 (1.5) y, 25.7 (5.3) kg/m, 25.0 (7.4) % body fat) women free of cardiovascular and metabolic disease and underwent a high-fat meal challenge (55.9% fat). Lipid oxidation, insulin, glucose, and interleukin (IL)-8 were measured fasted, 2 and 4 h postprandial. AA females had a significantly lower increase in lipid oxidation from baseline to 2 h postprandial ( = 0.022), and trended lower at 4 h postprandial ( = 0.081) compared with CA females, indicating worse MF. No group differences in insulin, glucose or HOMA-IR were detected. IL-8 was significantly higher in AA females compared with CA females at 2 and 4 h postprandial ( = 0.016 and = 0.015, respectively). These findings provide evidence of metabolic and inflammatory disparities among AA females compared with CA females that could serve as a predictor of chronic disease in individuals with a disproportionately higher risk of development.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Black or African American; Blood Glucose; Female; Glucose; Humans; Insulin; Interleukin-8; Lipids; Pilot Projects; Postprandial Period; Triglycerides
PubMed: 36232212
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912913 -
The Journal of Nutrition Oct 2021Feeding-induced cell signaling and metabolic responses affect utilization of dietary nutrients but are rarely taken advantage of to improve animal nutrition.
BACKGROUND
Feeding-induced cell signaling and metabolic responses affect utilization of dietary nutrients but are rarely taken advantage of to improve animal nutrition.
OBJECTIVES
We hypothesized that by modulating postprandial kinetics and signaling, improved dietary utilization and growth performance could be achieved in animals.
METHODS
Juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) with an initial mean ± SD weight of 10.1 ± 0.01 g were used. Two feeding frequencies (FFs), either 1 or 3 meals/d at a fixed 2.4% daily body weight ration, and 2 diets that were or were not supplemented with 1% crystalline leucine (Leu), were used in the 10-wk feeding trial. At the end of the trial, a 1-d force-feeding experiment was conducted using the aforementioned FF and experimental diets. Samples were collected for the analysis of postprandial kinetics of aminoacidemia, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling activities, protein deposition, as well as the mRNA expression levels of key metabolic checkpoints at consecutive time points after feeding.
RESULTS
Increased FF and leucine supplementation significantly enhanced fish growth by 7.68% ± 0.53% (means ±SD) and 7.89% ± 1.25%, respectively, and protein retention by 4.01% ± 0.59% and 4.44% ± 1.63%, respectively, in feeding trial experiments. The durations of postprandial aminoacidemia and mTOR activation were extended by increased FF, whereas leucine supplementation enhanced mTOR signaling without influencing the postprandial free amino acids kinetics. Increased FF and leucine supplementation enhanced muscle protein deposition 21.6% ± 6.85% and 22.3% ± 1.52%, respectively, in a 24-h postfeeding period.
CONCLUSIONS
We provided comprehensive characterization of the postprandial kinetics of nutrient sensing and metabolic responses under different feeding regimens and leucine supplementation in turbot. Fine-tuning of postprandial kinetics could provide a new direction for better dietary utilization and animal performances in aquaculture.
Topics: Animals; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Flatfishes; Leucine; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 34255073
DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab221 -
CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems... Oct 2023The TIGG model is the first model to integrate glucose and insulin regulation, incretin effect, and triglyceride (TG) response in the lipoprotein subclasses of...
The TIGG model is the first model to integrate glucose and insulin regulation, incretin effect, and triglyceride (TG) response in the lipoprotein subclasses of chylomicrons and VLDL-V6. This model described the response following a high-fat meal in individuals who are lean, obese, and very obese and provided insights into the possible regulation of glucose homeostasis in the extended period following a meal. Often, total TGs are analyzed within clinical studies, instead of lipoprotein subclasses. We extended the existing TIGG model to capture the observed total TGs and determined if this model could be used to predict the postprandial TG response of chylomicron and VLDL-V6 when only total TGs are available. To assess if the lipoprotein distinction was important for the model, a second model (tTIGG) was developed using only the postprandial response in total TGs, instead of postprandial TG response in chylomicrons and VLDL-V6. The two models were compared on their predictability to characterize the postprandial response of glucose, insulin, and active GLP-1. Both models were able to characterize the postprandial TG response in individuals who are lean, obese, or very obese following a high-fat meal. The extended TIGG model resulted in a better model fit of the glucose data compared to the tTIGG model, indicating that chylomicron and VLDL-V6 provided additional information compared to total TGs. Furthermore, the expanded TIGG model was able to predict the postprandial TG response of chylomicrons and VLDL-V6 using the total TGs and could therefore be used in studies where only total TGs were collected.
Topics: Humans; Triglycerides; Insulin; Glucose; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Lipoproteins; Chylomicrons; Obesity; Blood Glucose; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 37667531
DOI: 10.1002/psp4.13030 -
Nutrients Feb 2024The aim of the study was to explore the impact of both the macronutrient composition and snacking timing on the postprandial glycemic insulinemic responses and food...
The aim of the study was to explore the impact of both the macronutrient composition and snacking timing on the postprandial glycemic insulinemic responses and food intake. Seventeen healthy female volunteers completed the randomized crossover trials. The volunteers were provided a standard breakfast and lunch at 8:00 and 13:00, respectively, and an ad libitum dinner at 18:00. Provided at either 10:30 (midmorning) or 12:30 (preload), the glycemic effects of the three types of 70 kcal snacks, including chicken breast (mid-C and pre-C), apple (mid-A and pre-A), and macadamia nut (mid-M and pre-M), were compared with the non-snack control (CON), evaluated by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). The mid-M showed increased insulin resistance after lunch compared with CON, while the pre-M did not. The pre-A stabilized the glycemic response in terms of all variability parameters after lunch, while the mid-A had no significant effect on postprandial glucose control. Both the mid-C and pre-C improved the total area under the glucose curve, all glycemic variability parameters, and the insulin resistance within 2 h after lunch compared with CON. The pre-C attained the lowest energy intake at dinner, while the mid-A and the mid-M resulted in the highest. In conclusion, the chicken breast snack effectively stabilized postprandial glycemic excursion and reduced insulin resistance while the macadamia snack did not, regardless of ingestion time. Only as a preload could the apple snack mitigate the glucose response after the subsequent meal.
Topics: Humans; Female; Snacks; Blood Glucose; Insulin Resistance; Healthy Volunteers; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; Meals; Glucose; Nutrients; Postprandial Period; Cross-Over Studies; Insulin
PubMed: 38398859
DOI: 10.3390/nu16040535 -
Journal of Applied Physiology... Aug 2017There is no consensus regarding optimal exercise timing for reducing postprandial glucose (PPG). The purpose of the present study was to determine the most effective...
There is no consensus regarding optimal exercise timing for reducing postprandial glucose (PPG). The purpose of the present study was to determine the most effective exercise timing. Eleven participants completed four different exercise patterns ) no exercise; ) preprandial exercise (jogging); ) postprandial exercise; and ) brief periodic exercise intervention (three sets of 1-min jogging + 30 s of rest, every 30 min, 20 times total) in a random order separated by a minimum of 5 days. Preprandial and postprandial exercise consisted of 20 sets of intermittent exercise (1 min of jogging + 30 s rest per set) repeated 3 times per day. Total daily exercise volume was identical for all three exercise patterns. Exercise intensities were 62.4 ± 12.9% V̇o Blood glucose concentrations were measured continuously throughout each trial for 24 h. After breakfast, peak blood glucose concentrations were lower with brief periodic exercise (99 ± 6 mg/dl) than those with preprandial and postprandial exercise (109 ± 10 and 115 ± 14 mg/dl, respectively, < 0.05, effect size = 0.517). After lunch, peak glucose concentrations were lower with brief periodic exercise than those with postprandial exercise (97 ± 5 and 108 ± 8 mg/dl, < 0.05, effect size = 0.484). After dinner, peak glucose concentrations did not significantly differ among exercise patterns. Areas under the curve over 24 h and 2 h postprandially did not differ among exercise patterns. These findings suggest that brief periodic exercise may be more effective than preprandial and postprandial exercise at attenuating PPG in young active individuals. This was the first study to investigate the effect of different exercise timing (brief periodic vs. preprandial vs. postprandial exercise) on postprandial glucose (PPG) attenuation in active healthy men. We demonstrated that brief periodic exercise attenuated peak PPG levels more than preprandial and postprandial exercise, particularly in the morning. Additionally, PPG rebounded soon after discontinuing postprandial exercise. Thus, brief periodic exercise may be better than preprandial and postprandial exercise at attenuating PPG levels.
Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Exercise; Glucose; Humans; Male; Meals; Postprandial Period; Young Adult
PubMed: 28408695
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00608.2016 -
Lipids in Health and Disease Apr 2018There is evidence to suggest that postprandial lipemia are is linked to the impairment of endothelial function, which is characterized by an imbalance between the... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
There is evidence to suggest that postprandial lipemia are is linked to the impairment of endothelial function, which is characterized by an imbalance between the actions of vasodilators and vasoconstrictors. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a 12-week high-intensity training (HIT) and moderate continuous training (MCT) protocol on postprandial lipemia, vascular function and arterial stiffness in inactive adults after high-fat meal (HFM) ingestion.
METHODS
A randomized clinical trial was conducted in 20 healthy, inactive adults (31.6 ± 7.1 years). Participants followed the two exercise protocols for 12 weeks. To induce a state of postprandial lipemia (PPL), all subjects received a HFM. Endothelial function was measured using flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD), normalized brachial artery FMD (nFMD), aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AIx). Plasma total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), triglycerides and glucose were also measured.
RESULTS
The effects of a HFM were evaluated in a fasted state and 60, 120, 180, and 240 min postprandially. A significant decrease in serum glucose between 0 min (fasted state) and 120 min postprandially was found in the HIT group (P = 0.035). Likewise, FMD (%) was significantly different between the fasted state and 60 min after a HFM in the HIT group (P = 0.042). The total cholesterol response expressed as area under curve (AUC) was lower following HIT than following MCT, but no significant differences were observed (8%, P > 0.05). Similarly, triglycerides AUC was also lower after HIT compared with MCT, which trended towards significance (24%, P = 0.076). The AUC for the glucose response was significantly lower following HIT than MCT (10%, P = 0.008). FMD and nFMD AUC were significantly higher following HIT than following MCT (46.9%, P = 0.021 and 67.3%, P = 0.009, respectively). PWV AUC did not differ following between the two exercise groups (2.3%, P > 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Supervised exercise training mitigates endothelial dysfunction and glucose response induced by PPL. Exercise intensity plays an important role in these protective effects, and medium-term HIT may be more effective than MCT in reducing postprandial glucose levels and attenuating vascular impairment.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT02738385 Date of registration: April 14, 2016.
Topics: Adult; Cholesterol; Diet, High-Fat; Endothelium, Vascular; Exercise; Female; Humans; Hyperlipidemias; Male; Postprandial Period; Vascular Stiffness; Vasodilation
PubMed: 29615070
DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0719-3 -
European Journal of Nutrition Sep 2022Low-grade inflammation in obesity is associated with insulin resistance and other metabolic disturbances. In response to high-energy meal intake, blood concentrations of... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
PURPOSE
Low-grade inflammation in obesity is associated with insulin resistance and other metabolic disturbances. In response to high-energy meal intake, blood concentrations of inflammatory markers, glucose and insulin rise. The aim of this study was to examine whether a basal inflammatory state influences postprandial responses.
METHODS
A randomized crossover trial was performed in 60 participants with a cardiometabolic risk phenotype (age 70 ± 5 years; BMI 30.9 ± 3.1 kg/m). Each participant consumed three different iso-energetic meals (4300 kJ): a Western diet-like high-fat meal (WDHF), a Western diet-like high-carbohydrate meal (WDHC) and a Mediterranean diet-like meal (MED). Blood samples were collected when fasted and hourly for 5 h postprandially and analyzed for glucose, insulin, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and endothelial adhesion molecules. Based on fasting serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations, participants were assigned to a high inflammation (CRP ≥ 2.0 mg/L; n = 30) or low inflammation (CRP < 2.0 mg/L; n = 30) group, and postprandial outcomes were compared.
RESULTS
Plasma IL-6, glucose and serum insulin increased after all meals, while IL-1β and endothelial adhesion molecules were unchanged. The high inflammation group had higher fasting and postprandial IL-6 concentrations than the low inflammation group, although the IL-6 response slope was similar between groups. In response to the WDHC meal, participants in the high inflammation group experienced a higher glycaemic response than those in the low inflammation group.
CONCLUSION
A basal proinflammatory state results in higher absolute fasting and postprandial IL-6 concentrations, but the increase in IL-6 relative to basal levels is not different between high and low inflammation groups. Elevated glycaemic response in the high inflammation group may be due to inflammation-induced short-term insulin resistance. The trial was registered at http://www.germanctr.de and http://www.drks.de under identifier DRKS00009861 (registration date, January 22, 2016).
Topics: Aged; Blood Glucose; C-Reactive Protein; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cross-Over Studies; Humans; Inflammation; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Interleukin-6; Meals; Phenotype; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 35352134
DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02870-7