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The Lancet. Infectious Diseases Mar 2016Topical and oral antibiotics are routinely used to treat acne. However, antibiotic resistance is increasing, with many countries reporting that more than 50% of... (Review)
Review
Topical and oral antibiotics are routinely used to treat acne. However, antibiotic resistance is increasing, with many countries reporting that more than 50% of Propionibacterium acnes strains are resistant to topical macrolides, making them less effective. We reviewed the current scientific literature to enable proposal of recommendations for antibiotic use in acne treatment. References were identified through PubMed searches for articles published from January, 1954, to March 7, 2015, using four multiword searches. Ideally, benzoyl peroxide in combination with a topical retinoid should be used instead of a topical antibiotic to minimise the impact of resistance. Oral antibiotics still have a role in the treatment of moderate-to-severe acne, but only with a topical retinoid, benzoyl peroxide, or their combination, and ideally for no longer than 3 months. To limit resistance, it is recommended that benzoyl peroxide should always be added when long-term oral antibiotic use is deemed necessary. The benefit-to-risk ratio of long-term antibiotic use should be carefully considered and, in particular, use alone avoided where possible. There is a need to treat acne with effective alternatives to antibiotics to reduce the likelihood of resistance.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Benzoyl Peroxide; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Propionibacterium acnes; Retinoids
PubMed: 26852728
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00527-7 -
Science Translational Medicine Feb 2022Innate immune defense against deep tissue infection by is orchestrated by fibroblasts that become antimicrobial when triggered to differentiate into adipocytes....
Innate immune defense against deep tissue infection by is orchestrated by fibroblasts that become antimicrobial when triggered to differentiate into adipocytes. However, the role of this process in noninfectious human diseases is unknown. To investigate the potential role of adipogenesis by dermal fibroblasts in acne, a disorder triggered by , single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on human acne lesions and mouse skin challenged by . A transcriptome consistent with adipogenesis was observed within specific fibroblast subsets from human acne and mouse skin lesions infected with . Perifollicular dermal preadipocytes in human acne and mouse skin lesions showed colocalization of PREF1, an early marker of adipogenesis, and cathelicidin (), an antimicrobial peptide. This capacity of to specifically trigger production of cathelicidin in preadipocytes was dependent on TLR2. Treatment of wild-type mice with retinoic acid (RA) suppressed the capacity of to form acne-like lesions, inhibited adipogenesis, and enhanced cathelicidin expression in preadipocytes, but lesions were unresponsive in mice, despite the anti-adipogenic action of RA. Analysis of inflamed skin of acne patients after retinoid treatment also showed enhanced induction of cathelicidin, a previously unknown beneficial effect of retinoids in difficult-to-treat acne. Overall, these data provide evidence that adipogenic fibroblasts are a critical component of the pathogenesis of acne and represent a potential target for therapy.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Humans; Mice; Propionibacterium acnes; Skin Diseases; Staphylococcus aureus; Tretinoin
PubMed: 35171653
DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abh1478 -
Nature Oct 2014The varied topography of human skin offers a unique opportunity to study how the body's microenvironments influence the functional and taxonomic composition of microbial...
The varied topography of human skin offers a unique opportunity to study how the body's microenvironments influence the functional and taxonomic composition of microbial communities. Phylogenetic marker gene-based studies have identified many bacteria and fungi that colonize distinct skin niches. Here metagenomic analyses of diverse body sites in healthy humans demonstrate that local biogeography and strong individuality define the skin microbiome. We developed a relational analysis of bacterial, fungal and viral communities, which showed not only site specificity but also individual signatures. We further identified strain-level variation of dominant species as heterogeneous and multiphyletic. Reference-free analyses captured the uncharacterized metagenome through the development of a multi-kingdom gene catalogue, which was used to uncover genetic signatures of species lacking reference genomes. This work is foundational for human disease studies investigating inter-kingdom interactions, metabolic changes and strain tracking, and defines the dual influence of biogeography and individuality on microbial composition and function.
Topics: Bacteriophages; Female; Genome, Bacterial; Genome, Fungal; Genome, Viral; Genomics; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Male; Metagenome; Phylogeny; Propionibacterium acnes; Skin; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Symbiosis
PubMed: 25279917
DOI: 10.1038/nature13786 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2018Antibiotics are often prescribed in acne treatment; however, and , the two of the major acne-associated bacteria, developed antibiotic resistance. Essential oils (EOs)...
Antibiotics are often prescribed in acne treatment; however, and , the two of the major acne-associated bacteria, developed antibiotic resistance. Essential oils (EOs) present a natural, safe, efficacious and multifunctional alternative treatment. This study aimed to assess the potential anti-acne activity of selected seven EOs commonly used in Mediterranean folk medicine. Antimicrobial activity screening of these oils showed oregano to exhibit the strongest antimicrobial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.34 mg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 0.67 mg/mL against ; and MIC of 0.67 mg/mL and MBC of 1.34 mg/mL against . The composition of the most effective EOs (oregano and thyme) was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Monoterpenoid phenols predominated oregano and thyme EO with thymol percentile 99 and 72, respectively. Thymol showed MIC 0.70 mg/mL against both and whereas MBC was 1.40 and 2.80 mg/mL against and , respectively. Moreover, oregano exhibited the strongest anti-biofilm effect against with MBIC 1.34 mg/mL and killing dynamic time of 12 and 8 h against and , respectively. Oregano, the most effective EO, was formulated and tested as a nanoemulsion in an acne animal mouse model. The formulation showed superior healing and antimicrobial effects compared to the reference antibiotic. Collectively, our data suggested that oregano oil nanoemulsion is a potential natural and effective alternative for treating acne and overcoming the emerging antibiotic resistance.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biofilms; Disease Models, Animal; Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; Emulsions; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Mice; Nanoparticles; Oils, Volatile; Origanum; Plant Extracts; Propionibacterium acnes; Staphylococcus epidermidis
PubMed: 30154336
DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092164 -
Science Translational Medicine Jun 2015Various diseases have been linked to the human microbiota, but the underlying molecular mechanisms of the microbiota in disease pathogenesis are often poorly understood....
Various diseases have been linked to the human microbiota, but the underlying molecular mechanisms of the microbiota in disease pathogenesis are often poorly understood. Using acne as a disease model, we aimed to understand the molecular response of the skin microbiota to host metabolite signaling in disease pathogenesis. Metatranscriptomic analysis revealed that the transcriptional profiles of the skin microbiota separated acne patients from healthy individuals. The vitamin B12 biosynthesis pathway in the skin bacterium Propionibacterium acnes was significantly down-regulated in acne patients. We hypothesized that host vitamin B12 modulates the activities of the skin microbiota and contributes to acne pathogenesis. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the skin microbiota in healthy subjects supplemented with vitamin B12. We found that the supplementation repressed the expression of vitamin B12 biosynthesis genes in P. acnes and altered the transcriptome of the skin microbiota. One of the 10 subjects studied developed acne 1 week after vitamin B12 supplementation. To further understand the molecular mechanism, we revealed that vitamin B12 supplementation in P. acnes cultures promoted the production of porphyrins, which have been shown to induce inflammation in acne. Our findings suggest a new bacterial pathogenesis pathway in acne and provide one molecular explanation for the long-standing clinical observation that vitamin B12 supplementation leads to acne development in a subset of individuals. Our study discovered that vitamin B12, an essential nutrient in humans, modulates the transcriptional activities of skin bacteria, and provided evidence that metabolite-mediated interactions between the host and the skin microbiota play essential roles in disease development.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Adult; Case-Control Studies; Dietary Supplements; Down-Regulation; Female; Gene Expression Profiling; Humans; Male; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Microbiota; Models, Biological; Operon; Porphyrins; Propionibacterium acnes; Skin; Transcription, Genetic; Transcriptome; Vitamin B 12; Young Adult
PubMed: 26109103
DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aab2009 -
Dermatology and Therapy Jan 2024The skin microbiome consists of the microorganisms populating the human skin. Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes, formerly named Propionibacterium acnes) is recognized as a... (Review)
Review
The skin microbiome consists of the microorganisms populating the human skin. Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes, formerly named Propionibacterium acnes) is recognized as a key factor in acne development, regulating inflammatory and immune pathways. Dysbiosis has been described as the imbalance in skin microbiome homeostasis and may play a role in acne pathogenesis. Microbial interference has been shown to be a contributor to healthy skin homeostasis and staphylococcal strains may exclude acne-associated C. acnes phylotypes. In this review we present an update on the skin microbiome in acne and discuss how current acne treatments such as benzoyl peroxide, orally administered isotretinoin, and antibiotics may affect the skin microbiome homeostasis. We highlight the collateral damage of acne antibiotics on the skin microbiome, including the risk of antimicrobial resistance and the dysregulation of the microbiome equilibrium that may occur even with short-term antibiotic courses. Consequently, the interest is shifting towards new non-antibiotic pharmacological acne treatments. Orally administered spironolactone is an emerging off-label treatment for adult female patients and topical peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) modulation is being studied for patients with acne. The potential application of topical or oral probiotics, bacteriotherapy, and phage therapy for acne are further promising areas of future research.
PubMed: 38183614
DOI: 10.1007/s13555-023-01079-8 -
Journal of Microbiology and... Nov 2022Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of the sebaceous gland attached to the hair follicles. is a major cause of inflammation caused by acne. It is well known that...
Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of the sebaceous gland attached to the hair follicles. is a major cause of inflammation caused by acne. It is well known that secretes a lipolytic enzyme to break down lipids in sebum, and free fatty acids produced at this time accelerate the inflammatory reaction. There are several drugs used to treat acne; however, each one has various side effects. According to previous studies, sulforaphene (SFEN) has several functions associated with lipid metabolism, brain function, and antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we examined the effects of SFEN on bacterial growth and inflammatory cytokine production induced by . The results revealed that SFEN reduced the growth of and inhibited proinflammatory cytokines in -treated HaCaT keratinocytes through inhibiting NF-κB-related pathways. In addition, SFEN regulated the expression level of IL-1α, a representative pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed in co-cultured HaCaT keratinocytes and THP-1 monocytes induced by . In conclusion, SFEN showed antibacterial activity against and controlled the inflammatory response on keratinocytes and monocytes. This finding means that SFEN has potential as both a cosmetic material for acne prevention and a pharmaceutical material for acne treatment.
Topics: Humans; Propionibacterium acnes; Inflammation; Acne Vulgaris; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 36437519
DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2209.09051 -
Circulation Journal : Official Journal... Oct 2019
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Antimalarials; Cardiomyopathies; Early Diagnosis; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Incidence; Japan; Male; Middle Aged; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Prevalence; Propionibacterium acnes; Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary; Young Adult
PubMed: 31597819
DOI: 10.1253/circj.CJ-19-0508 -
EFORT Open Reviews Apr 2017Periprosthetic shoulder infection (PSI) is rare but potentially devastating. The rate of PSI is increased in cases of revision procedures, reverse shoulder implants and... (Review)
Review
Periprosthetic shoulder infection (PSI) is rare but potentially devastating. The rate of PSI is increased in cases of revision procedures, reverse shoulder implants and co-morbidities. One specific type of PSI is the occurrence of low-grade infections caused by non-suppurative bacteria such as or .Success of treatment depends on micro-organism identification, appropriate surgical procedures and antibiotic administration efficiency. Post-operative early PSI can be treated with simple debridement, while chronic PSI requires a one- or two-stage revision procedure. Indication for one-time exchange is based on pre-operative identification of a causative agent. Resection arthroplasty remains an option for low-demand patients or recalcitrant infection. Cite this article: 2017;2:104-109. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.2.160023.
PubMed: 28507783
DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.2.160023 -
International Journal of Shoulder... 2015Propionibacterium acnes has been implicated as a cause of infection following shoulder surgery, may occur up to 2 years after the index operation and has been shown to... (Review)
Review
Propionibacterium acnes has been implicated as a cause of infection following shoulder surgery, may occur up to 2 years after the index operation and has been shown to be responsible for up to 56% of shoulder infections after orthopedic implant. Male patients within the population undergoing shoulder surgery are particularly at risk, especially if their shoulder surgery involved prosthesis or was posttraumatic. P. acnes infection can be difficult to diagnose clinically and laboratory techniques require prolonged and specialized cultures. Usual inflammatory markers are not raised in infection with this low virulence organism. Delayed diagnosis with P. acnes infection can result in significant morbidity prior to prosthesis failure. Early diagnosis of P. acnes infection and appropriate treatment can improve clinical outcomes. It is important to be aware of P. acnes infection in shoulder surgery, to evaluate risk factors, to recognize the signs of P. acnes infection, and to promptly initiate treatment. The signs and symptoms of P. acnes infection are described and discussed. Data were collected from PubMed™, Web of Science, and the NICE Evidence Healthcare Databases - AMED (Ovid), BNI (Ovid), CINAHL (EBSCO), Embase (Ovid), HMIC: DH-Data and Kings Fund (Ovid), Medline (Ovid), and PsycINFO (Ovid). The search terms used were "P. acnes," "infection," "shoulder," and "surgery." In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the prevention and management of P. acnes infection following shoulder surgery.
PubMed: 26622132
DOI: 10.4103/0973-6042.167957