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The British Journal of Dermatology Feb 2017From birth, we are constantly exposed to bacteria, fungi and viruses, some of which are capable of transiently or permanently inhabiting our different body parts as our... (Review)
Review
From birth, we are constantly exposed to bacteria, fungi and viruses, some of which are capable of transiently or permanently inhabiting our different body parts as our microbiota. The majority of our microbial interactions occur during and after birth, and several different factors, including age, sex, genetic constitution, environmental conditions and lifestyle, have been suggested to shape the composition of this microbial community. Propionibacterium acnes is one of the most dominant lipophilic microbes of the postadolescent, sebum-rich human skin regions. Currently, the role of this bacterium in the pathogenesis of the most common inflammatory skin disease, acne vulgaris, is a topic of intense scientific debate. Recent results suggest that Westernization strongly increases the dominance of the Propionibacterium genus in human skin compared with natural populations living more traditional lifestyles. According to the disappearing microbiota hypothesis proposed by Martin Blaser, such alterations in the composition of our microbiota are the possible consequences of socioeconomic and lifestyle changes occurring after the industrial revolution. Evanescence of species that are important elements of the human ecosystem might lead to the overgrowth and subsequent dominance of others because of the lack of ecological competition. Such changes can disturb the fine-tuned balance of the human body and, accordingly, our microbes developed through a long co-evolutionary process. These processes might lead to the transformation of a seemingly harmless species into an opportunistic pathogen through bacterial dysbiosis. This might have happened in the case of P. acnes in acne pathogenesis.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Environment; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Life Style; Microbiota; Propionibacterium acnes; Residence Characteristics; Skin; Skin Diseases, Bacterial; Socioeconomic Factors
PubMed: 27518483
DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14967 -
Hawai'i Journal of Health & Social... Nov 2019Infection is a rare but serious complication of shoulder arthroplasty. The most prevalent cause of patient infections is (formerly ), a commensal skin bacterial...
Infection is a rare but serious complication of shoulder arthroplasty. The most prevalent cause of patient infections is (formerly ), a commensal skin bacterial species. Its presentation is often non-specific and can occur long after shoulder arthroplasty, leading to delay in diagnosis. This bacterium is difficult to culture, typically taking 14 to 17 days for a positive culture and often does not exhibit abnormal results on a standard laboratory workup for infection (eg, ESR, CRP, and synovial WBC count). Male patients are at particularly high-risk due to having a greater number of sebaceous follicles than females. While it is difficult to diagnose, early diagnosis can lead to decreased morbidity, appropriate treatment, and improved clinical outcomes. Current options for treatment include antibiotics, one stage implant exchange, or two stage implant exchange, although success rates of each are not currently well described. A better understanding of the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infection could lead to better patient outcomes from shoulder arthroplasty.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arthroplasty, Replacement; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Joint Prosthesis; Propionibacterium acnes; Prosthesis-Related Infections; Sex Factors; Shoulder Joint; Surgical Wound Infection
PubMed: 31773103
DOI: No ID Found -
BMC Pulmonary Medicine Nov 2016During the last few years, investigators have debated the role that infectious agents may have in sarcoidosis pathogenesis. With the emergence of new molecular biology... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
During the last few years, investigators have debated the role that infectious agents may have in sarcoidosis pathogenesis. With the emergence of new molecular biology techniques, several studies have been conducted; therefore, we performed a meta-analysis in order to better explain this possible association.
METHODS
This review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement from the Cochrane collaboration guidelines. Four different databases (Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Collaboration) were searched for all original articles published from 1980 to 2015. The present meta-analysis included case-control studies that reported the presence of microorganisms in samples of patients with sarcoidosis using culture methods or molecular biology techniques. We used a random effects or a fixed-effect model to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were performed in order to explore the heterogeneity among studies.
RESULTS
Fifty-eight studies qualified for the purpose of this analysis. The present meta-analysis, the first, to our knowledge, in evaluation of all infectious agents proposed to be associated with sarcoidosis and involving more than 6000 patients in several countries, suggests an etiological link between Propionibacterium acnes and sarcoidosis, with an OR of 18.80 (95% CI 12.62, 28.01). We also found a significant association between sarcoidosis and mycobacteria, with an OR of 6.8 (95% CI 3.73, 12.39). Borrelia (OR 4.82; 95% CI 0.98, 23.81), HHV-8 (OR 1.47; 95% CI 0.02, 110.06) as well as Rickettsia helvetica, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Epstein-barr virus and Retrovirus, although suggested by previous investigations, were not associated with sarcoidosis.
CONCLUSION
This meta-analysis suggests that some infectious agents can be associated with sarcoidosis. What seems clear is that more than one infectious agent might be implicated in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis; probably the patient's geographical location might dictate which microorganisms are more involved. Future investigations and more clinical trials are need to bring these evidences to a more global level.
Topics: Humans; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium Infections; Propionibacterium acnes; Sarcoidosis; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 27894280
DOI: 10.1186/s12890-016-0332-z -
Microorganisms Jan 2023The immunohistochemical detection of in sarcoid granulomas suggests its potential role in granuloma formation. is the sole microorganism ever isolated from sarcoid... (Review)
Review
The immunohistochemical detection of in sarcoid granulomas suggests its potential role in granuloma formation. is the sole microorganism ever isolated from sarcoid lesions. Histopathologic analysis of some sarcoid lymph nodes reveals latent infection and intracellular proliferation of cell-wall-deficient followed by insoluble immune-complex formation. Activation of T helper type 1 (Th1) immune responses by is generally higher in sarcoidosis patients than in healthy individuals. Pulmonary granulomatosis caused by an experimental adjuvant-induced allergic immune response to is preventable by antimicrobials, suggesting that the allergic reaction targets commensal in the lungs. is the most common bacterium detected intracellularly in human peripheral lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes. Some sarcoidosis patients have increased amounts of -derived circulating immune complexes, which suggests the proliferation of in affected organs. In predisposed individuals with hypersensitive Th1 immune responses to , granulomas may form to confine the intracellular proliferation of latent triggered by certain host-related or drug-induced conditions. Current clinical trials in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis are evaluating combined treatment with steroids and antimicrobials during active disease with continued antimicrobial therapy while tapering off steroids after the disease subsides.
PubMed: 36838255
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020289 -
Indian Journal of Dermatology,... 2017Acne, the most common skin disease, is a disorder of pilosebaceous units that affects adolescents mainly and adults occasionally. The pathogenesis is multifactorial.... (Review)
Review
Acne, the most common skin disease, is a disorder of pilosebaceous units that affects adolescents mainly and adults occasionally. The pathogenesis is multifactorial. Besides genetic predisposition, other major factors include the action of androgens, pro-inflammatory lipids acting as ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in the sebocytes, toll-like receptor-2 acting on keratinocytes, recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, cytokines, chemokines, inflammasomes, neuroendocrine regulatory mechanisms, diet and other pro-inflammatory targets implicated in the activation of immune detection and response. Most of these factors converge on mammalian target of rapamycin complex1 (mTORC1) activation which is further enhanced by the nutrient signaling of Western diet. This multitude of pathogenic factors has led to a new armamentarium of drugs for the treatment of acne. Topical anti-androgens, insulin-like growth factor-1 inhibitors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-modulators, acetylcholine inhibitors, topical retinoic acid metabolism-blocking agents, vitamin D analogues, antimicrobial peptides, interleukin-1α and interleukin-1β blockers and immunotherapy are some of the novel treatment options.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Administration, Topical; Dermatologic Agents; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors; Propionibacterium acnes; Sebaceous Glands; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 28195079
DOI: 10.4103/0378-6323.199581 -
PloS One 2018Cutibacterium (Propionibacterium) acnes, considered a part of the skin microbiota, is one of the most commonly isolated anaerobic bacteria from medical implants in...
Cutibacterium (Propionibacterium) acnes, considered a part of the skin microbiota, is one of the most commonly isolated anaerobic bacteria from medical implants in contact with plasma. However, the precise interaction of C. acnes with blood cells and plasma proteins has not been fully elucidated. Herein, we have investigated the molecular interaction of C. acnes with platelets and plasma proteins. We report that the ability of C. acnes to aggregate platelets is dependent on phylotype, with a significantly lower ability amongst type IB isolates, and the interaction of specific donor-dependent plasma proteins (or concentrations thereof) with C. acnes. Pretreatment of C. acnes with plasma reduces the lag time before aggregation demonstrating that pre-deposition of plasma proteins on C. acnes is an important step in platelet aggregation. Using mass spectrometry we identified several plasma proteins deposited on C. acnes, including IgG, fibrinogen and complement factors. Inhibition of IgG, fibrinogen or complement decreased C. acnes-mediated platelet aggregation, demonstrating the importance of these plasma proteins for aggregation. The interaction of C. acnes and platelets was visualized using fluorescence microscopy, verifying the presence of IgG and fibrinogen as components of the aggregates, and co-localization of C. acnes and platelets in the aggregates. Here, we have demonstrated the ability of C. acnes to activate and aggregate platelets in a bacterium and donor-specific fashion, as well as added mechanistic insights into this interaction.
Topics: Blood Proteins; Humans; Mass Spectrometry; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Platelet Activation; Platelet Aggregation; Propionibacterium acnes
PubMed: 29385206
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192051 -
Scientific Reports Sep 2023Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) is one of the most prevalent bacteria that forms the human skin microbiota. Specific phylotypes of C. acnes have been associated with the...
Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) is one of the most prevalent bacteria that forms the human skin microbiota. Specific phylotypes of C. acnes have been associated with the development of acne vulgaris, while other phylotypes have been linked to healthy skin. In this scenario, bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a role in the interkingdom communication role with the human host. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of EVs generated by various phylotypes of C. acnes on inflammation and sebum production using different in vitro skin cell types. The main findings of this study reveal that the proteomic profile of the cargo embodied in the EVs reflects distinct characteristics of the different C. acnes phylotypes in terms of life cycle, survival, and virulence. The in vitro skin cell types showed an extended pro-inflammatory modulation of SLST A1 EVs consistently triggering the activation of the inflammation-related factors IL-8, IL-6, TNFα and GM-CSF, in comparison to SLST H1 and SLST H2. Additionally, an acne-prone skin model utilizing PCi-SEB and arachidonic acid as a sebum inducer, was employed to investigate the impact of C. acnes EVs on sebum regulation. Our findings indicated that all three types of EVs significantly inhibited sebum production after a 24-h treatment period, with SLST H1 EVs exhibiting the most pronounced inhibitory effect when compared to the positive control. The results of this study highlight the protective nature of C. acnes SLST H1 EVs and their potential use as a natural treatment option for alleviating symptoms associated with inflammation and oily skin.
Topics: Humans; Proteomics; Skin; Skin Diseases; Extracellular Vesicles; Acne Vulgaris; Propionibacterium acnes; Factor VIII; Inflammation
PubMed: 37749255
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43354-w -
Nature Communications Feb 2023Acne vulgaris is a common neutrophil-driven inflammatory skin disorder in which Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) is known to play a key role. For decades, antibiotics have...
Acne vulgaris is a common neutrophil-driven inflammatory skin disorder in which Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) is known to play a key role. For decades, antibiotics have been widely employed to treat acne vulgaris, inevitably resulting in increased bacterial antibiotic resistance. Phage therapy is a promising strategy to combat the growing challenge of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, utilizing viruses that specifically lyse bacteria. Herein, we explore the feasibility of phage therapy against C. acnes. Eight novel phages, isolated in our laboratory, and commonly used antibiotics eradicate 100% of clinically isolated C. acnes strains. Topical phage therapy in a C. acnes-induced acne-like lesions mouse model affords significantly superior clinical and histological scores. Moreover, the decrease in inflammatory response was reflected by the reduced expression of chemokine CXCL2, neutrophil infiltration, and other inflammatory cytokines when compared with the infected-untreated group. Overall, these findings indicate the potential of phage therapy for acne vulgaris as an additional tool to conventional antibiotics.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Phage Therapy; Acne Vulgaris; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Skin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Propionibacterium acnes
PubMed: 36813793
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36694-8 -
Microbes and Infection Sep 2022Propionibacterium acnes infection in intervertebral discs (IVDs) is a newly identified cause of low back pain (LBP). In the present study, we aimed to determine whether...
Propionibacterium acnes infection in intervertebral discs (IVDs) is a newly identified cause of low back pain (LBP). In the present study, we aimed to determine whether the nerve growth factor (NGF), a critical pro-algesic factor, is involved in P. acnes-induced LBP. After co-culturing with P. acnes, nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) produced NGF, which was upregulated after inoculation of P. acnes into IVDs of rats. In addition, administration of P. acnes into rat IVDs leads to significant mechanical allodynia and cold hyperreflexia, and significant upregulation of the pain-related factors, including substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), in rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG), suggesting that P. acnes-inoculated rats had obvious discogenic LBP. However, inhibition of NGF bioactivity significantly ameliorated P. acnes-induced discogenic LBP, suggesting that P. acnes induced LBP via NGF. Finally, an in vitro mechanism study demonstrated that P. acnes stimulated NPCs to secrete NGF via TLR-2 receptor and NF-κB p65/JNK pathway, or ROS-related pathway. Therefore, P. acnes had a strong association with LBP by stimulating NPCs to secrete NGF via the TLR2-NF- κB/JNK or ROS-related pathway. These findings propose a novel potential therapeutic strategy for LBP.
Topics: Animals; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; Low Back Pain; NF-kappa B; Nerve Growth Factor; Propionibacterium acnes; Rats; Reactive Oxygen Species; Substance P; Toll-Like Receptor 2; Up-Regulation
PubMed: 35430372
DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2022.104980 -
PloS One 2022Recent studies have demonstrated that particulate matter (PM) can induce oxidative stress and inflammatory responses that are related to the development or exacerbation...
Recent studies have demonstrated that particulate matter (PM) can induce oxidative stress and inflammatory responses that are related to the development or exacerbation of several inflammatory dermatoses. However, the effect of PM on acne vulgaris has yet to be determined. In this study, we induced acne-like inflammation in HEKn cells with several concentrations of Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) and Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan (PGN) to investigate whether PM exposure exacerbates acne-like inflammation and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. To confirm whether PM increases the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in C. acnes- or PGN-treated HEKn cells, we used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and western blot assays. The results demonstrated that C. acnes, PGN, and PM induced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in a time- and dose-dependent manner at the mRNA and protein levels, respectively. Moreover, PM further increased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, COX2, TLR4, and the phosphorylation of NF-κB in C. acnes- and PGN-treated HEKn cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that PM may exacerbate acne symptoms by increasing the inflammatory response.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Cytokines; Humans; Inflammation; Keratinocytes; NF-kappa B; Particulate Matter; Peptidoglycan; Propionibacterium acnes; RNA, Messenger; Toll-Like Receptor 4
PubMed: 35947554
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268595