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The American Journal of Pathology Jan 2023Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the prostate is a rare tumor. Compared with the more common acinar adenocarcinoma (AAC) of the prostate, BCCs show features of basal cell...
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the prostate is a rare tumor. Compared with the more common acinar adenocarcinoma (AAC) of the prostate, BCCs show features of basal cell differentiation and are thought to be biologically distinct from AAC. The spectrum of molecular alterations of BCC has not been comprehensively described, and genomic studies are lacking. Herein, whole genome sequencing was performed on archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens of two cases with BCC. Prostatic BCCs were characterized by an overall low copy number and mutational burden. Recurrent copy number loss of chromosome 16 was observed. In addition, putative driver gene alterations in KIT, DENND3, PTPRU, MGA, and CYLD were identified. Mechanistically, depletion of the CYLD protein resulted in increased proliferation of prostatic basal cells in vitro. Collectively, these studies show that prostatic BCC displays distinct genomic alterations from AAC and highlight a potential role for loss of chromosome 16 in the pathogenesis of this rare tumor type.
Topics: Male; Humans; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostate; Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Skin Neoplasms; Genomics; Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 2; Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors
PubMed: 36309102
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.09.010 -
Romanian Journal of Morphology and... 2023Incidental prostate carcinoma (iPC) is a subject of debate concerning its definition, incidence, biology, diagnosis, staging, and treatment. The present study aimed to...
Incidental prostate carcinoma (iPC) is a subject of debate concerning its definition, incidence, biology, diagnosis, staging, and treatment. The present study aimed to assess the incidence and main clinical-morphological characteristics of iPC identified in radical cystoprostatectomy (RCP) specimens over a 5-year period. Using the database of the Urology and Pathology Departments, we identified all patients with bladder carcinomas (BCs) who underwent RCP within a 5-year frame time. We selected only those patients with synchronous BC and prostate carcinoma (PC). The following parameters were analyzed for these patients: age, type of bladder and prostate tumor, degree of differentiation, pathological stage, and other prognostic parameters. We identified 91 men with bladder tumors treated by RCP among whom 43, aged between 53 and 84 years (mean age: 69.2 years), presented synchronous PC. iPC was more prevalent in older individuals (>65 years: 30 patients, 69.8%), with only six out of the 43 (12.8%) patients with iPC being aged ≤60 years. All iPC cases were conventional adenocarcinoma. Well-differentiated prostate adenocarcinomas (grade group 1) predominated (65.1%). Among the 43 iPCs, 16 (37.2%) were clinically significant PCs. iPC is frequently identified in patients with BC when inclusion and evaluation of all or most of the prostate tissue are performed. Although more than half of iPCs were well-differentiated tumors confined to the prostate, a significant number of cases met the criteria of clinically significant PC. All men over the age of 50 who are candidates for RCP, should undergo evaluation through serum prostate specific antigen determination.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Carcinoma; Pelvis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urinary Bladder; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
PubMed: 38184830
DOI: 10.47162/RJME.64.4.06 -
RoFo : Fortschritte Auf Dem Gebiete Der... Apr 2024Imaging biomarkers are quantitative parameters from imaging modalities, which are collected noninvasively, allow conclusions about physiological and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Imaging biomarkers are quantitative parameters from imaging modalities, which are collected noninvasively, allow conclusions about physiological and pathophysiological processes, and may consist of single (monoparametric) or multiple parameters (bi- or multiparametric).
METHOD
This review aims to present the state of the art for the quantification of multimodal and multiparametric imaging biomarkers. Here, the use of biomarkers using artificial intelligence will be addressed and the clinical application of imaging biomarkers in breast and prostate cancers will be explained. For the preparation of the review article, an extensive literature search was performed based on Pubmed, Web of Science and Google Scholar. The results were evaluated and discussed for consistency and generality.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
Different imaging biomarkers (multiparametric) are quantified based on the use of complementary imaging modalities (multimodal) from radiology, nuclear medicine, or hybrid imaging. From these techniques, parameters are determined at the morphological (e. g., size), functional (e. g., vascularization or diffusion), metabolic (e. g., glucose metabolism), or molecular (e. g., expression of prostate specific membrane antigen, PSMA) level. The integration and weighting of imaging biomarkers are increasingly being performed with artificial intelligence, using machine learning algorithms. In this way, the clinical application of imaging biomarkers is increasing, as illustrated by the diagnosis of breast and prostate cancers.
KEY POINTS
· Imaging biomarkers are quantitative parameters to detect physiological and pathophysiological processes.. · Imaging biomarkers from multimodality and multiparametric imaging are integrated using artificial intelligence algorithms.. · Quantitative imaging parameters are a fundamental component of diagnostics for all tumor entities, such as for mammary and prostate carcinomas..
CITATION FORMAT
· Bäuerle T, Dietzel M, Pinker K et al. Identification of impactful imaging biomarker: Clinical applications for breast and prostate carcinoma. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2024; 196: 354 - 362.
Topics: Humans; Male; Artificial Intelligence; Biomarkers; Carcinoma; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Nuclear Medicine; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Female
PubMed: 37944934
DOI: 10.1055/a-2175-4446 -
PloS One 2023In a phase I dose escalation and safety study (NCT02555397), a replication-competent oncolytic adenovirus expressing yCD, TK and hIL-12 (Ad5-yCD/mutTKSR39rep-hIL-12) was...
In a phase I dose escalation and safety study (NCT02555397), a replication-competent oncolytic adenovirus expressing yCD, TK and hIL-12 (Ad5-yCD/mutTKSR39rep-hIL-12) was administered in 15 subjects with localized recurrent prostate cancer (T1c-T2) at increasing doses (1 × 1010, to 1 × 1012 viral particles) followed by 7-day treatment of 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) and valganciclovir (vGCV). The primary endpoint was toxicity through day 30 while the secondary and exploratory endpoints were quantitation of IL-12, IFNγ, CXCL10 and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The study maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was not reached indicating 1012 viral particles was safe. Total 115 adverse events were observed, most of which (92%) were grade 1/2 that did not require any treatment. Adenoviral DNA was detected only in two patients. Increase in IL-12, IFNγ, and CXCL10 was observed in 57%, 93%, and 79% patients, respectively. Serum cytokines demonstrated viral dose dependency, especially apparent in the highest-dose cohorts. PBMC analysis revealed immune system activation after gene therapy in cohort 5. The PSA doubling time (PSADT) pre and post treatment has a median of 1.55 years vs 1.18 years. This trial confirmed that replication-competent Ad5-IL-12 adenovirus (Ad5-yCD/mutTKSR39rep-hIL-12) was well tolerated when administered locally to prostate tumors.
Topics: Humans; Male; Adenocarcinoma; Adenoviridae; Genetic Therapy; Interleukin-12; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Genes, Transgenic, Suicide; Oncolytic Virotherapy
PubMed: 37713401
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291315 -
Characterization of Immune-Based Molecular Subtypes and Prognostic Model in Prostate Adenocarcinoma.Genes Jun 2022Prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD), also named prostate cancer, the most common visceral malignancy, is diagnosed in male individuals. Herein, in order to obtain...
Prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD), also named prostate cancer, the most common visceral malignancy, is diagnosed in male individuals. Herein, in order to obtain immune-based subtypes, we performed an integrative analysis to characterize molecular subtypes based on immune-related genes, and further discuss the potential features and differences between identified subtypes. Simultaneously, we also construct an immune-based risk model to assess cancer prognosis. Our findings showed that the two subtypes, C1 and C2, could be characterized, and the two subtypes showed different characteristics that could clearly describe the heterogeneity of immune microenvironments. The C2 subtype presented a better survival rate than that in the C1 subtype. Further, we constructed an immune-based prognostic model based on four screened abnormally expressed genes, and they were selected as predictors of the robust prognostic model (AUC = 0.968). Our studies provide reference for characterization of molecular subtypes and immunotherapeutic agents against prostate cancer, and the developed robust and useful immune-based prognostic model can contribute to cancer prognosis and provide reference for the individualized treatment plan and health resource utilization. These findings further promote the development and application of precision medicine in prostate cancer.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Humans; Male; Precision Medicine; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 35741849
DOI: 10.3390/genes13061087 -
Journal of Cancer Research and... 2021Prostate cancer is a very common cause of morbidity and mortality in India. The commonest type of prostate carcinoma is adenocarcinoma, most of them are confined to...
Prostate cancer is a very common cause of morbidity and mortality in India. The commonest type of prostate carcinoma is adenocarcinoma, most of them are confined to prostate at the time of presentation. Bone is the preferred site for metastasis. The following is a case of neuroendocrine carcinoma of prostate arising in a 36 years old male who presented with ascitis and jaundice to the emergency department. The ascitic tap was positive for malignant cells. CECT done to detect primary showed osteoblastic secondaries in the spine along with lesions in the liver. DRE revealed grade 2 prostatomegaly. A TRUS guided biopsy showed neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate. Neuroendocrine carcinoma is a very rare type of prostatic carcinoma, with presentation of the same as ascitis is very uncommon. The following case is presented due to its rarity.
Topics: Adult; Ascites; Biopsy; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine; Carcinoma, Small Cell; Fatal Outcome; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Spinal Neoplasms
PubMed: 34121712
DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.JCRT_772_17 -
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... Sep 2023It is important to recognize high-grade foamy gland prostatic adenocarcinoma with desmoplastic stroma given its aggressive clinical course with frequent metastases and...
CONTEXT.—
It is important to recognize high-grade foamy gland prostatic adenocarcinoma with desmoplastic stroma given its aggressive clinical course with frequent metastases and death.
OBJECTIVE.—
To review the morphology, immunohistochemistry, and prognosis for this rare subtype of prostate adenocarcinoma.
DESIGN.—
Twenty-four cases received for consultation from 2010 to 2021 were analyzed including needle biopsy (n = 21), transurethral resection (n = 2), and a cystoprostatectomy (n = 1).
RESULTS.—
Patients ranged in age from 40 to 89 years (mean, 67 years). On average, 8 cores per case were involved (mean 67% core involvement). Extraprostatic extension and seminal vesicle invasion were observed in 6 of 21 (29%) and 3 of 21 (14%) needle biopsy cases, respectively. Twenty of the 24 cases (83%) were Grade Group (GG) 5 with 4 of 24 (17%) being GG4. Tumor necrosis as a component of Gleason pattern 5 was observed in 21 of 24 cases (88%). Associated intraductal adenocarcinoma (IDC) was observed in 22 of 24 cases (92%), with 4 of 24 cases (17%) demonstrating extensive IDC. Diagnostic challenges were as follows: (1) sparse isolated cancer glands embedded in the dense desmoplastic stroma; (2) fragmented glands; and (3) aberrant staining for high-molecular-weight cytokeratin in a nonbasal cell pattern in all cases. PTEN loss was observed in 9 cases, and p53 nuclear accumulation was observed in 8 cases. Three patients were lost to follow-up. Overall, of the 16 patients with meaningful follow-up, 12 (75%) either had metastases or died from prostate cancer.
CONCLUSIONS.—
High-grade desmoplastic foamy gland adenocarcinoma is difficult to diagnose and grade and has a poor prognosis.
Topics: Male; Humans; Adult; Middle Aged; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Adenocarcinoma; Prostatectomy; Biopsy, Needle
PubMed: 36399606
DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2022-0165-OA -
Radiation Oncology (London, England) Apr 2021The study objective was to establish the local effect model (LEM) rectum constraints for 12-, 8-, and 4-fraction carbon-ion radiotherapy (CIRT) in patients with...
BACKGROUND
The study objective was to establish the local effect model (LEM) rectum constraints for 12-, 8-, and 4-fraction carbon-ion radiotherapy (CIRT) in patients with localized prostate carcinoma (PCA) using microdosimetric kinetic model (MKM)-defined and LEM-defined constraints for 16-fraction CIRT.
METHODS
We analyzed 40 patients with PCA who received 16- or 12-fraction CIRT at our center. Linear-quadratic (LQ) and RBE-conversion models were employed to convert the constraints into various fractionations and biophysical models. Based on them, the MKM LQ strategy converted MKM rectum constraints for 16-fraction CIRT to 12-, 8-, and 4-fraction CIRT using the LQ model. Then, MKM constraints were converted to LEM using the RBE-conversion model. Meanwhile the LEM LQ strategy converted MKM rectum constraints for 16-fraction CIRT to LEM using the RBE-conversion model. Then, LEM constraints were converted from 16-fraction constraints to the rectum constraints for 12-, 8-, and 4-fraction CIRT using the LQ model. The LEM constraints for 16- and 12-fraction CIRT were evaluated using rectum doses and clinical follow-up. To adapt them for the MKM LQ strategy, CNAO LEM constraints were first converted to MKM constraints using the RBE-conversion model.
RESULTS
The NIRS (i.e. D|v, V-20%, 10%, 5%, and 0%) and CNAO rectum constraints (i.e. D|v, V-10 cc, 5 cc, and 1 cc) were converted for 12-fraction CIRT using the MKM LQ strategy to LEM 37.60, 49.74, 55.27, and 58.01 Gy (RBE), and 45.97, 51.70, and 55.97 Gy (RBE), and using the LEM LQ strategy to 39.55, 53.08, 58.91, and 61.73 Gy (RBE), and 49.14, 55.30, and 59.69 Gy (RBE). We also established LEM constraints for 8- and 4-fraction CIRT. The 10-patient RBE-conversion model was comparable to 30-patient model. Eight patients who received 16-fraction CIRT exceeded the corresponding rectum constraints; the others were within the constraints. After a median follow-up of 10.8 months (7.1-20.8), No ≥ G1 late rectum toxicities were observed.
CONCLUSIONS
The LEM rectum constraints from the MKM LQ strategy were more conservative and might serve as the reference for hypofractionated CIRT. However, Long-term follow-up plus additional patients is necessary.
Topics: Carcinoma; Dose Fractionation, Radiation; Heavy Ion Radiotherapy; Humans; Kinetics; Male; Principal Component Analysis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiometry; Radiotherapy; Radiotherapy Dosage; Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; Rectum; Relative Biological Effectiveness
PubMed: 33849589
DOI: 10.1186/s13014-021-01801-w -
Cancer Science Jul 2022The clinical significance of intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P) in men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer (PCa) treated with high-dose external-beam radiation...
The clinical significance of intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P) in men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer (PCa) treated with high-dose external-beam radiation therapy remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of IDC-P in men who received intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for nonmetastatic PCa. All patients with high-risk (H-R) and very high-risk (VH-R) PCa who received IMRT between September 2000 and December 2013 at our institution were analyzed retrospectively. We re-reviewed biopsy cores for the presence of IDC-P. Treatment consisted of IMRT (median: 78 Gy at 2 Gy per fraction) plus 6-month neoadjuvant hormonal therapy (HT). In total, 154 consecutive patients with H-R and VH-R PCa were analyzed. Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate was present in 27.9% (n = 43). The median follow-up period was 8.4 years. The 10-year PCa-specific survival, biochemical failure (BF), clinical failure, and castration-resistant PCa rates were 90.0%, 47.8%, 27.5%, and 24.5% in patients with IDC-P, and 96.6%, 32.6%, 10.8%, and 7.0% in those without IDC-P, respectively (p = 0.12, 0.04, 0.0031, and 0.012, respectively). In multivariable analysis, IDC-P was not identified as an independent predictive factor for BF (p = 0.26). The presence of IDC-P was correlated with a significantly higher incidence of disease progression in men with H-R and VH-R PCa who received IMRT, although it was not identified as an independent predictive factor for BF. Further investigations are needed to determine the significance of IDC-P as an independent predictive factor for survival outcomes.
Topics: Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 35514196
DOI: 10.1111/cas.15392 -
Respiratory Medicine Jul 2017Urothelial carcinoma (Transitional cell carcinoma) of the bladder is the pre-dominant histological type of bladder cancer in the United States and Europe. Patients with... (Review)
Review
Urothelial carcinoma (Transitional cell carcinoma) of the bladder is the pre-dominant histological type of bladder cancer in the United States and Europe. Patients with bladder cancer usually present with painless hematuria. The diagnosis is often delayed, as the symptoms are similar to various other benign conditions such as urinary tract infection, prostatitis or renal calculi. In some patients, the metastatic lesions will cause the initial presenting symptoms. We conducted a MedLine/PubMED search identifying all relevant articles with "pulmonary manifestations", "urothelial bladder cancer", "manifestations of bladder cancer" or a combination of these terms in the title. The pulmonary manifestations of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder include metastatic disease including cavitary lesions, endobronchial, pleural, or lymph node metastasis pleural effusion and chylothorax. Pulmonary embolism and tumor embolism is another manifestation of this cancer. Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Gurin therapy for bladder cancer has been associated with a range of adverse effects including the systemic spread of Bacilli Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy affecting the lungs. Other drugs used to treat bladder cancer can be associated with drug-related pneumonitis. Other rare manifestations include a sarcoid like reaction and systemic granulomatous disease to Bacilli Calmette-Guérin therapy. In this review we discuss the various pulmonary manifestations of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. A high index of suspicion with these presentations can lead to an early diagnosis and assist in instituting an appropriate intervention.
Topics: Aged; BCG Vaccine; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; Chylothorax; Diagnosis, Differential; Europe; Hematuria; Humans; Lung Diseases; Lymph Nodes; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplastic Cells, Circulating; Pleural Effusion; Pneumonia; Prostatitis; Pulmonary Embolism; Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary; United States; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; Urinary Tract Infections
PubMed: 28610671
DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2017.05.006