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Pathologica Feb 2022In 2022, after a six-year interval, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has published the 5th edition of the WHO Classification of Urinary and Male... (Review)
Review
In 2022, after a six-year interval, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has published the 5th edition of the WHO Classification of Urinary and Male Genital Tumors, which provides a comprehensive update on tumor classification of the genitourinary system. This review article focuses on prostate carcinoma and underscores changes in the prostate chapter as well as those made across the entire series of the 5th edition of WHO Blue Books. Although no major alterations were made to this chapter, some of the most notable updates include restructure of contents and introduction of a new format; standardization of mitotic counts, genomic nomenclatures, and units of length; refined definition for the terms "variant", "subtype", and "histologic pattern"; reclassification of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN)-like adenocarcinoma as a subtype of prostatic acinar adenocarcinoma; and recognition of treatment-related neuroendocrine prostatic carcinoma as a distinct tumor type. Evolving and unsettled issues related to grading of intraductal carcinoma of the prostate and reporting of tertiary Gleason pattern, the definition and prognostic significance of cribriform growth pattern, and molecular pathology of prostate cancer will also be covered in this review.
Topics: Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Adenocarcinoma; Prognosis; World Health Organization; Neoplasm Grading
PubMed: 36645399
DOI: 10.32074/1591-951X-822 -
Nature Communications Jun 2018Intra-tumor heterogeneity is one of the biggest challenges in cancer treatment today. Here we investigate tissue-wide gene expression heterogeneity throughout a...
Intra-tumor heterogeneity is one of the biggest challenges in cancer treatment today. Here we investigate tissue-wide gene expression heterogeneity throughout a multifocal prostate cancer using the spatial transcriptomics (ST) technology. Utilizing a novel approach for deconvolution, we analyze the transcriptomes of nearly 6750 tissue regions and extract distinct expression profiles for the different tissue components, such as stroma, normal and PIN glands, immune cells and cancer. We distinguish healthy and diseased areas and thereby provide insight into gene expression changes during the progression of prostate cancer. Compared to pathologist annotations, we delineate the extent of cancer foci more accurately, interestingly without link to histological changes. We identify gene expression gradients in stroma adjacent to tumor regions that allow for re-stratification of the tumor microenvironment. The establishment of these profiles is the first step towards an unbiased view of prostate cancer and can serve as a dictionary for future studies.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Computational Biology; Disease Progression; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; RNA, Messenger; Stromal Cells; Transcriptome; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 29925878
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04724-5 -
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... Apr 2012Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P) is a distinct clinicopathologic entity, characterized by an expansile proliferation of secretory cells within prostatic... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P) is a distinct clinicopathologic entity, characterized by an expansile proliferation of secretory cells within prostatic ducts and acini that demonstrate marked architectural and cytologic atypia. Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate is strongly associated with high-grade and high-volume, invasive prostate cancer and a poorer prognosis than cases without IDC-P.
OBJECTIVE
To review the historic perspectives, pathologic and genetic features, diagnostic criteria and differential diagnoses, and the clinical significance of IDC-P.
DATA SOURCES
Relevant studies indexed in PubMed.
CONCLUSIONS
It is critical to recognize IDC-P, especially in prostate biopsies in which the clinical implications of IDC-P are greatest. Morphologic criteria have been proposed to distinguish IDC-P from several other lesions with similar histologic appearance such as high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, invasive cribriform prostate cancer, and urothelial carcinoma involving the prostate. Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate is an uncommon finding in prostate biopsies, and it is even rarer as an isolated finding without concomitant prostate cancer in biopsies. However, patients with isolated IDC-P in biopsies are recommended for either definitive treatment or immediate repeat biopsy.
Topics: Biopsy; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Male; Molecular Biology; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 22458904
DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2011-0519-RA -
The British Journal of Radiology May 2014One in six males will develop prostate cancer during their lifetime. Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in American males, behind only lung... (Review)
Review
One in six males will develop prostate cancer during their lifetime. Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in American males, behind only lung cancer. Unfortunately, even though this disease is so common, clinical screening methods such as prostate-specific antigen test and transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy lack sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing prostate cancer. In recent years, multiparametric prostate MRI has emerged as a very important tool in the diagnosis of prostate carcinoma with a high accuracy. However, diagnostic difficulty is often encountered even with an experienced abdominal radiologist. That is mainly because many normal and abnormal entities can mimic prostate carcinoma at multiparametric MRI. Therefore, the purpose of this pictorial review is to discuss the usefulness of multiparametric prostate MRI in the diagnosis of prostate carcinoma, emphasizing the key MRI features that help to make a distinction of prostate carcinoma from its mimics.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Prostate; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis; Risk Factors; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 24646125
DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20130659 -
Computational and Mathematical Methods... 2022We aimed to investigate the changes of serum and cell exosome miR-205 levels in patients with prostate carcinoma and its clinical significance.
PURPOSE
We aimed to investigate the changes of serum and cell exosome miR-205 levels in patients with prostate carcinoma and its clinical significance.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Firstly, pronouncement of miR-205 in normal and prostate carcinoma tissues was analyzed by using UALCAN database. The relationship between miR-205 in tumor tissues and the pathological and clinical characteristics of patients with prostate carcinoma were analyzed. Consequently, 60 people with prostate carcinoma were collected to the Minhang Hospital from August 2016 to August 2021. Serum of patients in the two groups was collected, and RNA in serum exosomes was extracted, and qRT-PCR was used to analyze the expression of miR-205 mediated by serum exosomes. Meanwhile, the relationship among the clinical as well as pathological aspects and bodement of patients with prostate carcinoma and the pronouncement level of miR-205 mediated by exosome was compared. Next, assays like wound healing and CKK-8 were used to investigate the effects of miR-205 in exosomes extracted from prostate carcinoma on the augmentation and metastasis of prostate carcinoma.
RESULTS
The results showed that the pronouncement level of miR-205 in tissues with prostate carcinoma was significantly lower than that in normal prostate tissues. In addition, the pronouncement level of miR-205 in fluid exosome of people with prostate carcinoma and exosomes derived from the lines of prostate carcinoma was considerably less than that in serum exosomes of healthy patients and that of normal cell lines of prostate. The pronouncement level of miR-205 in fluid exosomes of people with prostate carcinoma was negatively associated with cancer phase, uncontrolled cell division in lymph nodes, distant metastasis, and PSA level at initial diagnosis. Analysis (multivariate and univariate) showed that miR-205 pronouncement was a sovereign threat cause for prognosis of prostate cancer patients. Additionally, the pronouncement and metastasis of prostate carcinoma can be restricted by the overexpression of miR-205.
CONCLUSION
The pronouncement of miR-205 in liquid derived exosomes is correlated with the prediction of people with prostate carcinoma and may be a new marker for identification and cure of prostate carcinoma.
Topics: Carcinoma; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; Male; MicroRNAs; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 36081431
DOI: 10.1155/2022/1784791 -
Veterinary and Comparative Oncology Mar 2022A limited number of species, including men and dogs, spontaneously develop prostate cancer (PC). The histological and molecular relevance of canine PC as a model for the...
A limited number of species, including men and dogs, spontaneously develop prostate cancer (PC). The histological and molecular relevance of canine PC as a model for the disease in men remains controversial. To address this challenge, this study aimed to assess the histomorphology and expression of basal cell, urothelial and neuroendocrine markers [p63, high molecular weight cytokeratin (HMWCK), Uroplakin 3 (UPIII), neuron-specific enolase (NSE)] in canine PC (n = 41). Based on histomorphology, 10/41 (24%), 21/41 (51%) and 9/41 (22%) were classified as adenocarcinoma (AC), urothelial carcinoma (UC), and mixed carcinoma, respectively. Tumour inflammation was common, frequently severe [20/41 (49%)], and associated with neutering (p < .02) and urothelial differentiation (p < .02). Most (36/40, 90%) cancers contained only rare cells with basal cell marker expression or were negative. The expression of UPIII was absent or weak in the majority (33/38, 87%) of tumours, with moderate to strong staining in the remaining cases. NSE expression in PC was rare and limited to 2/14 (14%) cases. Tumour extension into benign ducts and glands was a common finding with presence in 17/39 (44%) of carcinomas with and without urothelial differentiation. In conclusion, we confirm that canine PC is characterized by absent or weak expression of basal cell and urothelial markers. Although rare, NSE expression, potentially indicating neuroendocrine differentiation, is reported for the first time in canine PCa. Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate with concurrent invasive PCa (IDCP-inv) is a frequent, not previously described, finding in dogs with PC.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
PubMed: 33963663
DOI: 10.1111/vco.12704 -
Asian Journal of Surgery Oct 2022
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Colon; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 35523607
DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2022.04.106 -
Modern Pathology : An Official Journal... Jan 2018Neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation in tumors of the prostate or in the setting of prostate cancer (PCa) is rare. A survey of these lesions is presented, including usual... (Review)
Review
Neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation in tumors of the prostate or in the setting of prostate cancer (PCa) is rare. A survey of these lesions is presented, including usual PCa with focal NE marker-positive cells, Paneth cell-like change, prostatic 'carcinoid', high-grade NE carcinoma, as well as other tumors that do not fit neatly into these categories. The most significant clinical and pathologic features, emerging molecular evidence and the importance of differentiating NE tumors involving the prostate from secondary involvement are highlighted.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoid Tumor; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neuroendocrine Cells; Neuroendocrine Tumors; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 29297494
DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2017.164 -
Archivos Espanoles de Urologia Aug 2022To report the treatment and clinical monitoring in patients with prostatic evanescent carcinoma at Hospital Carlos Andrade Marin.
OBJECTIVE
To report the treatment and clinical monitoring in patients with prostatic evanescent carcinoma at Hospital Carlos Andrade Marin.
METHODS
We reviewed the medical records of 148 patients undergoing by robot-assisted radical prostatectomy in Carlos Andrade Marin hospital. The cases reported between January 2016 to December 2018. The diagnosis was carried by taking a transrectal prostate biopsy with 12 cylinders. This samples are studied by the pathologist who reviews the radical prostatectomy surgery.
RESULTS
Three patients had prostatic evanescent carcinoma, which those cases showed Gleason 6 (3+3) prostate cancer. Two received neoadjuvant hormone therapy and the other patient presented minor tumor invasion in 1 out of 12 cylinders used during the biopsy. In the three cases, after the sample analysis, there was no residual tumor evidence. Therefore, they were classified as pT10.
CONCLUSIONS
In this study, the results obtained from the patients studied presents the incidence of prostatic evanescent carcinoma is 2%. The combination of these different factors such as clinical status, preoperative PSA, number of positive cylinders and the invasion percentage, additionally to the usage of neoadjuvant hormone therapy prior the radical prostatectomy can help to predict evanescent carcinoma of the prostate.
Topics: Carcinoma; Hormones; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 36138509
DOI: 10.56434/j.arch.esp.urol.20227506.85 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022Prostate cancer is a common malignancy affecting men worldwide. While the vast majority of newly diagnosed prostate cancers are categorized as adenocarcinomas, a...
Prostate cancer is a common malignancy affecting men worldwide. While the vast majority of newly diagnosed prostate cancers are categorized as adenocarcinomas, a spectrum of uncommon tumor types occur including those with small cell and neuroendocrine cell features. Benign neuroendocrine cells exist in the normal prostate microenvironment, and these cells may give rise to primary neuroendocrine carcinomas. However, the more common development of neuroendocrine prostate cancer is observed after therapeutics designed to repress the signaling program regulated by the androgen receptor which is active in the majority of localized and metastatic adenocarcinomas. Neuroendocrine tumors are identified through immunohistochemical staining for common markers including chromogranin A/B, synaptophysin and neuron specific enolase (NSE). These markers are also common to neuroendocrine tumors that arise in other tissues and organs such as the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, lung and skin. Notably, neuroendocrine prostate cancer shares biochemical features with nerve cells, particularly functions involving the secretion of a variety of peptides and proteins. These secreted factors have the potential to exert local paracrine effects, and distant endocrine effects that may modulate tumor progression, invasion, and resistance to therapy. This review discusses the spectrum of factors derived from neuroendocrine prostate cancers and their potential to influence the pathophysiology of localized and metastatic prostate cancer.
Topics: Male; Humans; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine; Adenocarcinoma; Neuroendocrine Tumors; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 36440195
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1012005