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Yonsei Medical Journal Nov 2017Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Proteus species are causative agents in a variety of opportunistic nosocomial infections, and their ability to form biofilms is known...
PURPOSE
Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Proteus species are causative agents in a variety of opportunistic nosocomial infections, and their ability to form biofilms is known to be a virulence factor. In this study, the influence of co-cultivation with Proteus vulgaris (P. vulgaris) and Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) on C. albicans biofilm formation and its underlying mechanisms were examined.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
XTT reduction assays were adopted to measure biofilm formation, and viable colony counts were performed to quantify yeast growth. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate the expression of yeast-specific genes (rhd1 and rbe1), filament formation inhibiting genes (tup1 and nrg1), and hyphae-related genes (als3, ece1, hwp1, and sap5).
RESULTS
Candida biofilm formation was markedly inhibited by treatment with either living or heat-killed P. vulgaris and P. mirabilis. Proteus-cultured supernatant also inhibited Candida biofilm formation. Likewise, treatment with live P. vulgaris or P. mirabilis or with Proteus-cultured supernatant decreased expression of hyphae-related C. albicans genes, while the expression of yeast-specific genes and the filament formation inhibiting genes of C. albicans were increased. Heat-killed P. vulgaris and P. mirabilis treatment, however, did not affect the expression of C. albicans morphology-related genes.
CONCLUSION
These results suggest that secretory products from P. vulgaris and P. mirabilis regulate the expression of genes related to morphologic changes in C. albicans such that transition from the yeast form to the hyphal form can be inhibited.
Topics: Biofilms; Candida albicans; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; Hyphae; Microbial Interactions; Proteus mirabilis; Proteus vulgaris; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 29047237
DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2017.58.6.1135 -
Virus Research Mar 2023The crystalline formation of biofilms by Proteus blocks the urine flow which often complicates the health care of catheterized patients. Bacteriophages has been...
The crystalline formation of biofilms by Proteus blocks the urine flow which often complicates the health care of catheterized patients. Bacteriophages has been highlighted as a promising tool to control biofilm-mediated bacterial infections. Here, we isolated and characterized two newly isolated lytic phages capable of infecting clinical isolates of P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris. Moreover, insights regarding the biological and molecular characterization were analysed. Both RP6 and RP7 phages showed a Proteus-genus-specific profile, administering no lytic activity against other family of Enterobacteriaceae. The optimal MOI value of the RP6 and RP7 phages were determined as 0.1 and 0.01, respectively. The one-step growth curve showed that RP6 and RP7 phages have a short latent period of 20 min and large burst size of 220-371 PFU/ML per infected host cell. Bacteria growth was reduced immediately after the phages were added, which is shown by the optical density (OD) measurement after 24 hr. Proteus phage RP6 and RP7 were found to eradicate both the planktonic and mature biofilms produced by the Proteus isolates tested. Genome sequence of Proteus phage RP6 was found to be 58,619 bp, and a G-C content of 47%. Also, Proteus phage RP7 genome size was 103,593 bp with G-C ratio of 38.45%. A total of 70 and 172 open reading frame (ORF) was encoded in RP6 and RP7 phage genomes, respectively. Interestingly, there were no tRNA encoded by Proteus phage RP6 genome even though there is a significant G-C content difference between the phage and its host. Additionally, the exhibition of highly lytic activity and absence of virulence and antibiotic-resistant genes in both Proteus RP6 and RP7 phages emphasized that this newly isolated phages are promising for potential therapeutic phages.
Topics: Humans; Bacteriophages; Sewage; Proteus; Proteus mirabilis; Genome, Viral; Biofilms; Hospitals
PubMed: 36717023
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199049 -
AMB Express Jun 2022Infectious diseases are the most important cause of death worldwide. Many of these diseases show great resistance to drugs and antibiotics with long-term use. Extracts...
Infectious diseases are the most important cause of death worldwide. Many of these diseases show great resistance to drugs and antibiotics with long-term use. Extracts of some medicinal plants have antimicrobial properties, which can treat and overcome these diseases. Meliaceae is a family of timber trees used extensively in treating many bacterial and fungal diseases, especially Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. In this study, phytochemical screening, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis, and antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antitumor activities of the methanolic extract of S. mahagoni (L.) leaves were performed. Phytochemical screening exhibited the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, triterpenoids, glycosides, and tannins. GC/MS analysis exhibited 40 compounds, mainly 7-hexadecene, (Z)-, imidazole-4,5-d2, and 1-acetyl-4,4-bis[4-(3-bromopropoxy)-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl] piperidine. The antibacterial and antifungal potentials of the methanolic extract of S. mahagoni (L.) leaves was investigated using the agar well diffusion technique. Potent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Proteus vulgaris and antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans were found. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal and fungicidal concentrations ranged from 12.5 to 25 mg/mL. Antioxidant activity was studied using the free radical scavenging assay, and the IC value of the leaf extract was 69.9 µg/mL. Cytotoxic activity was screened using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, and the IC value was 44.2 µg/mL. These findings suggested the importance of this plant in treating some bacterial and fungal infections and cancer.
PubMed: 35705723
DOI: 10.1186/s13568-022-01406-w -
SAGE Open Medicine 2023This study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of water sources in Ishaka division, Bushenyi district.
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of water sources in Ishaka division, Bushenyi district.
METHODS
Water from taps, wells and springs were sampled for the cross-sectional investigation. The enumeration and identification of microbes ( and total coliforms) in water samples were carried out using a variety of methods. was enumerated using the membrane filtration method; and using a two-step enrichment method; using the surface spread method and total coliforms using the most probable number technique. Mannitol salt agar was used for enumeration of and violet red bile agar was used for enumeration of total coliforms and ; xylose lysine deoxycholate agar was used for both spp. and spp. API-20E was used to phenotypically identify the Enterobacteriaceae contaminants in water. These included spp. and .
RESULTS
counts in the water from springs and wells ranged from 0 to 314 cfu/mL ( = 0.173) and 0 to 3 cfu/mL ( = 0.269), respectively, while tap water had no incidence of . Highest level of bacterial contamination in water sources, beyond acceptable WHO (0 cfu/100 mL) limits for drinking water, was reported: spp., 34 (54.8%), followed by total coliforms, 24 (38.7%), spp., 22 (35.5%) and least were spp. (8.1%) and spp. (8.1%).
CONCLUSION
It is therefore concluded that spring and well community water sources in Ishaka division, Uganda, are significantly contaminated with pathogenic bacteria and thus unsafe for drinking without adequate water treatment (disinfection and filtration).
PubMed: 38020800
DOI: 10.1177/20503121231194239 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2021Asso. (Wormwood) is a wild aromatic herb that is popular for its healing and medicinal effects and has been used in conventional as well as modern medicine. This...
Asso. (Wormwood) is a wild aromatic herb that is popular for its healing and medicinal effects and has been used in conventional as well as modern medicine. This research aimed at the extraction, identification, and quantification of phenolic compounds in the aerial parts of wormwood using Soxhlet extraction, as well as characterizing their antimicrobial and anitoxidant effects. The phenolic compounds were identified in different extracts by column chromatography, thin layer chromatography (TLC), and high performance liquid chromatography. Five different fractions, two from ethyl acetate extraction and three from ethanolic extraction were obtained and evaluated further. The antimicrobial activity of each fractions was evaluated against two Gram-positive ( and ) and two Gram-negative microorganisms ( and using the disc-diffusion assay and direct TLC bioautography assay. Fraction I inhibited and , Fraction II inhibited and , Fraction III inhibited all, except for , while Fractions IV and V did not exhibit strong antimicrobial effects. Their antioxidant capabilities were also measured by calculating their ability to scavenge the free radical using DPPH method and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Ethanolic fractions III and V demonstrated excellent antioxidant properties with IC values less than 15.0 μg/mL, while other fractions also had IC values less than 80.0 μg/mL. These antioxidant effects were highly associated with the number of phenolic hydroxyl group on the phenolics they contained. These extracts demonstrated antimicrobial effects, suggesting the different phenolic compounds in these extracts had specific inhibitory effects on the growth of each bacteria. The results of this study suggested that the can be a source of phenolic compounds with natural antimicrobial and antioxidant properties which can be used for potential pharmaceutical applications.
PubMed: 33467047
DOI: 10.3390/plants10010164 -
Cureus Jun 2023Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae threaten infection treatment globally. This study aims to assess ESBLs-E prevalence and...
BACKGROUND
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae threaten infection treatment globally. This study aims to assess ESBLs-E prevalence and multidrug-resistant organisms (MDR) in clinical specimens from Tabuk, KSA.
METHODS
A cross-sectional research was carried out in March-May 2023. A collective of 90 Enterobacteriaceae isolates were identified from clinical specimens. The specimen was identified by standard methods. The Enterobacteriaceae member was screed for ESBL production by screening and confirmatory as per the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).
RESULT
was the most common isolate, followed by , , , and . Among the sample, the majority of isolates were from urine (47.8%) followed by pus (25.6%) and the least from other body fluids (6.7%). The showed the highest average antibiotic resistance (73.7%) among all the antibiotics used followed by (70.4%), (70%), (69.8%), and (69.4% both), and (68.8%). There was a 41.2% average reduction in ESBL positivity from phenotypic to confirmatory test results. The highest reduction was observed among (66.7%) and the least was observed in (17.1%).
CONCLUSION
Most of the ESBL-producing isolates were found mainly in blood and urine samples. The most frequent ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae were and . The best options for treating Enterobacteriaceae that produce ESBL are Amoxicillin, Amikacin, and Cefoxitin. ESBL-producing isotopes showed a high resistance rate to cefepime and cefotaxime compared to non-ESBL producers. It is of utmost importance to implement reliable infection control measures in healthcare institutions nationwide.
PubMed: 37431354
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40183 -
Microorganisms Jun 2022Histamine is a toxic biogenic amine commonly found in seafood products or their derivatives. This metabolite is produced by histamine-producing bacteria (HPB) such as ,... (Review)
Review
Histamine is a toxic biogenic amine commonly found in seafood products or their derivatives. This metabolite is produced by histamine-producing bacteria (HPB) such as , , , , , , , , spp., , , , , , , , , , spp., , , , , , and In this review, the role of these bacteria in histamine production in fish and seafood products with consequences for human food poisoning following consumption are discussed. In addition, methods to control their activity in countering histamine production are proposed.
PubMed: 35744715
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061197 -
Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista... 2022Present research work represents antiviral and antibacterial value of body fat of Saara hardwickii commonly called as spiny tailed lizard. Oil was extracted from body...
Present research work represents antiviral and antibacterial value of body fat of Saara hardwickii commonly called as spiny tailed lizard. Oil was extracted from body fats located in the ventral region of this animal using hydrocarbons e.g., n-hexane, methanol, butanol and ethyl acetate as a solvent. The antibacterial activity of lizard oil was tested against standard as well as multi-resistant lines ofEscherichia coli, Styphalococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris alone and with antibiotic ampicillin. For antibacterial potential, Ethyl acetate and Butanol solvent extract showed best zone of inhibition (7mm) with P. aeruginosa and S. aureus respectively. For antiviral potential, Butanol and Methanol extract showed best HA (Hemagglutination) titer of 04 with NDV and IBV viral strain respectively. It is concluded that lizard oil has antimicrobial potential against different pathogens strains (virus, bacteria).
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Biological Products; Lizards; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 35195177
DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.253508 -
Pharmaceutical Biology Dec 2022Deshayes (Muricidae) is widely distributed in the Red Sea. Its abundance and the history of Muricidae in traditional medicine make it a tempting target for...
CONTEXT
Deshayes (Muricidae) is widely distributed in the Red Sea. Its abundance and the history of Muricidae in traditional medicine make it a tempting target for investigation.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the chemical profile and biological activities of tissue extracts.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Methanol, ethanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate extracts from tissue were compared in their antioxidant by total antioxidant capacity, DPPH free radical scavenging, and total phenolic content. In addition, the antimicrobial, and antibiofilm properties (at 250 µg/mL) of the extracts were tested against , , , , , and . The antioxidant extract with greatest activity was assessed for cytotoxicity (range 0.4-100 µg/mL) against 3 human cancer cell lines (UO-31, A549 and A431), and its chemical composition was investigated using GC-MS. Moreover, docking simulation was performed to predict its constituents' binding modes/scores to the active sites of thymidylate kinase.
RESULTS
The ethyl acetate extract (-EtOAc) showed the highest total antioxidant capacity (551.33 mg AAE/g dry weight), total phenolics (254.46 mg GAE/g dry weight), and DPPH scavenging (IC= 24.0 µg/mL). -EtOAc exhibited strong antibacterial (MIC: 3.9 µg/mL against ), antibiofilm (MIC: 7.81 µg/mL against ), and antifungal (MIC: 3.9 µg/mL against ) activities and considerable cytotoxicity against cancer cells (UO-31: IC= 19.96 ± 0.93, A549: IC= 25.04 ± 1.15 μg/mL). GC-MS identified multiple bioactive metabolites in -EtOAc extract belonging to miscellaneous chemical classes. Molecular docking studies revealed that the constituents of -EtOAc have antibacterial potential.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
extract has considerable antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Further studies are needed to isolate the active constituents of this snail for comprehensive drug discovery tests.
Topics: Acetates; Acetone; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Antifungal Agents; Antioxidants; Ethanol; Free Radicals; Humans; Methanol; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Docking Simulation; Phenols; Plant Extracts; Staphylococcus aureus; Thailand; Tissue Extracts
PubMed: 36200747
DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2123940 -
Polish Journal of Microbiology Sep 2020species are common opportunistic bacteria and foodborne pathogens. The proper detection of can effectively reduce the occurrence of food-borne public health events....
species are common opportunistic bacteria and foodborne pathogens. The proper detection of can effectively reduce the occurrence of food-borne public health events. and are the two most important pathogens in the genus. In this study, a dual TaqMan Real-Time PCR method was established to simultaneously detect and distinguish and in samples. The method exhibited good specificity, stability, and sensitivity. Specifically, the minimum detection concentrations of and in pure bacterial cultures were 6.08 × 10 colony forming units (CFU)/ml and 4.46 × 10 CFU/ml, respectively. Additionally, the minimum detectable number of and in meat and milk was 10 CFU/g. In addition, the method can be used to distinguish between strains of and within two hours. Overall, it is a sensitive, easy-to-use, and practical test for the identification and classification of in food.
Topics: Animals; DNA, Bacterial; Food Microbiology; Foodborne Diseases; Genes, Bacterial; Limit of Detection; Milk; Pork Meat; Proteus mirabilis; Proteus vulgaris; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 33574858
DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2020-032