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Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2022Naphthoquinones are an important class of natural organic compounds that have antimicrobial effects. However, the mechanisms of their action remain to be elucidated....
Naphthoquinones are an important class of natural organic compounds that have antimicrobial effects. However, the mechanisms of their action remain to be elucidated. Therefore, the antimicrobial activity of the chemically synthesized naphthoquinone derivative, 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, was investigated in this study against 10 different microorganisms. Its inhibitory activity was evident against Bacillus cereus, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella enteritidis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, and Candida albicans, and its MIC50 values were determined to be 14, 10, 6, 2, 4, 1.2, and <0.6 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the crystal violet uptake, TTC dehydrogenase activity, protein/DNA leakage, and DNA damage of the compound in these microorganisms were also investigated to reveal the antimicrobial mechanisms. In addition, scanning electron microscopy was used to detect physiological damage to the cell membrane of S. epidermidis, S. aureus, and C. albicans, which was most severe in the crystal violet uptake assay. The overall results showed that 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone exhibited its effects on S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and C. albicans by various mechanisms, especially membrane damage and membrane integrity disruption. It also caused DNA leakage and damage along with respiratory chain disruption (78%) in C. albicans. Similarly, it caused varying degrees of reduction in the respiratory activity of S. aureus (47%), S. epidermidis (16%), B. cereus (12%), S. enteritidis (9%), and P. vulgaris (8%). Therefore, 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone proved to be a very effective antifungal and antibacterial agent and could be considered a new potential drug candidate, inspiring further discoveries in these microorganisms.
PubMed: 36358192
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111537 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2021Laxm. is used in traditional medicine and has various established biological activities, however, the species is considered to be a potentially invasive alien tree...
Laxm. is used in traditional medicine and has various established biological activities, however, the species is considered to be a potentially invasive alien tree species for Bulgarian flora. However, there is still much to be studied about the phytochemical and biological characteristics of the species. The present study aimed to determine the chemical composition of the ethanol extracts of aerial plant parts, by GC-MS analysis, and to thereby evaluate their in vitro antitumor and antibacterial properties. All three extracts were tested against the HT-29 and PC3 tumor cell lines using the MTT assay. Fifty-six components were identified from leaf, flower, and stem bark extracts, and over 10% were the following constituents: pyrogallol, -terpinyl acetate, neryl acetate, and -terpinyl isobutanoate. The oxygenated monoterpenes predominated in the extracts, followed by the oxygenated aliphatics and phenylpropanoids. Significant antiproliferative activity on the HT-29 cell line (IC-21.44 µg/mL and 23.63 µg/mL, respectively) was found for the flower and leaf extracts. Antibacterial activity was established for the following bacteria strains: ATCC 6633, NCTC 10320, ATCC 8739, ATCC 6027, and ATCC 6380. The stem bark and flower extracts showed better antimicrobial potential. could be considered as a potential source of biologically active substances with antitumor and antibacterial properties.
PubMed: 34961185
DOI: 10.3390/plants10122715 -
Microorganisms Jul 2020Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) remains one of the main mechanisms of bacterial quinolone resistance and plays an important role in the transmission of...
Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) remains one of the main mechanisms of bacterial quinolone resistance and plays an important role in the transmission of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). In this study, two novel plasmids, p3M-2A and p3M-2B, which mediate quinolone resistance in strain 3M (P3M) were identified. Of these, only p3M-2B appeared to be a -carrying plasmid. Both p3M-2A and p3M-2B could be transferred into , and the latter caused a twofold change in ciprofloxacin resistance, according to the measured minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Plasmid curing/complementation and qRT-PCR results showed that p3M-2A can directly regulate the expression of in p3M-2B under treatment with ciprofloxacin, in which process, was found to play an important role. Sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis revealed the evolutionary relationships of all reported -carrying plasmids and showed that in p3M-2B is the most conserved backbone for the normal function of -carrying plasmids. The identified direct repeats (DR) suggested that, from an evolutionary perspective, p3M-2B may have originated from the 2683-bp -carrying plasmid and may increase the possibility of plasmid recombination and then of transfer. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first identification of a novel -carrying plasmid isolated from a strain of shrimp origin and a plasmid that plays a regulatory role in expression. This study also sheds new light on plasmid evolution and on the mechanism of horizontal transfer of ARGs encoded by plasmids.
PubMed: 32708454
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071074 -
Gels (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022The objective of the study was to develop a transdermal nanoformulation of hesperidin (HSP) against (). Based on the low water solubility of HSP, we prepared...
The objective of the study was to develop a transdermal nanoformulation of hesperidin (HSP) against (). Based on the low water solubility of HSP, we prepared HSP-enabled AuNPs stabilized with xanthan gum (XA), referred to as HSP@XA@AuNPs. The HSP@XA@AuNP formulation was evaluated for particle size (43.16 nm), PDI (0.565), zeta potential (-31.9 mV), and entrapment efficiency (56.7%). The HSP@XA@AuNPs gel was developed by incorporating selected formulation grades into a 1% Carbopol gel base and characterized by physical evaluation and rheological studies. The color of the HSP@XA@AuNP gel was light pink, and the texture was very smooth and non-greasy. The gel was shown to be odorless. A field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) was used to investigate the shape of HSP@XA@AuNPs further. The drug release was 73.08% for the HSP@XA@AuNPs and 86.26% for the HSP@XA@AuNPs gel in 500 min. The prepared gel showed antimicrobial activity against with an MIC of 1.78 μg/mL. In conclusion, the HSP@XA@AuNPs gel could be an advanced modality for treating .
PubMed: 36286156
DOI: 10.3390/gels8100655 -
Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious... Jun 2024Although Proteus species are occasional causes of serious infections, their epidemiology has not been well defined. The objective was to describe the overall and... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
Although Proteus species are occasional causes of serious infections, their epidemiology has not been well defined. The objective was to describe the overall and species-specific occurrence and determinants of Proteus species bloodstream infection (BSI) in a large Australian population.
METHODS
All Queensland residents with Proteus species BSI identified within the publicly funded healthcare system between 2000 and 2019 were included.
RESULTS
A total of 2,143 incident episodes of Proteus species BSI were identified among 2,079 Queensland residents. The prevalence of comorbid illness differed with higher Charlson comorbidity scores observed with P. penneri and P. vulgaris, and higher prevalence of liver disease with P. penneri, higher comorbid cancer with P. vulgaris, and lower diabetes and renal disease prevalence with P. mirabilis BSIs.
CONCLUSION
This study provides novel information on the epidemiology of Proteus species BSI.
Topics: Humans; Bacteremia; Male; Middle Aged; Female; Proteus Infections; Aged; Queensland; Proteus; Prevalence; Adult; Comorbidity; Aged, 80 and over; Young Adult; Proteus mirabilis
PubMed: 38574445
DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116286 -
Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal : SPJ :... Feb 2017A series of esters of 4-acetyl, 4-trifluoroacetyl- and 4-(3-chloropropionyl)aminobenzenethiosulfoacids (twenty-four compounds) were synthesized and characterized by...
A series of esters of 4-acetyl, 4-trifluoroacetyl- and 4-(3-chloropropionyl)aminobenzenethiosulfoacids (twenty-four compounds) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, H NMR and IR spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity of the novel candidates has been screened using the agar diffusion or serial dilution methods against representative Gram-positive (, , , sp., ), Gram-negative ( sp., , , , , ) bacteria and fungi (, , , , , , , ). Particular potency has been discovered against all tested pathogenic bacteria and fungi by compounds and at nanomolar concentrations. Some appropriate effect of thiosulfoesters structure upon their antimicrobial activity was determined.
PubMed: 28344478
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2016.06.007 -
Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening... Mar 2019Purple urine bag syndrome (PUBS) can occur in cases of bacteriuria with species expressing enzymes capable of converting tryptophan metabolites to red and blue pigments...
BACKGROUND
Purple urine bag syndrome (PUBS) can occur in cases of bacteriuria with species expressing enzymes capable of converting tryptophan metabolites to red and blue pigments which are excreted in urine, leaving a characteristic purple colour. Risk factors include urinary catheterisation, constipation and chronic kidney disease. Treatment includes catheter replacement, and antibiotics in case of urinary tract infection.
CASE PRESENTATION
A man in his 70s with myelodysplastic syndrome, stage 5 chronic kidney disease and chronic indwelling urinary catheterisation due to benign prostatic hyperplasia was admitted for transfusion for symptomatic anaemia. On the second day of hospitalisation, his urine turned purple. There was no sign of transfusion reaction, haemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria or bilirubinuria. Urine cultures were positive for Proteus vulgaris and Enterococcus faecalis, two species associated with PUBS.
INTERPRETATION
The constellation was consistent with PUBS. His bacteriuria was considered colonisation not requiring antibiotic treatment. The catheter was replaced and the urine colour returned to normal.
Topics: Aged; Bacteriuria; Catheter-Related Infections; Enterococcus faecalis; Humans; Male; Proteus vulgaris; Urinary Catheters; Urinary Tract Infections; Urine
PubMed: 30917642
DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.18.0677 -
Indian Journal of Dermatology 2018Pemphigus is an autoimmune blistering disease. The common cause of death in pemphigus is septicemia which is usually secondary to cutaneous bacterial infection.
BACKGROUND
Pemphigus is an autoimmune blistering disease. The common cause of death in pemphigus is septicemia which is usually secondary to cutaneous bacterial infection.
AIM
The aim was to study the cutaneous bacteriological profile in patients with pemphigus.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Pus for culture and sensitivity was collected from clinically infected lesions of pemphigus patients in the Department of Dermatology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Bengaluru, from June 2013 to June 2014.
RESULTS
Of the 49 patients included in the study, 44 were suffering from pemphigus vulgaris, 4 from pemphigus foliaceus and one had pemphigus vegetans. There were 31 male and 18 female patients. The mean age of the group was 35.51 year. Mean Autoimmune Bullous Disorder Intensity Score was 17.36. About 32.7% were diabetic. About 40.81% showed the growth of , 12.24% of , 6.12% of , 4.08% of β-hemolytic streptococci and nonfermenting Gram-negative bacilli, and 2.04% of species, and species. showed 100% sensitivity to antibiotics - tetracycline, amikacin, chloramphenicol, and netilmicin; 90% resistance was found for penicillin and 55% resistance was found for ciprofloxacin and erythromycin. Methicillin-resistant was 30%. showed 100% sensitivity to ciprofloxacin, amikacin, gentamicin, piperacillin, piperacillin + tazobactam, and netilmicin.
CONCLUSION
was the most common organism showing sensitivity to tetracycline, amikacin, chloramphenicol, and netilmicin and resistance to penicillin, ciprofloxacin, and erythromycin.
PubMed: 30078873
DOI: 10.4103/ijd.IJD_152_17 -
BMC Microbiology Jun 2020Members of the genus Proteus are mostly opportunistic pathogens that cause a variety of infections in humans. The molecular evolutionary characteristics and genetic...
Multilocus sequence analysis for the taxonomic updating and identification of the genus Proteus and reclassification of Proteus genospecies 5 O'Hara et al. 2000, Proteus cibarius Hyun et al. 2016 as later heterotypic synonyms of Proteus terrae Behrendt et al. 2015.
BACKGROUND
Members of the genus Proteus are mostly opportunistic pathogens that cause a variety of infections in humans. The molecular evolutionary characteristics and genetic relationships among Proteus species have not been elucidated to date. In this study, we developed a multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) approach based on five housekeeping genes (HKGs) to delineate phylogenetic relationships of species within the genus Proteus.
RESULTS
Of all 223 Proteus strains collected in the current study, the phylogenetic tree of five concatenated HKGs (dnaJ, mdh, pyrC, recA and rpoD) divided 223 strains into eleven clusters, which were representative of 11 species of Proteus. Meanwhile, the phylogenetic trees of the five individual HKGs also corresponded to that of the concatenated tree, except for recA, which clustered four strains at an independent cluster. The evaluation of inter- and intraspecies distances of HKG concatenation indicated that all interspecies distances were significantly different from intraspecies distances, which revealed that these HKG concatenations can be used as gene markers to distinguish different Proteus species. Further web-based DNA-DNA hybridization estimated by genome of type strains confirmed the validity of the MLSA, and each of eleven clusters was congruent with the most abundant Proteus species. In addition, we used the established MLSA method to identify the randomly collected Proteus and found that P. mirabilis is the most abundant species. However, the second most abundant species is P. terrae but not P. vulgaris. Combined with the genetic, genomic and phenotypic characteristics, these findings indicate that three species, P. terrae, P. cibarius and Proteus genospecies 5, should be regarded as heterotypic synonyms, and the species should be renamed P. terrae, while Proteus genospecies 5 has not been named to date.
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggested that MLSA is a powerful method for the discrimination and classification of Proteus at the species level. The MLSA scheme provides a rapid and inexpensive means of identifying Proteus strains. The identification of Proteus species determined by the MLSA approach plays an important role in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of Proteus infection.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Cross Infection; Genes, Essential; Humans; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Phylogeny; Proteus
PubMed: 32522175
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01844-1 -
The Canadian Journal of Infectious... 2022Globally, the issue of microbial resistance to medicines and heavy metals is getting worse. There are few reports or data available for (), particularly in India. This...
Globally, the issue of microbial resistance to medicines and heavy metals is getting worse. There are few reports or data available for (), particularly in India. This investigation intends to reveal the bacteria's ability to transmit genes and their level of resistance as well. The wastewater samples were taken from several hospitals in Lucknow City, India, and examined for the presence of Gram-negative bacteria that were resistant to antibiotics and heavy metals. The microbial population count in different hospital wastewaters decreases with increasing concentrations of metal and antibiotics. Among all the examined metals, Ni and Zn had the highest viable counts, whereas Hg, Cd, and Co had the lowest viable counts. Penicillin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin, among the antibiotics, demonstrated higher viable counts, whereas tetracycline and erythromycin exhibited lower viable counts. The MIC values for the isolates tested ranged from 50 to 16,00 g/ml for each metal tested. The multiple metal resistance (MMR) index, which ranged from 0.04 to 0.50, showed diverse heavy metal resistance patterns in all isolates (in the case of 2-7 metals in various combinations). All of the tested isolates had methicillin resistance, whereas the least number of isolates had ofloxacin, gentamycin, or neomycin resistance. The isolates displayed multidrug resistance patterns (2-12 drugs) in various antibiotic combinations. The MAR indexes were shown to be between (0.02-0.7). From the total isolates, 98%, 84%, and 80% had urease, gelatinase, and amylase activity, whereas 68% and 56% displayed protease and beta-lactamase activity. Plasmids were present in all the selected resistant isolates and varied in size from 42.5 to 57.0 kb and molecular weight from 27.2 to 37.0 MD. The transmission of the antibiotic/metal resistance genes was evaluated between a total of 7 pairs of isolates. A higher transfer frequency (4.4 × 10) was observed among antibiotics, although a lower transfer frequency (1.0 × 10) was observed against metals in both the media from the entire site tested. According to exponential decay, the population of hospital wastewater declined in the following order across all sites: Site II > Site IV > Site III > Site I for antibiotics and site IV > site II > site I >site III for metal. Different metal and antibiotic concentrations have varying effects on the population. The metal-tolerant from hospital wastewater was studied in the current study had multiple distinct patterns of antibiotic resistance. It could provide cutting-edge methods for treating infectious diseases, which are essential for managing and assessing the risks associated with hospital wastewater, especially in the case of .
PubMed: 36523753
DOI: 10.1155/2022/3399137