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BMC Veterinary Research Nov 2020Surgical sterilization is the most effective method of contraception for dogs. It also prevents pyometra and reduces the risk of mammary tumour development. However,...
BACKGROUND
Surgical sterilization is the most effective method of contraception for dogs. It also prevents pyometra and reduces the risk of mammary tumour development. However, this procedure also has negative effects, such as urinary incontinence. Steroid hormone deprivation following gonadectomy could also affect canine vaginal mucosa conditions and the microbial community colonizing the vaginal tract. This hypothesis was tested by comparing the vaginal cytology and microbial community of two groups of bitches, including 11 in anoestrus and 10 sterilized bitches (post-pubertal sterilization in the last 4 years). Bacteria were identified through metataxonomic analysis, amplifying the V3-V4 regions of 16S rRNA gene, and culturing methods.
RESULTS
Vaginal mucosa cytology was suggestive of dystrophic conditions in sterilized bitches, whereas a typical anoestrus pattern with parabasal and intermediate cells was appreciable in anoestrous animals. Metataxonomic analysis revealed large inter-individual variability. Salmonella, Mycoplasma and Staphylococcus were present in moderate quantities in almost all the samples in both groups. Mollicutes (class level) and Tenericutes (phylum level) were commonly present in moderate quantities in anoestrus samples, whereas these microbes were present at high levels in a single sample from the sterilized group. Based on culturing, a higher number of different species were isolated from the anoestrous bitches, and Mycoplasma canis was exclusively identified in an anoestrous bitch. Staphylococcus spp. was the most frequently isolated genus in both groups, followed by Streptococcus spp., and, among gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia spp. and Haemophilus spp. A comparison of the numbers of the most frequently isolated genera of bacteria from vaginal cultures of bitches revealed that Pasteurella and Proteus were the most frequently identified in sterilized animals based on metataxonomic analysis (p-value = 0.0497 and 0.0382, respectively), whereas Streptococcus was significantly and most frequently isolated from anoestrous bitches using culture methods (p value = 0.0436).
CONCLUSIONS
In this preliminary investigation, no global patterns of the vaginal bacteria community were noted that characterized the condition of the bitches; however, cytology suggested local modifications. Sterilization after puberty caused minimal alterations in the vaginal microbial community of bitches within 4 years after surgery.
Topics: Anestrus; Animals; Bacteria; Dogs; Female; Hysterectomy; Microbiota; Mucous Membrane; Ovariectomy; Pilot Projects; Sterilization, Reproductive; Vagina
PubMed: 33228646
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02670-3 -
Veterinary Sciences Jun 2022Pyometra is a diestrual chronic disease frequently associated with . Initial pyometra treatment involves empiric antimicrobial therapy whose suitability should be...
Antimicrobial Resistance of Clinical and Commensal Canine Isolates: Profile Characterization and Comparison of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Results According to Different Guidelines.
BACKGROUND
Pyometra is a diestrual chronic disease frequently associated with . Initial pyometra treatment involves empiric antimicrobial therapy whose suitability should be confirmed by antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Antimicrobial resistance is a major health issue for veterinary medicine, rendering surveillance studies essential. Our goal was to determine the susceptibility profile of isolates obtained from healthy and pyometra-presenting dogs and to compare the application of different antimicrobial susceptibility guidelines.
METHODS
The antimicrobial susceptibility profile (ASP) of 74 isolates was determined by disk diffusion, using six antimicrobials commonly used in veterinary medicine. Profiles were assessed by CLSI VET01S, CLSI M100 and EUCAST guidelines. β-lactamases-encoding genes , and were detected by multiplex PCR. Biofilm production ability was evaluated by pellicle formation assays in Luria-Bertani medium.
RESULTS
Variations in the resistance frequency were observed for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cephalexin and cefotaxime (29.7-54.1%, 10.8-16.2% and 1.4-4.1%, respectively). Results varied slightly between clinical and commensal isolates, as well as their biofilm-forming ability. Genes , and were detected in 25.5%, 11.8% and 9.8% of isolates, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Results show the importance of ASP determination in veterinary isolates and the need for using standardized and validated testing methods and harmonized interpretive criteria.
PubMed: 35737336
DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9060284 -
Journal of Advanced Veterinary and... Sep 2020Bilateral ureteral calculi, hydronephrosis, pyometra, pyocolpos, vestibulovaginal stenosis, and imperforate hymen in a dog are uncommon and can be difficult to diagnose....
Diagnosis and surgical treatment of bilateral ureteral calculi, hydronephrosis, pyometra, pyocolpos, vestibulovaginal stenosis, and imperforate hymen in a dog: A rare critical case report.
OBJECTIVE
Bilateral ureteral calculi, hydronephrosis, pyometra, pyocolpos, vestibulovaginal stenosis, and imperforate hymen in a dog are uncommon and can be difficult to diagnose. The aim of this article is to report diagnostic challenges and successful surgical treatment of this rare event and the long-term outcomes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A 5-year-old, spayed (partial ovariohysterectomy) female dog was primarily diagnosed with bilateral hydronephrosis and ureter obstruction due to urolithiasis along with pyometra. The urolith was removed carefully by the right-side ureterectomy, an appropriate ureteral stent was inserted from the bladder to the right kidney, and then, a vasectomy and hysterectomy were performed. The dog improved and was discharged. However, 50 days after surgery, pyocolpos due to imperforate hymen and vestibulovaginal stenosis were diagnosed and surgically corrected, and the ureteral stent was removed because the ureter had completely healed.
RESULTS
During the first admission, serum biochemistry results revealed the increased blood urea nitrogen (5.9 mg/dl), creatinine (116.2 mg/dl), amylase (1,345 U/l), and lipase (141 U/l) values. After surgical correction, all parameters returned to normal. However, 50 days after surgery, the C-reactive protein concentration (143 mg/l) and white blood cell level increased (18.4 × 10/l). After a second surgical correction, the dog recovered fully within 10 days, and no postoperative complications were observed during the follow-up of 6 months.
CONCLUSION
This report provides diagnostic assistance and surgical treatment options for a complex urogenital case. Careful examination during puberty is recommended to prevent the associated complications of this disorder.
PubMed: 33005662
DOI: 10.5455/javar.2020.g432 -
Topics in Companion Animal Medicine Nov 2020This article reports an unusual presentation of pyometra in a pet rabbit. A 2-year-old mixed-breed female rabbit with pelvic limb paralysis was referred for abdominal...
This article reports an unusual presentation of pyometra in a pet rabbit. A 2-year-old mixed-breed female rabbit with pelvic limb paralysis was referred for abdominal distension associated with prolonged depression and decreased appetite. Clinical examination and diagnostic imaging (radiographs and ultrasound) led to the provisional diagnosis of pyometra that was caused by the presence of an enlarged organ containing fluid material and occupying most of the caudal abdomen. Exploratory laparotomy was performed under general anesthesia. After abdominal wall incision along the linea alba, the uterus was immediately evident and the uterine wall was over-distended and damaged, with purulent material free in the abdominal cavity. Ovariohysterectomy was performed and uterine wall samples were sent for microbiological examination and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The agent causing the pyometra was found to be Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which was resistant to enrofloxacin and ceftazidime. This is the first report of pyometra caused by P. aeruginosa in a pet rabbit, based on a literature search. Furthermore, a peculiarity of the present case is the occurrence of pyometra in a rabbit with no history of mating or parturition.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Female; Fluoroquinolones; Hysterectomy; Ovariectomy; Paraplegia; Pseudomonas Infections; Pyometra; Rabbits
PubMed: 32919061
DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2020.100473 -
The Journal of Reproduction and... Dec 2020Cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus, CRs) are commonly used as animal models in biomedical research. However, the reproductive characteristics and ovarian development in the...
Cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus, CRs) are commonly used as animal models in biomedical research. However, the reproductive characteristics and ovarian development in the CRs has not been widely investigated. We have previously shown that female CRs, in particular, show several unique phenotypes associated with the urogenital system, such as chronic kidney disease and pyometra. Our investigation revealed unique morphologies in CR ovaries, particularly in oocytes. Cotton rat ovaries at 6-8 weeks of age were obtained from the Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, and their sections analyzed by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Although the general histology and folliculogenesis of CR ovaries were similar to those of other experimental rodents, multi-oocyte follicles (MOFs) and double nucleated oocytes (DNOs) were also observed. Although MOFs were found at all stages of follicular development, a greater frequency of MOFs was observed in the primary and secondary stages. However, DNOs tended to be frequently observed in primordial follicles. Almost all MOF oocytes and a few DNOs possessed a clear zona pellucida, expressed DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 4 and Forkhead box protein 2, a representative marker of oocytes and follicular epithelial cells. Thus, our investigations revealed the unique phenotypes of the CR ovary. As MOFs and DNOs are occasionally observed in human patients with infertility, the CR would be a useful animal model to study for gaining a better understanding of folliculogenesis and oocytogenesis, as well as their abnormalities in humans and other animals.
Topics: Animals; Epithelial Cells; Female; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred ICR; Oocytes; Ovarian Follicle; Ovary; Phenotype; Rats; Reproduction; Sigmodontinae; Zona Pellucida
PubMed: 32879182
DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2020-061 -
Journal of Dairy Science Nov 2020The objective was to determine the lactational incidence risks of reproductive disorders (RD) including dystocia (DYS), retained fetal membranes (RFM), puerperal...
The objective was to determine the lactational incidence risks of reproductive disorders (RD) including dystocia (DYS), retained fetal membranes (RFM), puerperal metritis (PM), clinical endometritis (CE), pyometra (PYO), late pregnancy loss (LPL), and culling due to reproductive reasons (CRR) in large organic certified dairies with predominant use of Holstein genetics. In addition, potential risk factors for RD, including parity category, milk yield in the previous lactation, season of dry-off, access to grazing at dry-off, length of the dry period (DPL), length of the close-up period (CUPL), calculated gestation length (CGL), season of calving, access to grazing at calving, concurrent health conditions, and total number of artificial inseminations were analyzed. A retrospective study was performed using information from 8 organic certified herds located in northern Colorado and west Texas, ranging from 900 to 6,000 milking cows. Cow information consisted of finalized lactations starting with calvings occurring between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2018. Data were analyzed using time-to-event analyses and multivariable logistic regression. Clinical endometritis had the greatest lactational incidence risk (incidence risk = 10.1%; 95% CI = 9.8-10.3%), followed by DYS (8.8%; 8.5-9.1%), PM (4.9%; 4.7-5.1%), PYO (4.0%; 3.8-4.1%), LPL (3.6%; 3.4-3.7%), and RFM (2.0%; 1.8-2.1%). The incidence risk of CRR was 7.5% (7.3-8.7%), representing 29.1% (28.4-30.0%) of all culling reasons. Median time from calving to diagnosis of PM, CE, PYO, and LPL were 6, 23, 111, and 228 d, respectively. Median time for CRR was 391 d. The main risk factors for RD were DPL, CGL, and CUPL. Season of dry-off was a risk factor for RFM, PM, CE, LPL, and PYO. Short DPL (<30 d) was associated with increased odds (95% CI) of RFM [2.1 (1.6-2.7)], PM [1.4 (1.2-1.7)], and LPL [2.5 (1.5-4.2)]. Shortened CGL (<270 d) increased the odds of DYS [1.5 (1.3-1.8)], RFM [3.2 (2.4-4.1)], and PM [2.4 (1.7-3.3)], whereas extended CGL (>285 d) increased the odds of DYS [1.5 (1.4-1.7)], PM [1.5 (1.2-2.0)], CE [1.5 (1.1-2.0)], and CRR [1.2 (1.10-1.4)]. Shortened CUPL was associated with increased odds of all the RD. Cows spending less than 7 d in the close-up groups had greater odds of DYS [1.4 (1.1-1.8)], RFM [2.1 (1.8-2.4)], PM [1.9 (1.6-2.1)], PYO [1.5 (1.2-1.8)], LPL [2 (1.7-2.3)], and CRR [1.4 (1.04-1.8)] compared with cows spending more than 14 d in the close-up group. Season of calving was associated with the odds of PM [summer = 1.13 (1.01-1.2)], PYO [summer = 1.7 (1.1-2.5)], and LPL ([fall = 0.8 (0.6-0.96)] compared with winter calving. Other risk factors affecting RD were parity number, total number of artificial inseminations, and concurrent health conditions. Overall, lactational incidence risks of reproductive diseases were comparable with those reported in conventional herds. The identified risk factors for RD open opportunities for interventions, especially focused in precalving management, estimation of due dates, and closer monitoring of pregnancies from natural services in large organic certified dairy herds.
Topics: Animal Husbandry; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Colorado; Dystocia; Endometritis; Female; Incidence; Insemination, Artificial; Lactation; Organic Agriculture; Placenta, Retained; Pregnancy; Reproduction; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Seasons; Texas
PubMed: 32896412
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18592 -
European Heart Journal. Case Reports May 2021Triangular ST-segment elevation or 'shark-fin' sign has been described as a specific indicator of acute coronary occlusion and large myocardial ischaemia, translating...
BACKGROUND
Triangular ST-segment elevation or 'shark-fin' sign has been described as a specific indicator of acute coronary occlusion and large myocardial ischaemia, translating into poorer prognosis. However, this electrocardiographic presentation has been reported in rare cases of Tako-Tsubo syndrome and associated with more severe physical stressors and neurological involvement.
CASE SUMMARY
We present a rare case of a 51-year-old woman presenting with incoming epileptic attacks and concomitant pyometra. Despite controlling epilepsy with phenytoin and the surgical treatment of the infection, she developed sepsis requiring vasopressors, and thereafter sustained ventricular tachycardia and diffuse ST-segment elevation with the 'shark-fin' sign. TTC was confirmed by the documentation of normal coronary arteries and the complete recovery of wall motion abnormalities at discharge.
DISCUSSION
Heterogeneous presentation and triggering conditions often challenge the diagnosis of Tako-Tsubo syndrome. The acknowledgement of different electrocardiographic and clinical manifestations can ease the diagnosis and the successful management of these patients, whose prognosis can be extremely severe in the acute phase, if unidentified.
PubMed: 34124561
DOI: 10.1093/ehjcr/ytab132 -
Irish Veterinary Journal Sep 2023To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of female genital system infiltration of T-cell lymphoma in veterinary literature.
BACKGROUND
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of female genital system infiltration of T-cell lymphoma in veterinary literature.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 1.5-year-old, intact female Golden Retriever was referred due to melena and hyporexia that lasted for three weeks. Fever (40.5℃), tachycardia, tachypnoea, pale mucous membranes, and purulent vaginal discharge were identified on physical examination. Blood analyses revealed leucocytosis, anaemia, hypoalbuminemia, and increased lactate and C-reactive protein levels. On abdominal radiography, the small intestine was moderately deviated because of an oval-shaped mass (13 cm × 8.7 cm) located in the mid-abdomen. An enlarged tubular-shaped structure that had the opacity of soft tissue located in dorsal to the bladder to the middle of the abdomen, and an oval-shaped mass (5.28 cm × 3.26 cm), which was suspected to be a medial iliac lymph node located at the sixth to seventh lumbar level. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed gas and fluid in the lumen of the uterine horn with a severely thickened wall, round enlarged lymph nodes around the genitourinary system, and free fluid in the abdominal cavity. Based on these results, pyometra was suspected, and an exploratory laparotomy was performed for ovariohysterectomy. The resected ovary and uterus were macroscopically hypertrophied. Histopathological examination of the ovary and uterus revealed neoplastic proliferation of large round cells with strong immunoreactivity for CD3, indicating T-cell lymphoma. Therefore, the young dog was diagnosed with genital lymphoma.
CONCLUSIONS
The present report describes T-cell lymphoma infiltrating the uterus and ovaries in a young dog, which is rarely diagnosed and could aid in the differential diagnosis of genital diseases in young dogs.
PubMed: 37700381
DOI: 10.1186/s13620-023-00252-x -
Journal of Infection and Public Health May 2024Pyometra is a disease characterized by the collection of pus in the uterus. The clinical characteristics and etiology of pyometra have not been sufficiently described....
BACKGROUND
Pyometra is a disease characterized by the collection of pus in the uterus. The clinical characteristics and etiology of pyometra have not been sufficiently described. In this study, we investigated the clinical characteristics, epidemiology, outcomes, and risk factors of septic shock in patients with pyometra.
METHODS
Patients with pyometra admitted to one of four university-affiliated hospitals between January 2010 to August 2022 were enrolled. Pyometra cases associated with peripartum infection and surgical site infection were excluded. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of pyometra were described, and pyometra patients with or without septic shock were compared.
RESULTS
A total of 192 patients was included. Twenty-eight-day all-cause mortality was 5.0%, and the 1-year recurrence rate was 6.3%. Median patient age was 77.5 years. The two most common symptoms were abdominal pain (49.0%) and vaginal discharge (47.9%). Escherichia coli (40.1%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (16.7%), and Streptococcus spp.(16.0%) were the pathogens most frequently isolated by conventional culture; those isolated from polymerase chain reaction were Mycoplasma hominis (48.0%), and Ureaplasma spp. (32.0%). In multivariable analysis, fever, uterine perforation, and dementia were associated with increased incidence of septic shock, while vaginal discharge was associated with a lower incidence of septic shock.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that pyometra is a unique gynecological infectious syndrome in post-menopausal individuals. The most common associated pathogens are similar to those involved in urinary tract infections rather than those of sexually transmitted diseases. Decreased cognitive function could delay early diagnosis of pyometra and lead to septic shock and higher mortality.
Topics: Aged; Female; Humans; Cohort Studies; Escherichia coli; Pyometra; Risk Factors; Shock, Septic; Vaginal Discharge; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 38554592
DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2024.03.019 -
World Journal of Clinical Cases Aug 2022Cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common type of cervical carcinoma and is generally derived from a precancerous stage called cervical high-grade...
BACKGROUND
Cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common type of cervical carcinoma and is generally derived from a precancerous stage called cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). Usually, the cancer metastasizes through lymphatic or hematogenous dissemination, but rarely spreads upward into the uterus. Here, we report a case of cervical HSIL extending into the endometrium and finally progressing to SCC in the uterine cavity.
CASE SUMMARY
A 57-year-old postmenopausal woman visited our department and requested a routine cervical check-up. Four years ago, she had undergone a cervical loop electrosurgical excision procedure because of HSIL found during the gynecological examination, and she had not been checked again since. This time, a relapse of the cervical HSIL was diagnosed along with uterine pyometra and endometrial polyps. After 2 wk of antibiotic treatment, a laparoscopic hysterectomy was performed, and the final pathological examination revealed that the cervical HSIL had spread directly upward into the uterine cavity, gradually developing into cervical SCC in the endometrium.
CONCLUSION
Cervical HSIL/SCC can directly spread upward into the uterus with the most common symptoms of pyometra and cervical stenosis. More attention should be given to the early detection and prevention of this disease.
PubMed: 36157822
DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i24.8782