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The Veterinary Clinics of North... May 2022Pyometra is a common disease in intact bitches and queens and occurs, although less frequently,in most other female pets. The illness is generally diagnosed within 4... (Review)
Review
Pyometra is a common disease in intact bitches and queens and occurs, although less frequently,in most other female pets. The illness is generally diagnosed within 4 months after estrus, in middle-aged to older bitches and queens. Hormonal and bacterial factors are important for the disease development, and progesterone plays a key role. The diagnosis is based on case history, clinical signs, and findings on physical examination, laboratory analyses and diagnostic imaging. Pyometra is potentially life-threatening and considered a medical emergency. Surgical ovariohysterectomy is the safest and most efficient treatment, but purely pharmacologic options are possible in less severe cases.
Topics: Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Endometrial Hyperplasia; Female; Hysterectomy; Progesterone; Pyometra
PubMed: 35465903
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.01.004 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Jul 2018Pyometra is a common disease in dogs and cats. Hormones and opportunistic bacteria are fundamental in the development, with progesterone playing a key role. The disease... (Review)
Review
Pyometra is a common disease in dogs and cats. Hormones and opportunistic bacteria are fundamental in the development, with progesterone playing a key role. The disease should be suspected in intact bitches and queens presenting with illness, and particularly if within 4 months after estrus. Early diagnosis and treatment are vital to increase chances of survival as endotoxemia and sepsis often are induced. Typical clinical signs include vaginal discharge, depression, anorexia, polyuria and polydipsia, fever and gastrointestinal disturbances. Surgical ovariohysterectomy is the safest and most effective treatment. For breeding animals with less severe illness, purely medical treatments alternatives are possible.
Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Hysterectomy; Ovariectomy; Pyometra
PubMed: 29933767
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2018.03.001 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Dec 2019: Desexing dogs is promoted for population control, preventative healthcare, and behavior modification. Common methods are orchiectomy and... (Review)
Review
: Desexing dogs is promoted for population control, preventative healthcare, and behavior modification. Common methods are orchiectomy and ovariectomy/ovariohysterectomy. GnRH superagonist implants are available in some areas. Alternative methods like vasectomy and salpingectomy/hysterectomy are uncommon. The terminology used to describe desexing is inconsistent and contradictory, showing a need for the adaption of standardized terminology. : Surprisingly, empirical studies show no effects of desexing on population control in companion and shelter dogs despite desexing being consistently recommended in the literature. There is evidence for a population control effect in free-roaming dogs, where desexing also has benefits on zoonotic disease and bite risk. Population control in free-roaming dogs is mostly correlated with female, not male desexing. : Desexing affects numerous disease risks, but studies commonly neglect age at diagnosis and overall lifespan, age being by far the most important risk factor for most diseases. We argue that lifespan is a more important outcome than ultimate cause of death. A beneficial effect of desexing on lifespan is consistently demonstrated in females, while evidence for a beneficial effect in males is inconsistent. Studies are likely biased in desexing being a proxy for better care and desexed dogs having already lived to the age of desexing. Desexing reduces or eliminates common life-limiting diseases of the female reproductive system such as pyometra and mammary tumors, while no analogous effect exists in males. Disease risks increases across sexes and breeds include cruciate ligament rupture, various cancers, and obesity. Urinary incontinence risk is increased in females only. Various other disease risk changes show considerable variability between breeds and sexes. : Desexed males show reduced libido, roaming, conspecific mounting, and urinary marking frequency, as well as reduced male dog-directed aggression in a majority of males desexed for behavioral reasons. There is a detrimental effect on the risk and progression of age-related cognitive dysfunction. Desexed dogs may be less likely to cause bite injuries across sexes. The evidence for other effects such as human-directed aggression, human or object mounting, resource guarding, or shyness and anxiety is inconsistent and contradictory. There are few studies specific to females or individual breeds. : The evidence for a beneficial effect of desexing is stronger in female than in male dogs; however, there is significant variation between breeds and sexes, and more research is needed to further elucidate these differences and to arrive at individualized evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice.
PubMed: 31817504
DOI: 10.3390/ani9121086 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Oct 2022Acute phase response is a nonspecific reaction to disturbances in homeostasis during which the production of some Acute Phase Proteins (APPs) is stimulated; they are... (Review)
Review
Acute phase response is a nonspecific reaction to disturbances in homeostasis during which the production of some Acute Phase Proteins (APPs) is stimulated; they are sensitive but nonspecific markers of systemic inflammatory processes. The major positive APP in dogs is the C-reactive protein (CRP). The dynamic of its concentration changes fast, rising and decreasing rapidly with the onset and removal of the inflammatory stimulus. It increases within the first 4-24 h after the stimulus and reaches up to a 50-100-fold increase of the baseline level. It has been documented that this APP's concentration is elevated during several diseases, such as pyometra, panniculitis, acute pancreatitis, polyarthritis, sepsis, immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, and neoplasia in dogs. In clinical practice, canine CRP is mostly measured to detect and monitor systemic inflammatory activity and the efficacy of treatments, because it is a more sensitive marker than shifts in leukocyte counts. Blood serum CRP concentration is becoming a part of routine biochemistry panels in many countries. In this article, changes in CRP concentration and its clinical application in healthy and diseased dogs are discussed.
PubMed: 36290272
DOI: 10.3390/ani12202888 -
Facts, Views & Vision in ObGyn Dec 2023Xanthogranulomatous endometritis (XGE) is an uncommon inflammatory benign condition that can mimic endometrial cancer. The majority of the reported cases of XGE have...
Xanthogranulomatous endometritis (XGE) is an uncommon inflammatory benign condition that can mimic endometrial cancer. The majority of the reported cases of XGE have been observed in postmenopausal women, often presenting clinically as haematometra or benign senile pyometra. We report a case of XGE in a 73-year-old woman who presented with pyometra. Diagnostic hysteroscopy is an important tool when accompanied by endometrial samples for histology in suspected cases. Knowledge of this uncommon disease is crucial for accurate diagnosis. XGE is a benign condition, however, there have been reported cases of chronic active XGE and bacterial infection in which hysterectomy was required due to complications.
PubMed: 38128093
DOI: 10.52054/FVVO.15.4.106 -
BioMed Research International 2023Canine pyometra, which is accompanied by bacterial contamination of the dog uterus, is defined as a complex disease associated with the activation of several systems,...
Canine pyometra, which is accompanied by bacterial contamination of the dog uterus, is defined as a complex disease associated with the activation of several systems, including the immune system. This study uses text mining and microarray data analysis methods to discover some existing targeted gene drugs and expand potential new drug indications. Text mining ("canine pyometra") and microarray data analysis (GSE99877) were used to obtain a common set of genes. These genes and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were analyzed using Gene Ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Then, the important genes clustered in the PPI network were selected for gene-drug interaction analysis to provide evidence for potential drug discovery. Through text mining and data analysis, we obtained 17,544 text mining genes (TMGs) and 399 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), respectively. There were 256 repeat genes between TMGs and DEGs, including 70 upregulated genes and 186 downregulated genes. Thirty-seven genes clustered in three significant gene modules. Eight of the 37 genes can target 23 existing drugs. In conclusion, the discovery of 8 immune response-related genes (, , , , , , , and ) targeting 23 existing drugs may expand the drug indications for pyometra-related diseases in dogs.
Topics: Humans; Female; Animals; Dogs; Gene Expression Profiling; Pyometra; Microarray Analysis; Gene Regulatory Networks; Protein Interaction Maps; Data Mining; Computational Biology; Gene Ontology
PubMed: 37101686
DOI: 10.1155/2023/7839568 -
Reproduction & Fertility Apr 2021Effects of conservative treatment on uterine blood flow and morphometric findings are still unknown in bitches. Thus, this study aimed to compare uterine changes of...
UNLABELLED
Effects of conservative treatment on uterine blood flow and morphometric findings are still unknown in bitches. Thus, this study aimed to compare uterine changes of pyometra bitches subjected to distinct modes of treatment. Pyometra bitches were assigned to: OHE (ovariohysterectomy immediately after diagnosis), Aglepristone (days 1, 2 and 8) and Associative (aglepristone treatment coupled with cloprostenol for 7 days) groups. After 9 days, bitches were ovariohysterectomized. Before surgery, uterine area was measured ultrasonographically and the uterine artery Doppler velocimetry analyzed blood flow velocity and indexes. Uterine horns were classified according to resistance index (RI) as more compromised and less compromised. Endometrial vasculature was quantitatively evaluated by color flow Doppler. Blood samples were collected to determine nitric oxide (NO) concentrations. Histological uterine structures were quantified by stereology and VEGF-A (vascular endothelial growth factor) and eNOS were (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) immunohistochemically analyzed. Aglepristone and Associative groups had lower uterine area and vascularization, and higher blood flow velocity and indexes compared to OHE group. Less compromised horn of Associative group had higher blood flow velocity compared to OHE group. Aglepristone group presented lower inflammatory infiltrate and larger uterine stroma. Associative group had lower volume density and absolute surface of endometrial cysts and lower VEGF-A expression for glandular epithelium and stromal cells. Blood NO and e-NOS immunostaining were not different among groups. In conclusion, association between aglepristone and prostaglandin is more effective in decreasing uterine vascularization and modulating uterine blood flow. Moreover, associative therapy promotes marked morphological changes.
LAY SUMMARY
This research compared two medical protocols of treatment for uterine infection (pyometra) in bitches, using a hormone blocker (anti-progesterone aglepristone) solely or in association with a uterine contraction inducer (prostaglandin; associative therapy). After treatment, bitches were gonadectomized and a microscopic analysis of uterine blood vessel formation and uterine tissue elements were performed as well as uterine blood flow evaluation through Doppler ultrasonography. According to vascular resistance, uterine horns were additionally classified as more compromised and less compromised. Both treatment protocols led to reduction of uterine dimensions and vascularization, and higher blood flow compared to untreated bitches. Less compromised uterine horn of the associative treatment had higher blood flow compared to untreated bitches. The hormone blocker treatment had lower inflammatory cells and larger uterine histological structure, while associative treatment had less uterine pathological cysts and lower blood vessel formation. The associative therapy is effective in decreasing uterine vascularization and modulating uterine blood flow as well as reestablishing endometrium structure in bitches with uterine infection.
Topics: Animals; Cysts; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Endometritis; Female; Hormones; Humans; Pregnancy; Progestins; Prostaglandins; Pyometra; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
PubMed: 35128446
DOI: 10.1530/RAF-20-0020 -
Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research... Oct 2021This study aimed to identify potential biomarkers of canine pyometra and their correlations with clinical parameters. First, 90 dogs with pyometra and 26 healthy female... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
This study aimed to identify potential biomarkers of canine pyometra and their correlations with clinical parameters. First, 90 dogs with pyometra and 26 healthy female dogs were compared. Then, paired samples (before and after ovariohysterectomy) from 22 dogs with pyometra and 9 healthy controls from the initial cohort were compared. Concentrations of acute inflammatory proteins, C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA), and cell-free DNA (cfDNA), were significantly higher in dogs with pyometra than in clinically healthy dogs. Cell-free DNA was the most sensitive biomarker for systemic inflammation, based on the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis (area under the curve = 0.959). In addition, cfDNA and CRP were significantly associated with inflammation and organ injury-related clinical parameters. Following the surgical removal of the inflamed uterus, interleukin-6 (IL-6), high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and procalcitonin (PCT) significantly decreased, whereas changes in CRP, SAA, and cfDNA were not significant. These findings indicate that cfDNA, CRP, and SAA are potential clinical biomarkers of systemic inflammation in dogs with pyometra and PCT, IL-6, and HMGB1 are potential biomarkers of clinical recovery.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; C-Reactive Protein; Case-Control Studies; Cell-Free Nucleic Acids; Cohort Studies; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Hysterectomy; Inflammation; Ovariectomy; Pyometra; ROC Curve; Serum Amyloid A Protein
PubMed: 34602731
DOI: No ID Found -
Heliyon Dec 2023Canine Pyometra, also known as cystic endometrial hyperplasia complex, is a common reproductive issue in bitches. This study aimed to identify associated risk factors,...
Canine Pyometra, also known as cystic endometrial hyperplasia complex, is a common reproductive issue in bitches. This study aimed to identify associated risk factors, hematological variation, bacteria involved, and the most potent anti-bacterial against bacterial isolates of canine pyometra. Forty-five bitches of different habitats, breeds, and ages infected with pyometra were included in the study. The samples were cultured to isolate bacteria associated with the pyometra and antibiotic sensitivity was done for each bacterial isolates to get antibiogram. The study findings showed that potential risk factors such as age group, medroxyprogesterone acetate administration, and changes in the white blood cells parameters were significantly associated (P < 0.05) with the type of pyometra. Closed cervix pyometra in dogs showed significantly higher prevalence of clinical signs including depression, vomiting, abdominal enlargement, and fever compared to the open cervix pyometra. Low levels of red blood cells, pack cell volume, and hemoglobin indicated that the pyometra-infected dogs were more likely to have normocytic, normochromic, and non-regenerative anemia. Pyometra was attributed to an increase in AST (Aspertate aminotransferase), ALT (Alanine transaminase), ALP (Alkaline phosphatase), BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen), and Creatinine while a decrease in serum albumin. Of the all bacterial isolates, (35.55%) was the most common pathogen isolated from canine pyometra, followed by spp. (26.66%). and spp. were susceptible to Imipenem, Amikacin, and Gentamicin while highly resistant to Ampicillin and Erythromycin. Imipenem, Amikacin, and Gentamicin were the most sensitive antibiotics, while Ampicillin and Erythromycin were the most resistant antibiotics for the bacterial strain isolated from canine pyometra. Multidrug resistant was observed in 26 of the isolated bacteria, indicating acquired resistance due to improper and uncontrolled use. Hence early diagnosis and close monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility before therapeutic intervention is indispensable in preventing the global threat of antimicrobial resistance.
PubMed: 38076069
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22368 -
Animal Reproduction Science Mar 2022The most common uterine diseases affecting bitches are cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) and pyometra. The neuropeptide phoenixin (PNX) and its receptor (GPR173) are...
The most common uterine diseases affecting bitches are cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) and pyometra. The neuropeptide phoenixin (PNX) and its receptor (GPR173) are potential key factors involved in the proliferative and inflammatory regulation of the reproductive system in females. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of PNX and GPR173 by qPCR, western blot and immunofluorescence assays in the endometrium of bitches suffering from CEH or pyometra compared to clinically healthy females. Additionally, PNX and progesterone (P4) plasma concentrations were analysed. The results showed a significantly lower expression levels of PNX and GPR173 (mRNA and protein production) in bitches with the CEH or pyometra groups compared to healthy animals. Immunofluorescence staining examination also confirmed a lower concentration of PNX and GPR173 signals in bitches with pathological uteri. Moreover, a lower concentration of PNX blood levels in bitches suffering from pyometra was observed. The PNX concentration was negatively correlated with P4 but only in healthy bitches. These results illustrate that the development of canine uterine disorders may cause a lower expression of PNX and its receptor GPR173.
Topics: Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Endometrial Hyperplasia; Endometrium; Female; Neuropeptides; Pyometra; Uterus
PubMed: 35121414
DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.106931