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PLoS Pathogens Dec 2022Invasion plasmid antigen J (IpaJ) is a protein with cysteine protease activity that is present in Salmonella and Shigella species. Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum...
Invasion plasmid antigen J (IpaJ) is a protein with cysteine protease activity that is present in Salmonella and Shigella species. Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum uses IpaJ to inhibit the NF-κB pathway and the subsequent inflammatory response, resulting in bacterial survival in host macrophages. In the present study, we performed a DNA pull-down assay and EMSA and identified ItrA, a new DeoR family transcriptional regulator that could control the expression of IpaJ by directly binding to the promoter of ipaJ. The deletion of itrA inhibited the transcription of ipaJ in Salmonella. Tn-Seq revealed that two regulators of Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1), namely HilA and HilD, regulated the secretion of IpaJ. The deletion of hilA, hilD or SPI-1 inhibited the secretion of IpaJ in both cultured medium and Salmonella-infected cells. In contrast, the strain with the deletion of ssrB (an SPI-2 regulator-encoding gene) displayed normal IpaJ secretion, indicating that IpaJ is an effector of the SPI-1-encoded type III secretion system (T3SS1). To further demonstrate the role of IpaJ in host cells, we performed quantitative phosphoproteomics and compared the fold changes in signaling molecules in HeLa cells infected with wild-type S. Pullorum C79-13 with those in HeLa cells infected with the ipaJ-deleted strain C79-13ΔpSPI12. Both phosphoproteomics and Western blot analyses revealed that p-MEK and p-ERK molecules were increased in C79-13ΔpSPI12- and C79-13ΔpSPI12-pipaJ(C45A)-infected cells; and Co-IP assays demonstrated that IpaJ interacts with Ras to reduce its ubiquitination, indicating that IpaJ can inhibit the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway.
Topics: Humans; HeLa Cells; Signal Transduction; Salmonella
PubMed: 36477497
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011005 -
BMC Veterinary Research Jun 2022Pullorum disease caused by Salmonella pullorum is one of the most important infectious diseases in the poultry industry, responsible for causing substantial economic...
BACKGROUND
Pullorum disease caused by Salmonella pullorum is one of the most important infectious diseases in the poultry industry, responsible for causing substantial economic losses globally. On farms, the traditional method to detect S. pullorum infection mainly involves the collection of feces and sera to test for antigens and antibodies, respectively, but the regularity of Salmonella pullorum dissemination in internal organs and shedding patterns and antibody production in infected chickens remains unclear. Herein we aimed to investigate the dissemination of S. pullorum to different organs and bacterial shedding patterns in the faeces as well as serum antibody production post-infection in chickens of different ages.
RESULT
In this study, the liver and heart of 2-day-old chickens showed the highest copy numbers of S. pullorum at 6.4 × 10 and 1.9 × 10 copies of DNA target sequences/30 mg, respectively. In case of 10-day-old chickens, the percentage of S. pullorum fecal shedding (0%-40%) and antibody production (0%-56.6%) markedly fluctuated during the entire experiment; furthermore, in case of 42-week-old chickens, the percentage of birds showing S. pullorum shedding in the faeces showed a downward trend (from 63.33% to 6.6% in the oral inoculation group and from 43.3% to 10% in the intraperitoneal injection group), while that of birds showing serum antibody production remained at a high level (38.3% and 80% in the oral inoculation and intraperitoneal injection groups, respectively). We also performed cohabitation experiments, showed that 15% 10-day-old and 3.33% 42-week-old chickens were infected via the horizontal transmission in cohabitation with S. pullorum infected chickens, and revealed a high risk of horizontal transmission of S. pullorum.
CONCLUSION
This study systematically evaluated the dissemination of S. pullorum in internal organs and bacterial fecal shedding patterns, and antibody production in infected chickens. Collectively, our findings indicate how to effectively screen S. pullorum-negative chickens on livestock farms and should also help in the development of measures to control and eradicate S. pullorum.
Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Chickens; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal
PubMed: 35751066
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03335-z -
National Science Review Oct 2023Understanding changes in pathogen behavior (e.g. increased virulence, a shift in transmission channel) is critical for the public health management of emerging...
Understanding changes in pathogen behavior (e.g. increased virulence, a shift in transmission channel) is critical for the public health management of emerging infectious diseases. Genome degradation via gene depletion or inactivation is recognized as a pathoadaptive feature of the pathogen evolving with the host. However, little is known about the exact role of genome degradation in affecting pathogenic behavior, and the underlying molecular detail has yet to be examined. Using large-scale global avian-restricted genomes spanning more than a century, we projected the genetic diversity of Pullorum (bvSP) by showing increasingly antimicrobial-resistant ST92 prevalent in Chinese flocks. The phylogenomic analysis identified three lineages in bvSP, with an enhancement of virulence in the two recently emerged lineages (L2/L3), as evidenced in chicken and embryo infection assays. Notably, the ancestor L1 lineage resembles the serovars with higher metabolic flexibilities and more robust environmental tolerance, indicating stepwise evolutionary trajectories towards avian-restricted lineages. Pan-genome analysis pinpointed fimbrial degradation from a virulent lineage. The later engineered -deletion mutant, and all other five fimbrial systems, revealed behavior switching that restricted horizontal fecal-oral transmission but boosted virulence in chicks. By depleting fimbrial appendages, bvSP established persistent replication with less proinflammation in chick macrophages and adopted vertical transovarial transmission, accompanied by ever-increasing intensification in the poultry industry. Together, we uncovered a previously unseen paradigm for remodeling bacterial surface appendages that supplements virulence-enhanced evolution with increased vertical transmission.
PubMed: 37965675
DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad228 -
Microbiology Resource Announcements Sep 2023This work was performed on commercially purchased CVCC519 originally isolated from chicken intestinal content. The Sanguinarine-resistant strain XM3104 was isolated...
This work was performed on commercially purchased CVCC519 originally isolated from chicken intestinal content. The Sanguinarine-resistant strain XM3104 was isolated from Sanguinarine-induced CVCC519. To identify possible mechanisms underlying resistance, the complete genomes of CVCC519 and XM3104 were sequenced using PromethION and next-generation sequencing.
PubMed: 37594281
DOI: 10.1128/MRA.00095-23 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2023Pure cultures of chicken intestinal microbial species may still be crucial and imperative to expound on the function of gut microbiota, and also contribute to the...
Pure cultures of chicken intestinal microbial species may still be crucial and imperative to expound on the function of gut microbiota, and also contribute to the development of potential probiotics and novel bioactive metabolites from gut microbiota. In this study, we isolated and identified 507 chicken intestinal bacterial isolates, including 89 previously uncultured isolates. Among these, a total of 63 strains, belonging to , , , , , and , exhibited antibacterial activity against . Acid tolerance tests showed strain YPG14 ( strain YPG14) has a particularly strong tolerance to acid. We further characterized other probiotic properties of strain YPG14. In simulated intestinal fluid, the growth of strain YPG14 remained stable after incubation for 4 h. The auto-aggregation test showed the auto-aggregation percentage of strain YPG14 was recorded as 15.0 ± 0.38%, 48.3 ± 2.51%, and 75.1 ± 4.44% at 3, 12, and 24 h, respectively. In addition, the mucin binding assay showed strain YPG14 exhibited 12.07 ± 0.02% adhesion to mucin. Antibiotic sensitivity testing showed that strain YPG14 was sensitive to the majority of the tested antibiotics. The anti- Pullorum (. Pullorum) infection effect in vivo revealed that the consumption of strain YPG14 could significantly improve body weight loss and survival rate of chicks infected by . Pullorum; reduce the loads of . Pullorum in the jejunum, liver, spleen, and feces; and alleviate the jejunum villi morphological structure damage, crypt loss, and inflammatory cell infiltration caused by . Pullorum. Overall, this study may help us to understand the diversity of chicken intestinal microflora and provide some insights for potential probiotic development from gut microbiota and may find application in the poultry industry.
Topics: Animals; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Chickens; Intestines; Limosilactobacillus reuteri; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Probiotics; Mucins
PubMed: 36769368
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24033045 -
Archives of Razi Institute Apr 2023Pullorum disease (PD) is one of the most common diseases in the world, with devastating consequences. In the chicken sector, there have been financial losses. It is...
Pullorum disease (PD) is one of the most common diseases in the world, with devastating consequences. In the chicken sector, there have been financial losses. It is brought on by ; definitive detection requires culture followed by biochemistry analysis and serotyping. This study aimed to verify the presence of bacteria by culture, biochemical characterization, PCR assay, and sequencing. One hundred samples were collected from 12 broiler chicken flocks of different ages for 8districts of Baghdad province, including cloacal swabs (65), visceral organs (15), and dropping (20). Salmonella colonies were identified by selective culture broth and agar with biochemical description for 75% of the total samples, with a higher incidence in visceral organs than dropping and cloacal swabs. ،The Sequencing and phylogenetic tree analysis of 16S rRNA gene for representative Salmonella isolates. The presence of Salmonella isolates in global genetic strains; was revealed a matching NCBI isolates similarity of 99.02% with (MF445124.1) and 98% with (MH352164.1), respectively. In the current state of molecular and genetic research, phlyogentic research announced the real presence of in Baghdadprovince's broiler chicken, also showing the phylogentic characteristics and links to some global isolates. The detection of in broiler flocks of the current study extent of health risks to other uninfected birds present in the free range.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Phylogeny; Iraq; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella; Salmonella enterica
PubMed: 37396728
DOI: 10.22092/ARI.2022.359468.2424 -
Poultry Science Apr 2022Salmonellosis is a severe problem that threatens the poultry sector worldwide right now. Salmonella gallinarium and Salmonella pullorum (Fowl typhoid) are the most... (Review)
Review
Salmonellosis is a severe problem that threatens the poultry sector worldwide right now. Salmonella gallinarium and Salmonella pullorum (Fowl typhoid) are the most pathogenic serovars in avian species leading to systemic infection resulting in severe economic losses in the poultry industry. Nontyphoidal serotypes of Salmonella (Paratyphoid disease) constitute a public health hazard for their involvement in food poisoning problems in addition to their zoonotic importance. Also, Salmonella species distribution is particularly extensive. They resisted environmental conditions that made it difficult to control their spread for a long time. Therefore, the current review aimed to through light on Salmonellosis in poultry with particular references to its pathogenesis, economic importance, immune response to Salmonella, Salmonella antibiotics resistance, possible methods for prevention and control of such problems using promising antibiotics alternatives including probiotics, prebiotics, symbiotics, organic acids, essential oils, cinnamaldehyde, chitosan, nanoparticles, and vaccines.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella Food Poisoning; Salmonella Infections, Animal
PubMed: 35176704
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101716 -
The Indian Journal of Medical Research Jul 2019Salmonellosis due to the consumption of contaminated poultry products is a well-known public health concern, and assessing the distribution of Salmonella serovars among...
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES
Salmonellosis due to the consumption of contaminated poultry products is a well-known public health concern, and assessing the distribution of Salmonella serovars among poultry becomes important for better prevention and control. The objective of the present study was to assess the distribution of Salmonella serovars among poultry.
METHODS
The isolates received at National Salmonella and Escherichia Centre during 2011-2016 were subjected to biochemical identification, followed by serological characterization to identify the Salmonella serovars, and the data were presented to exhibit the distribution of Salmonella serovars among poultry.
RESULTS
Salmonella was found to be present in poultry in all the regions included in the study. Salmonella Typhimurium, S. Gallinarum and S. Enteritidis were the most prevalent serovars accounting for 96.2 per cent of isolates. Salmonella was identified in poultry from all major egg-producing and egg-consuming States. Other serovars which were scantly identified included S. Infantis (2.7%), S. Montevideo (0.64%), S. Newport (0.26%) and S. Pullorum (0.13%).
INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS
Diverse distribution of Salmonella serovars in poultry in India, with known potential to infect human population and/or other poultry flocks, requires urgent nationwide stringent control measures.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Genetic Variation; Humans; India; Poultry; Salmonella enterica; Salmonella typhimurium; Serogroup
PubMed: 31571635
DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1798_17 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2017Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat, and antimicrobial usage and AMR in animal production is one of its contributing sources. Poultry is one of the... (Review)
Review
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat, and antimicrobial usage and AMR in animal production is one of its contributing sources. Poultry is one of the most widespread types of meat consumed worldwide. Poultry flocks are often raised under intensive conditions using large amounts of antimicrobials to prevent and to treat disease, as well as for growth promotion. Antimicrobial resistant poultry pathogens may result in treatment failure, leading to economic losses, but also be a source of resistant bacteria/genes (including zoonotic bacteria) that may represent a risk to human health. Here we reviewed data on AMR in 12 poultry pathogens, including avian pathogenic (APEC), Pullorum/Gallinarum, (ORT), spp., , and . A number of studies have demonstrated increases in resistance over time for . Pullorum/Gallinarum, , and . Among Enterobacteriaceae, APEC isolates displayed considerably higher levels of AMR compared with . Pullorum/Gallinarum, with prevalence of resistance over >80% for ampicillin, amoxicillin, tetracycline across studies. Among the Gram-negative, non-Enterobacteriaceae pathogens, ORT had the highest levels of phenotypic resistance with median levels of AMR against co-trimoxazole, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, amoxicillin, and ceftiofur all exceeding 50%. In contrast, levels of resistance among isolates were less than 20% for all antimicrobials. The study highlights considerable disparities in methodologies, as well as in criteria for phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing and result interpretation. It is necessary to increase efforts to harmonize testing practices, and to promote free access to data on AMR in order to improve treatment guidelines as well as to monitor the evolution of AMR in poultry bacterial pathogens.
PubMed: 28848739
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00126 -
Vaccines Apr 2023Pullorum disease, caused by the serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum, is a highly contagious disease in the poultry industry, leading to significant economic losses in...
Pullorum disease, caused by the serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum, is a highly contagious disease in the poultry industry, leading to significant economic losses in many developing countries. Due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, immediate attention is required to prevent their endemics and global spreading. To mitigate the prevalence of MDR infections in poultry farms, it is urgent to develop effective vaccines. Reverse vaccinology (RV) is a promising approach using expressed genomic sequences to find new vaccine targets. The present study used the RV approach to identify new antigen candidates against Pullorum disease. Initial epidemiological investigation and virulent assays were conducted to select strain R51 for presentative and general importance. An additional complete genome sequence (4.7 Mb) for R51 was resolved using the Pacbio RS II platform. The proteome of was analyzed to predict outer membrane and extracellular proteins, and was further selected for evaluating transmembrane domains, protein prevalence, antigenicity, and solubility. Twenty-two high-scored proteins were identified among 4713 proteins, with 18 recombinant proteins successfully expressed and purified. The chick embryo model was used to assess protection efficacy, in which vaccine candidates were injected into 18-day-old chick embryos for in vivo immunogenicity and protective effects. The results showed that the PstS, SinH, LpfB, and SthB vaccine candidates were able to elicit a significant immune response. Particularly, PstS confers a significant protective effect, with a 75% survival rate compared to 31.25% for the PBS control group, confirming that identified antigens can be promising targets against infection. Thus, we offer RV to discover novel effective antigens in an important veterinary infectious agent with high priority.
PubMed: 37112777
DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040865