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BMC Veterinary Research Jun 2022Pullorum disease caused by Salmonella pullorum is one of the most important infectious diseases in the poultry industry, responsible for causing substantial economic...
BACKGROUND
Pullorum disease caused by Salmonella pullorum is one of the most important infectious diseases in the poultry industry, responsible for causing substantial economic losses globally. On farms, the traditional method to detect S. pullorum infection mainly involves the collection of feces and sera to test for antigens and antibodies, respectively, but the regularity of Salmonella pullorum dissemination in internal organs and shedding patterns and antibody production in infected chickens remains unclear. Herein we aimed to investigate the dissemination of S. pullorum to different organs and bacterial shedding patterns in the faeces as well as serum antibody production post-infection in chickens of different ages.
RESULT
In this study, the liver and heart of 2-day-old chickens showed the highest copy numbers of S. pullorum at 6.4 × 10 and 1.9 × 10 copies of DNA target sequences/30 mg, respectively. In case of 10-day-old chickens, the percentage of S. pullorum fecal shedding (0%-40%) and antibody production (0%-56.6%) markedly fluctuated during the entire experiment; furthermore, in case of 42-week-old chickens, the percentage of birds showing S. pullorum shedding in the faeces showed a downward trend (from 63.33% to 6.6% in the oral inoculation group and from 43.3% to 10% in the intraperitoneal injection group), while that of birds showing serum antibody production remained at a high level (38.3% and 80% in the oral inoculation and intraperitoneal injection groups, respectively). We also performed cohabitation experiments, showed that 15% 10-day-old and 3.33% 42-week-old chickens were infected via the horizontal transmission in cohabitation with S. pullorum infected chickens, and revealed a high risk of horizontal transmission of S. pullorum.
CONCLUSION
This study systematically evaluated the dissemination of S. pullorum in internal organs and bacterial fecal shedding patterns, and antibody production in infected chickens. Collectively, our findings indicate how to effectively screen S. pullorum-negative chickens on livestock farms and should also help in the development of measures to control and eradicate S. pullorum.
Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Chickens; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal
PubMed: 35751066
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03335-z -
PLoS Pathogens Dec 2022Invasion plasmid antigen J (IpaJ) is a protein with cysteine protease activity that is present in Salmonella and Shigella species. Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum...
Invasion plasmid antigen J (IpaJ) is a protein with cysteine protease activity that is present in Salmonella and Shigella species. Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum uses IpaJ to inhibit the NF-κB pathway and the subsequent inflammatory response, resulting in bacterial survival in host macrophages. In the present study, we performed a DNA pull-down assay and EMSA and identified ItrA, a new DeoR family transcriptional regulator that could control the expression of IpaJ by directly binding to the promoter of ipaJ. The deletion of itrA inhibited the transcription of ipaJ in Salmonella. Tn-Seq revealed that two regulators of Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1), namely HilA and HilD, regulated the secretion of IpaJ. The deletion of hilA, hilD or SPI-1 inhibited the secretion of IpaJ in both cultured medium and Salmonella-infected cells. In contrast, the strain with the deletion of ssrB (an SPI-2 regulator-encoding gene) displayed normal IpaJ secretion, indicating that IpaJ is an effector of the SPI-1-encoded type III secretion system (T3SS1). To further demonstrate the role of IpaJ in host cells, we performed quantitative phosphoproteomics and compared the fold changes in signaling molecules in HeLa cells infected with wild-type S. Pullorum C79-13 with those in HeLa cells infected with the ipaJ-deleted strain C79-13ΔpSPI12. Both phosphoproteomics and Western blot analyses revealed that p-MEK and p-ERK molecules were increased in C79-13ΔpSPI12- and C79-13ΔpSPI12-pipaJ(C45A)-infected cells; and Co-IP assays demonstrated that IpaJ interacts with Ras to reduce its ubiquitination, indicating that IpaJ can inhibit the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway.
Topics: Humans; HeLa Cells; Signal Transduction; Salmonella
PubMed: 36477497
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011005 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2022Extensive studies have shown that potassium diformate (KDF), an antibiotic substitute used as a feed additive, improves animal growth performance, although there is less...
Extensive studies have shown that potassium diformate (KDF), an antibiotic substitute used as a feed additive, improves animal growth performance, although there is less direct evidence of its preventive effect on bacterial infections and its influence on the intestinal flora of animals. In this study, the inhibition effect of KDF on , an important enteric pathogen causing pullorum disease, was investigated in vitro and on a chicken infection model. The effect of KDF on the diversities and structures of chicken duodenal and cecum flora were also investigated using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results showed that addition of 0.5% KDF in feed or 0.1% KDF in drinking water significantly reduced the bacterial loads and the degree of pathological changes in the cecum, improved digestion and reduced the pH of the gastrointestinal tract of chickens infected with . KDF also significantly modified the diversity and abundance of intestinal microflorae in chickens. In particular, it promoted the colonization of several probiotics, such as , , and , which are involved in maintenance of the intestinal barrier, modulation of inflammation, energy supply for intestinal cells and pathogen resistance. These results enrich the theoretical basis for the clinical application of KDF in chickens.
PubMed: 36140044
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11091265 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022serovar Gallinarum biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum cause severe chicken salmonellosis, a disease associated with high mortality and morbidity among chickens worldwide....
serovar Gallinarum biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum cause severe chicken salmonellosis, a disease associated with high mortality and morbidity among chickens worldwide. The conventional serotyping and biochemical reactions have been used to identify serovars. However, the conventional methods are complicated, time-consuming, laborious, and expensive. Furthermore, it is challenging to distinguish Gallinarum and Pullorum biochemical assays and serotyping because of their antigenic similarity. Although various PCR methods were established, a PCR protocol to detect and discriminate Gallinarum and Pullorum simultaneously is lacking. Herein, a one-step multiplex PCR method was established for the accurate identification and discrimination of Pullorum and Gallinarum. Three specific genes were used for the multiplex PCR method, with the and genes being the key targets to identify and differentiate Gallinarum Pullorum, and being included as a reference gene for the genus. analysis showed that the gene is present in all serovars, except for Gallinarum, and could therefore be used for the identification of Gallinarum. A 68-bp sequence deficiency in was found only in Pullorum compared to other serovars, and this could therefore be used for the specific identification of Pullorum. The developed PCR assay was able to distinguish Gallinarum Pullorum among 75 various strains and 43 various non- pathogens with excellent specificity. The detection limit for the genomic DNA of Gallinarum and Pullorum was 21.4 pg./μL, and the detectable limit for bacterial cells was 100 CFU. The developed PCR method was used for the analysis of isolates in a chicken farm. This PCR system successfully discriminated Gallinarum Pullorum from other different serovars. The PCR results were confirmed by the conventional serotyping method. The newly established multiplex PCR is a simple, accurate, and cost-effective method for the timely identification and differentiation of Pullorum and Gallinarum.
PubMed: 36147848
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.983942 -
Archives of Razi Institute Apr 2023Pullorum disease (PD) is one of the most common diseases in the world, with devastating consequences. In the chicken sector, there have been financial losses. It is...
Pullorum disease (PD) is one of the most common diseases in the world, with devastating consequences. In the chicken sector, there have been financial losses. It is brought on by ; definitive detection requires culture followed by biochemistry analysis and serotyping. This study aimed to verify the presence of bacteria by culture, biochemical characterization, PCR assay, and sequencing. One hundred samples were collected from 12 broiler chicken flocks of different ages for 8districts of Baghdad province, including cloacal swabs (65), visceral organs (15), and dropping (20). Salmonella colonies were identified by selective culture broth and agar with biochemical description for 75% of the total samples, with a higher incidence in visceral organs than dropping and cloacal swabs. ،The Sequencing and phylogenetic tree analysis of 16S rRNA gene for representative Salmonella isolates. The presence of Salmonella isolates in global genetic strains; was revealed a matching NCBI isolates similarity of 99.02% with (MF445124.1) and 98% with (MH352164.1), respectively. In the current state of molecular and genetic research, phlyogentic research announced the real presence of in Baghdadprovince's broiler chicken, also showing the phylogentic characteristics and links to some global isolates. The detection of in broiler flocks of the current study extent of health risks to other uninfected birds present in the free range.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Phylogeny; Iraq; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella; Salmonella enterica
PubMed: 37396728
DOI: 10.22092/ARI.2022.359468.2424 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Aug 2000Scientific knowledge of ostrich diseases is incomplete and very fragmented, with specific details on technical aspects of diagnostic and/or screening tests completely... (Review)
Review
Scientific knowledge of ostrich diseases is incomplete and very fragmented, with specific details on technical aspects of diagnostic and/or screening tests completely absent in most cases. Salmonella Typhimurium is common in multispecies collections and causes mortality in chicks younger than three months on commercial farms, but is rarely found in chicks older than six months, or slaughter birds of twelve to fourteen months in southern Africa. Campylobacter jejuni and Chlamydia psittaci are occasionally reported, mainly in young ostriches, but both remain a diagnostic challenge. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever is transmitted to domestic animals including ostriches, principally by ticks of the genus Hyalomma. In the ostrich, the disease causes no clinical symptoms during a viraemia of approximately four days. Spongiform encephalopathy has not been reliably reported in ostriches, while anthrax has occurred rarely in modern times but was reportedly an important cause of death approximately 100 years ago in South Africa. Salmonella Gallinarum and S. Pullorum are unknown in ostriches. Pasteurella multocida occurs but is easily contained with antibiotics. Mycoplasma spp. are regularly found in an upper respiratory disease syndrome complicated by opportunistic bacterial pathogens. Ostriches of all ages are susceptible to challenge by velogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV), but standard inactivated La Sota poultry vaccines can stimulate protective immunity lasting over six months. The viraemic period in vaccinated slaughter ostriches is between nine and eleven days and there are no indications of a carrier state or presence of the virus in the meat or any other tissues after this period, with peak immunoglobulin G response reached on day fourteen post infection. Haemagglutination inhibition tests are significantly less sensitive and less specific than enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Cloacal and choanal swabs used for direct virological screening in clinically affected cases (field and experimental) could not detect NDV. All avian influenza isolates reported from ostriches have been non-pathogenic to poultry, even the H5 and H7 subtypes. Some of the latter have been associated with mortality of ostrich chicks in localised outbreaks during periods of inclement weather and with significant wild bird (waterfowl) contact. Borna disease causes a nervous syndrome in ostrich chicks, but to date, has only been reported in Israel. Eastern and Western equine encephalomyelitides cause fatal disease in ostriches and other ratites, with mortality ranging from less than 20% to over 80% in affected flocks. These diseases are present in North, Central and South America where the associated ornithophilic mosquito vectors occur. Equine and human vaccines are apparently safe and efficacious in ratites. Wesselsbron disease, infectious bursal disease (type 2), adenovirus and coronavirus infections have been reported from ostriches but the significance of these diseases is unclear. Due to the paucity of data regarding ostrich diseases and the unvalidated state of most poultry tests in this unique group of birds, strict observation of a pre-slaughter quarantine of thirty days is strongly advised, whilst live exports and fertile eggs should be screened through the additional use of sentinel chickens and/or young ostriches.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Bacterial Infections; Humans; Poultry Diseases; Struthioniformes; Virus Diseases; Zoonoses
PubMed: 10935285
DOI: 10.20506/rst.19.2.1235 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2023subsp. serovar Gallinarum (G) has two distinct biovars, Pullorum and Gallinarum. They are bacterial pathogens that exhibit host specificity for poultry and aquatic... (Review)
Review
subsp. serovar Gallinarum (G) has two distinct biovars, Pullorum and Gallinarum. They are bacterial pathogens that exhibit host specificity for poultry and aquatic birds, causing severe systemic diseases known as fowl typhoid (FT) and Pullorum disease (PD), respectively. The virulence mechanisms of biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum are multifactorial, involving a variety of genes and pathways that contribute to their pathogenicity. In addition, these serovars have developed resistance to various antimicrobial agents, leading to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. Due to their economic and public health significance, rapid and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective control and prevention of these diseases. Conventional methods, such as bacterial culture and serological tests, have been used for screening and diagnosis. However, molecular-based methods are becoming increasingly important due to their rapidity, high sensitivity, and specificity, opening new horizons for the development of innovative approaches to control FT and PD. The aim of this review is to highlight the current state of knowledge on biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum, emphasizing the importance of continued research into their pathogenesis, drug resistance and diagnosis to better understand and control these pathogens in poultry farms.
PubMed: 38247582
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13010023 -
Poultry Science Mar 2022Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum (S. Pullorum) causes pullorum disease (PD), which is an acute systemic disease, in chickens, and leads to serious economic losses in...
Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum (S. Pullorum) causes pullorum disease (PD), which is an acute systemic disease, in chickens, and leads to serious economic losses in many developing countries because of its high morbidity and mortality rate in young chicks. The live-attenuated vaccine is considered to be an effective measure to control the Salmonella infection. In addition, the DIVA (differentiation of infected and vaccinated animals) feature without the interference of serological monitoring of Salmonella infection is an important consideration in the development of the Salmonella vaccine. In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a S. Pullorum rough mutant S06004ΔspiCΔrfaH as a live attenuated DIVA vaccine candidate in chickens. The S06004ΔspiCΔrfaH exhibited a significant rough lipopolysaccharides (LPS) phenotype which was agglutinated with the acriflavine, not with the O mono antibody. Compared to the wild-type, 50% lethal dose (LD) of the rough mutant increased 100-fold confirmed its attenuation. The mutant strain also showed a decreased bacterial colonization in the spleen and liver. The immunization with the mutant strain had no effect on the body weight and no tissue lesions were observed in the liver and spleen. The high level of the S. Pullorum-specific IgG titers in the serum indicated that significant humoral immune responses were induced in the immunization group. The cellular immune responses were also elicited from the analysis of lymphocyte proliferation and expression of cytokines in the spleen. In addition, the S06004ΔspiCΔrfaH immunized group exhibited a negative response for the serological test, while the wild-type S06004 infection group was strongly positive for the serological test showing a DIVA capability. The survival rates in the vaccinated chickens were 87% after intramuscular challenge with wild-type S. Pullorum, while the survival rates were 20% in the control groups. Overall, these results have demonstrated that the rough mutant S06004ΔspiCΔrfaH strain can be developed as an efficient live attenuated DIVA vaccine candidate to control the systemic S. Pullorum infection without the interference of salmonellosis monitoring program in poultry.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella Vaccines; Salmonella enterica; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 34991038
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101655 -
Microbiology Resource Announcements Sep 2023This work was performed on commercially purchased CVCC519 originally isolated from chicken intestinal content. The Sanguinarine-resistant strain XM3104 was isolated...
This work was performed on commercially purchased CVCC519 originally isolated from chicken intestinal content. The Sanguinarine-resistant strain XM3104 was isolated from Sanguinarine-induced CVCC519. To identify possible mechanisms underlying resistance, the complete genomes of CVCC519 and XM3104 were sequenced using PromethION and next-generation sequencing.
PubMed: 37594281
DOI: 10.1128/MRA.00095-23 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2022serovar Gallinarum, biovar Pullorum, is an avian-specific pathogen which has caused considerable economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. Two-component...
serovar Gallinarum, biovar Pullorum, is an avian-specific pathogen which has caused considerable economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. Two-component systems (TCSs) play an essential role in obtaining nutrients, detecting the presence of neighboring bacteria and regulating the expression of virulence factors. The genome analysis of . Pullorum strain S06004 suggesting the carriage of 22 pairs of TCSs, which belong to five families named CitB, OmpR, NarL, Chemotaxis and LuxR. In the CitB family, three pairs of TCSs, namely CitA-CitB, DcuS-DcuR and DpiB-DpiA, remain unaddressed in . Pullorum. To systematically investigate the function of the CitB family in . Pullorum, four mutants, Δ (abbreviated as Δ), Δ (Δ), Δ (Δ) and ΔΔΔ (Δ3), were made using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The results demonstrated that the CitB family did not affect the growth of bacteria, the results of biochemical tests, invasion and proliferation in chicken macrophage HD-11 cells and the expression of fimbrial protein. But the mutants showed thicker biofilm formation, higher resistance to antimicrobial agents, enhanced tolerance to inhibition by egg albumen and increased virulence in chicken embryos. Moreover, the deletion of Dpi TCS was detrimental to survival after exposure to hyperosmotic and oxidative environments, as well as the long-term colonization of the small intestine of chickens. Collectively, we provided new knowledge regarding the possible role of the CitB family involved in the pathogenic processes of . Pullorum.
Topics: Animals; Chick Embryo; Chickens; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella enterica
PubMed: 36077599
DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710201