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Journal of Dentistry Dec 2020The aim of this randomised non-inferiority clinical trial was to compare the effectiveness of semi-annual (every six months) applications of 25 % silver nitrate (AgNO)... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this randomised non-inferiority clinical trial was to compare the effectiveness of semi-annual (every six months) applications of 25 % silver nitrate (AgNO) solution followed by 5 % sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish to semi-annual applications of 38 % silver diamine fluoride (SDF) solution in arresting early childhood caries (ECC).
METHODS
Three-year-old children with active cavitated carious lesions were recruited and randomly assigned to two intervention groups. Children in Group A received semi-annual applications of 25 % AgNO solution followed by 5 % NaF varnish on carious lesions. Children in Group B received semi-annual applications of 38 % SDF solution followed by a placebo varnish. One trained dentist assessed ECC status at baseline and in all follow-up examinations. An independent operator performed the interventions. The dentist, the children, and their caretakers were blinded to the intervention allocation. Data were analysed using a non-inferiority test. Group A's non-inferiority would be accepted if the lower limit of the 95 % confidence interval (CI) for the difference in the mean number of arrested decayed surfaces (ds) was greater than -0.5.
RESULTS
At baseline, 1,070 children were recruited, and 535 children were assigned to each group. After 30 months, the mean arrested ds in Groups A (n = 447) and B (n = 433) were 3.7 ± 3.6 and 3.6 ± 3.7, respectively (p = 0.694). The difference in the mean arrested ds between the two groups was 0.088 (95 % CI: -0.351 to 0.526).
CONCLUSION
Semi-annual application of 25 % AgNO followed by 5 % NaF is at least as effective as the semi-annual application of 38 % SDF in arresting ECC.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Silver and fluoride products are effective in arresting caries. As a simple, non-invasive, and inexpensive strategy, it can be used in young children, elderly adults, and people with special needs.
Topics: Aged; Cariostatic Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Caries; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Fluorides; Fluorides, Topical; Humans; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Silver Compounds; Sodium Fluoride
PubMed: 33166594
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103522 -
IUCrData Mar 2023The crystal structure of the title silver(I) complex, [Ag(NO)(CHNS)], has monoclinic (2/) symmetry, with the silver(I) atom and the nitrate group sitting on a twofold...
The crystal structure of the title silver(I) complex, [Ag(NO)(CHNS)], has monoclinic (2/) symmetry, with the silver(I) atom and the nitrate group sitting on a twofold rotation axis. The complex also exhibits a thienyl-ring flip disorder, which is common for unsubstituted thio-phene rings.
PubMed: 37180349
DOI: 10.1107/S2414314623002651 -
Paediatrics & Child Health Mar 2015The use of silver nitrate as prophylaxis for neonatal ophthalmia was instituted in the late 1800s to prevent the devastating effects of neonatal ocular infection with...
The use of silver nitrate as prophylaxis for neonatal ophthalmia was instituted in the late 1800s to prevent the devastating effects of neonatal ocular infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. At that time - during the preantibiotic era - many countries made such prophylaxis mandatory by law. Today, neonatal gonococcal ophthalmia is rare in Canada, but ocular prophylaxis for this condition remains mandatory in some provinces/ territories. Silver nitrate drops are no longer available and erythromycin, the only ophthalmic antibiotic eye ointment currently available for use in newborns, is of questionable efficacy. Ocular prophylaxis is not effective in preventing chlamydial conjunctivitis. Applying medication to the eyes of newborns may result in mild eye irritation and has been perceived by some parents as interfering with mother-infant bonding. Physicians caring for newborns should advocate for rescinding mandatory ocular prophylaxis laws. More effective means of preventing ophthalmia neonatorum include screening all pregnant women for gonorrhea and chlamydia infection, and treatment and follow-up of those found to be infected. Mothers who were not screened should be tested at delivery. Infants of mothers with untreated gonococcal infection at delivery should receive ceftriaxone. Infants exposed to chlamydia at delivery should be followed closely for signs of infection.
PubMed: 25838784
DOI: No ID Found -
The Canadian Journal of Infectious... 2015The use of silver nitrate as prophylaxis for neonatal ophthalmia was instituted in the late 1800s to prevent the devastating effects of neonatal ocular infection with...
The use of silver nitrate as prophylaxis for neonatal ophthalmia was instituted in the late 1800s to prevent the devastating effects of neonatal ocular infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. At that time - during the preantibiotic era - many countries made such prophylaxis mandatory by law. Today, neonatal gonococcal ophthalmia is rare in Canada, but ocular prophylaxis for this condition remains mandatory in some provinces/ territories. Silver nitrate drops are no longer available and erythromycin, the only ophthalmic antibiotic eye ointment currently available for use in newborns, is of questionable efficacy. Ocular prophylaxis is not effective in preventing chlamydial conjunctivitis. Applying medication to the eyes of newborns may result in mild eye irritation and has been perceived by some parents as interfering with mother-infant bonding. Physicians caring for newborns should advocate for rescinding mandatory ocular prophylaxis laws. More effective means of preventing ophthalmia neonatorum include screening all pregnant women for gonorrhea and chlamydia infection, and treatment and follow-up of those found to be infected. Mothers who were not screened should be tested at delivery. Infants of mothers with untreated gonococcal infection at delivery should receive ceftriaxone. Infants exposed to chlamydia at delivery should be followed closely for signs of infection.
PubMed: 26236350
DOI: 10.1155/2015/720726 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jan 2018Silver nitrate has been adopted for medical use as a disinfectant for eye disease and burned wounds. In dentistry, it is an active ingredient of Howe's solution used to... (Review)
Review
Silver nitrate has been adopted for medical use as a disinfectant for eye disease and burned wounds. In dentistry, it is an active ingredient of Howe's solution used to prevent and arrest dental caries. While medical use of silver nitrate as a disinfectant became subsidiary with the discovery of antibiotics, its use in caries treatment also diminished with the use of fluoride in caries prevention. Since then, fluoride agents, particularly sodium fluoride, have gained popularity in caries prevention. However, caries is an infection caused by cariogenic bacteria, which demineralise enamel and dentine. Caries can progress and cause pulpal infection, but its progression can be halted through remineralisation. Sodium fluoride promotes remineralisation and silver nitrate has a profound antimicrobial effect. Hence, silver nitrate solution has been reintroduced for use with sodium fluoride varnish to arrest caries as a medical model strategy of caries management. Although the treatment permanently stains caries lesions black, this treatment protocol is simple, painless, non-invasive, and low-cost. It is well accepted by many clinicians and patients and therefore appears to be a promising strategy for caries control, particularly for young children, the elderly, and patients with severe caries risk or special needs.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cariostatic Agents; Child; Clinical Protocols; Dental Caries; Dental Enamel; Humans; Silver Nitrate; Sodium Fluoride
PubMed: 29316616
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010080 -
Australian Journal of General Practice Oct 2022Non-genital warts are benign cutaneous growths caused by infection with the human papillomavirus. Although warts can resolve spontaneously, patients might seek treatment... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Non-genital warts are benign cutaneous growths caused by infection with the human papillomavirus. Although warts can resolve spontaneously, patients might seek treatment due to discomfort or social ostracism. This review summarises high-quality studies investigating the efficacy of chemical and physical destructive wart therapies.
METHOD
We performed a literature review (up to June 2021) of published articles for wart management from MEDLINE and Embase databases. We considered systematic reviews, randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies and case series. We included studies that investigated chemical or physical destructive therapies.
RESULTS
Fifteen therapies were evaluated and included salicylic acid, cryotherapy, silver nitrate, phenol, cantharidin, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, citric acid, formic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monochloroacetic acid, zinc, laser, surgery and electrocautery. Very few treatment options have been studied through RCTs.
DISCUSSION
To attenuate transmission, hygienic practices need to be adopted in conjunction with any treatment. Important considerations when treating patients with warts include the location of the wart, the evidence supporting the proposed treatment and potential adverse effects of treatment.
Topics: Cantharidin; Citric Acid; Humans; Pyruvic Acid; Salicylic Acid; Silver Nitrate; Trichloroacetic Acid; Warts; Zinc
PubMed: 36184865
DOI: 10.31128/AJGP-01-22-6305 -
International Dental Journal Apr 2024Silver metal and compounds have antibacterial properties, although their action's mechanisms are not fully understood. Scientists generally consider that silver disrupts... (Review)
Review
Silver metal and compounds have antibacterial properties, although their action's mechanisms are not fully understood. Scientists generally consider that silver disrupts the bacterial cell wall. It causes a structural change in the bacterial cell membrane and cytoplasm. It also stops deoxyribonucleic acid replication, resulting in inactivating enzymatic activity and cell death. The antimicrobial effect of silver-containing compounds relies on the release of bioactive silver ions. Hence, silver metal and compounds have been used in medicine to prevent infection for hundreds of years. Silver metal and compounds are also used as antibacterial agents in dentistry. Studies have shown that silver compounds are effective in the management of dental caries. Fluoride-containing silver compounds have been found in experiments to be beneficial at remineralising dental cavities. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) can assist in preventing and arresting tooth cavities. The World Health Organization included SDF in its Model List of Essential Medicine for both adults and children in 2021. Clinicians also use SDF to manage dentine hypersensitivity as well as to inhibit growth of periodontal pathogens. However, traditional silver compounds cause tooth discolouration because of the silver-staining effect. These side effects of their applications depend on the amount applied and the frequency of application. Researchers are developing nanosilver fluoride and silver nanoparticles to overcome the staining. This review gives an overview of the antibacterial mechanism of silver compounds, namely silver nitrate, silver fluoride, SDF, silver nanoparticles, and nano silver fluoride for caries management. The outlook for the future development of silver compounds will be discussed.
Topics: Child; Humans; Cariostatic Agents; Fluorides; Dental Caries; Metal Nanoparticles; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Silver; Fluorides, Topical; Silver Compounds; Silver Nitrate; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 38008704
DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2023.10.013 -
The Journal of Clinical Pediatric... Oct 2021Minimally invasive techniques that use silver compounds and glass ionomer cement are suggested for caries management due to their effectiveness, simplicity, and low... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Minimally invasive techniques that use silver compounds and glass ionomer cement are suggested for caries management due to their effectiveness, simplicity, and low cost. The aim of this review is to examine the evidence supporting the use of silver compounds and glass ionomer cement in dentistry.
STUDY DESIGN
Literature was searched using PubMed, Elsevier, EBSCO, Google scholar, AAPD and UABC's database from 1958 to 2018 with the keywords: "Silver nitrate", "silver diamine fluoride", and "glass ionomer cement". The selected studies were then fully read to prove their relevance for this review.
RESULTS
The use of glass ionomer cement and silver compounds were shown to be effective in arresting caries. These compounds reduce cariogenic microorganisms. Their chemical properties inhibit bacterial growth while promoting remineralization. They are simpler and less time consuming than conventional restorations. They also cause less discomfort and anxiety to patients. Silver compounds were shown to stain teeth and may burn the cornea if used in high concentration. These disadvantages limit the use of silver compounds to posterior teeth and require caution when handling.
CONCLUSIONS
Minimally invasive therapies are easy to apply, non-invasive and affordable. Further studies should be done to provide more evidence of these techniques for caries management.
Topics: Dental Caries; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Dentistry; Fluorides, Topical; Glass Ionomer Cements; Humans
PubMed: 34534308
DOI: 10.17796/1053-4625-45.4.2 -
Dentistry Journal Apr 2023Dentists used silver-containing solutions for deep cavity disinfection before restoration. This review aims to identify the silver-containing solutions reported in the... (Review)
Review
Dentists used silver-containing solutions for deep cavity disinfection before restoration. This review aims to identify the silver-containing solutions reported in the literature for deep cavity disinfection and summarize their effects on dental pulp. An extensive search was performed using the search words "(silver) AND (dental pulp OR pulp)" in ProQuest, PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science to identify English publications on silver-containing solutions for cavity conditioning. The pulpal response to the included silver-containing solutions was summarized. The initial search identified 4112 publications and 14 publications met the inclusion criteria. Silver fluoride, silver nitrate, silver diamine nitrate, silver diamine fluoride, and nano-silver fluoride were used in deep cavities for antimicrobial purposes. Indirect silver fluoride application induced pulp inflammation and reparative dentine in most cases, and pulp necrosis in some cases. Direct silver nitrate application caused blood clots and a wide inflammatory band in the pulp, whilst indirect silver nitrate application caused hypoplasia in shallow cavities and partial pulp necrosis in deep cavities. Direct silver diamine fluoride application induced pulp necrosis, while indirect silver diamine fluoride application induced a mild inflammatory response and reparative dentine formation. No evidence of the dental pulpal response to silver diamine nitrate or nano-silver fluoride was available in the literature.
PubMed: 37232765
DOI: 10.3390/dj11050114 -
Frontiers in Physiology 2022It is known that silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and AgNO have harmful effects on the surrounding organisms, which may cause damage to these organisms. Therefore, the aim...
It is known that silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and AgNO have harmful effects on the surrounding organisms, which may cause damage to these organisms. Therefore, the aim of this study is to detect damage caused by Ag NPs and silver nitrate to land slugs (). In this study, the slugs were exposed to various concentrations of Ag NPs and AgNO for 15 days. The biochemical, antioxidant, lipid peroxidation (LPO), DNA fragmentation, and histopathological endpoints were assessed after 15 days of exposure to different concentrations of Ag NPs (0.04, 0.08, 0.4, and 0.8 g/L) and silver nitrate (0.04, 0.08, 0.4, and 0.8 g/L). The results show a significant decrease in total protein, total carbohydrate, superoxide dismutase, and GST and a significant increase in total lipid, LPO, and DNA fragmentation after exposure to Ag NPs and AgNO for 15 days compared with the control group. Histopathiological alterations were observed in the digestive glands which were indicated by histochemical staining. We concluded that exposure to AgNO and Ag NPs caused oxidative stress, genetic damage and alterations in the profile of muscle proteins and histological structure in .
PubMed: 35979412
DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.945776