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BMJ Clinical Evidence Oct 2013Up to 9% of children may have recurrent nosebleeds, usually originating from the anterior septum, but the majority grow out of the problem. (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Up to 9% of children may have recurrent nosebleeds, usually originating from the anterior septum, but the majority grow out of the problem.
METHODS AND OUTCOMES
We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of treatments for recurrent idiopathic epistaxis in children? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to June 2013 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
RESULTS
We found 5 systematic reviews or RCTs that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
CONCLUSIONS
In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: antiseptic cream (containing chlorhexidine hydrochloride, neomycin sulfate, or both), petroleum jelly, and silver nitrate cautery.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cautery; Child; Chlorhexidine; Epistaxis; Humans; Neomycin; Petrolatum; Remission Induction; Silver Nitrate
PubMed: 24172703
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Environmental... Jan 2018Silver nitrate has been adopted for medical use as a disinfectant for eye disease and burned wounds. In dentistry, it is an active ingredient of Howe's solution used to... (Review)
Review
Silver nitrate has been adopted for medical use as a disinfectant for eye disease and burned wounds. In dentistry, it is an active ingredient of Howe's solution used to prevent and arrest dental caries. While medical use of silver nitrate as a disinfectant became subsidiary with the discovery of antibiotics, its use in caries treatment also diminished with the use of fluoride in caries prevention. Since then, fluoride agents, particularly sodium fluoride, have gained popularity in caries prevention. However, caries is an infection caused by cariogenic bacteria, which demineralise enamel and dentine. Caries can progress and cause pulpal infection, but its progression can be halted through remineralisation. Sodium fluoride promotes remineralisation and silver nitrate has a profound antimicrobial effect. Hence, silver nitrate solution has been reintroduced for use with sodium fluoride varnish to arrest caries as a medical model strategy of caries management. Although the treatment permanently stains caries lesions black, this treatment protocol is simple, painless, non-invasive, and low-cost. It is well accepted by many clinicians and patients and therefore appears to be a promising strategy for caries control, particularly for young children, the elderly, and patients with severe caries risk or special needs.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cariostatic Agents; Child; Clinical Protocols; Dental Caries; Dental Enamel; Humans; Silver Nitrate; Sodium Fluoride
PubMed: 29316616
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010080 -
Canadian Medical Association Journal Aug 1984In many countries the statutory use of silver nitrate prophylaxis as soon as possible after birth has recently been reviewed from both a human rights and a medical... (Review)
Review
In many countries the statutory use of silver nitrate prophylaxis as soon as possible after birth has recently been reviewed from both a human rights and a medical standpoint. It has been argued that silver nitrate does not prevent all cases of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum (GON) and that it causes chemical conjunctivitis, pain and visual impairment, which may interfere with parent-infant bonding. Furthermore, the low incidence of GON, better methods of prenatal diagnosis, and the availability of suitable alternative prophylactic medication and of effective methods of treatment of GON have prompted recommendations that alternative prophylaxis be legally allowed or that mandatory prophylaxis be eliminated altogether. This paper reviews the situation and provides updated recommendations.
Topics: Conjunctivitis; Erythromycin; Gonorrhea; History, 20th Century; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Legislation, Medical; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Silver Nitrate; Sweden; Tetracycline; Therapeutic Equivalency; Wisconsin
PubMed: 6378348
DOI: No ID Found -
BMJ Clinical Evidence Jan 2011Up to 9% of children may have recurrent nosebleeds, usually originating from the anterior septum, but many grow out of the problem. (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Up to 9% of children may have recurrent nosebleeds, usually originating from the anterior septum, but many grow out of the problem.
METHODS AND OUTCOMES
We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of treatments for recurrent idiopathic epistaxis in children? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to May 2010 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
RESULTS
We found 5 RCTs that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
CONCLUSIONS
In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: antiseptic cream, petroleum jelly, and silver nitrate cautery.
Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Caffeine; Cautery; Child; Epistaxis; Humans; Petrolatum; Remission Induction; Silver Nitrate
PubMed: 21477398
DOI: No ID Found -
Australian Journal of General Practice Oct 2022Non-genital warts are benign cutaneous growths caused by infection with the human papillomavirus. Although warts can resolve spontaneously, patients might seek treatment... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Non-genital warts are benign cutaneous growths caused by infection with the human papillomavirus. Although warts can resolve spontaneously, patients might seek treatment due to discomfort or social ostracism. This review summarises high-quality studies investigating the efficacy of chemical and physical destructive wart therapies.
METHOD
We performed a literature review (up to June 2021) of published articles for wart management from MEDLINE and Embase databases. We considered systematic reviews, randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies and case series. We included studies that investigated chemical or physical destructive therapies.
RESULTS
Fifteen therapies were evaluated and included salicylic acid, cryotherapy, silver nitrate, phenol, cantharidin, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, citric acid, formic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monochloroacetic acid, zinc, laser, surgery and electrocautery. Very few treatment options have been studied through RCTs.
DISCUSSION
To attenuate transmission, hygienic practices need to be adopted in conjunction with any treatment. Important considerations when treating patients with warts include the location of the wart, the evidence supporting the proposed treatment and potential adverse effects of treatment.
Topics: Cantharidin; Citric Acid; Humans; Pyruvic Acid; Salicylic Acid; Silver Nitrate; Trichloroacetic Acid; Warts; Zinc
PubMed: 36184865
DOI: 10.31128/AJGP-01-22-6305 -
International Dental Journal Apr 2024Silver metal and compounds have antibacterial properties, although their action's mechanisms are not fully understood. Scientists generally consider that silver disrupts... (Review)
Review
Silver metal and compounds have antibacterial properties, although their action's mechanisms are not fully understood. Scientists generally consider that silver disrupts the bacterial cell wall. It causes a structural change in the bacterial cell membrane and cytoplasm. It also stops deoxyribonucleic acid replication, resulting in inactivating enzymatic activity and cell death. The antimicrobial effect of silver-containing compounds relies on the release of bioactive silver ions. Hence, silver metal and compounds have been used in medicine to prevent infection for hundreds of years. Silver metal and compounds are also used as antibacterial agents in dentistry. Studies have shown that silver compounds are effective in the management of dental caries. Fluoride-containing silver compounds have been found in experiments to be beneficial at remineralising dental cavities. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) can assist in preventing and arresting tooth cavities. The World Health Organization included SDF in its Model List of Essential Medicine for both adults and children in 2021. Clinicians also use SDF to manage dentine hypersensitivity as well as to inhibit growth of periodontal pathogens. However, traditional silver compounds cause tooth discolouration because of the silver-staining effect. These side effects of their applications depend on the amount applied and the frequency of application. Researchers are developing nanosilver fluoride and silver nanoparticles to overcome the staining. This review gives an overview of the antibacterial mechanism of silver compounds, namely silver nitrate, silver fluoride, SDF, silver nanoparticles, and nano silver fluoride for caries management. The outlook for the future development of silver compounds will be discussed.
Topics: Child; Humans; Cariostatic Agents; Fluorides; Dental Caries; Metal Nanoparticles; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Silver; Fluorides, Topical; Silver Compounds; Silver Nitrate; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 38008704
DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2023.10.013 -
The Western Journal of Medicine Jan 1981Cases of acquired methemoglobinemia have been identified with increasing frequency in Los Angeles during the last several years. Among 18 patients, both infants and...
Cases of acquired methemoglobinemia have been identified with increasing frequency in Los Angeles during the last several years. Among 18 patients, both infants and adults, the most commonly incriminated agent was silver nitrate used for topical antibacterial prophylaxis of burn wounds. One burned child died from overwhelming septicemia complicated by hypoxia with a methemoglobin level of 5.4 grams per dl. Other causative factors included nitrate-rich vegetables used in early infancy, additives in ethnic foods, and prescribed and overdosed drugs. Discontinuation of the precipitating agent and methylene blue therapy were usually followed by prompt improvement. In burned patients treated with silver nitrate, careful regular monitoring of serum methemoglobin levels and early initiation of specific therapy are mandatory.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Methemoglobinemia; Middle Aged; Nitrates; Nitrites; Silver Nitrate
PubMed: 7210666
DOI: No ID Found -
Cureus Mar 2022Objective Management of patients with post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage (PTH) is not well defined but may include observation, topical bedside treatments, or return to the...
Objective Management of patients with post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage (PTH) is not well defined but may include observation, topical bedside treatments, or return to the operating room. Data on the use and efficacy of silver nitrate as a topical bedside agent for the management of PTH remain unexplored. Our primary objective was to assess the efficacy of silver nitrate in reducing the need for operative control of PTH. Methods Single-institution retrospective chart review included patients aged 5-18 years who presented with tonsillar bleeding within 30 days of tonsillectomy. Patients undergoing observation or bedside silver nitrate cautery were compared based on clinical characteristics and experience of the physician performing the procedure. The outcome of interest was rebleeding requiring operative control. Sample characteristics according to treatment modality were described using Fisher's exact tests and ANOVA. Results Of the patients eligible for inclusion, 29 (20%) were observed and 70 (48.3%) were treated with topical silver nitrate. Age was the only statistically significant clinical difference among treatment groups. The silver nitrate group had more patients who underwent operative control of PTH compared to the observation group (p = 0.004). When comparing the need for operative control between the observation group and patients who had initial success with silver nitrate, there was no difference (p = 0.29). No differences were found in the rate of bleeding requiring operative control when comparing experience of the physician performing the procedure (p = 0.20). Conclusion More patients who underwent silver nitrate cautery required PTH control in the operating room compared to the observation group. This may be due to patient selection as our results also suggest that there is no statistical difference in rates of operative control of PTH when comparing initial successful treatment with topical silver nitrate to observation. Age is likely a factor that was used by physicians in this study to decide the initial management of PTH. Provider experience does not appear to affect rebleeding rates. Future studies are necessary to evaluate the clinical impact of silver nitrate in the context of PTH and will benefit from more robust sample sizes and enhanced diversity in the sample group.
PubMed: 35399399
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.22857 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2022Microbial infection and insufficient tissue formation are considered to be the two main causes of dental implant failure. Novel studies have focused on designing...
Microbial infection and insufficient tissue formation are considered to be the two main causes of dental implant failure. Novel studies have focused on designing dual-functional strategies to promote antibacterial properties and improve tissue cell response simultaneously. In this study, we investigated the antibacterial properties and cytocompatibility of silver nitrate (AgNO) and strontium acetate (SrAc) in a mono-culture setup for dental application. Additionally, we defined the therapeutic window between the minimum inhibitory concentration against pathogenic bacteria and maximum cytocompatible dose in the case of combined applications in a co-culture setup. Antibacterial properties were screened using and cell response experiments were performed with osteoblastic cells (MC3T3) and fibroblastic cells (NIH3T3). The osteoinductive behavior was investigated separately on MC3T3 cells using alizarin red staining. A therapeutic window for AgNO as well as SrAc applications could be defined in the case of MC3T3 cells while the cytocompatibility of NIH3T3 cells was compromised for all concentrations with an antibacterial effect. However, the combined application of AgNO/SrAc caused an enhanced antibacterial effect and opened a therapeutic window for both cell lines. Enhanced mineralization rates could be observed in cultures containing SrAc. In conclusion, we were able to demonstrate that adding SrAc to AgNO not only intensifies antibacterial properties but also exhibits bone inductive characteristics, thereby offering a promising strategy to combat peri-implantitis and at the same time improve osseointegration in implant therapy.
Topics: Acetates; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Mice; NIH 3T3 Cells; Silver Nitrate; Strontium; Titanium
PubMed: 35897634
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158058 -
Journal of Nanoscience and... Nov 2021In order to understand toxicity of nano silver, human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells were treated either with silver nitrate (AgNO₃) or with nano silver capped...
In order to understand toxicity of nano silver, human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells were treated either with silver nitrate (AgNO₃) or with nano silver capped with glutathione (Ag-S) at various concentration. Differentially expressed genelists for mRNA and microRNA were obtained through Illumina RNA sequencing and DEseq data analyses. Both treatments showed non-linear dose response relationships for mRNA and microRNA. Gene expression analysis showed signaling pathways common to both nano Ag-S and AgNO₃, such as cell cycle regulation, DNA damage response and cancer related pathways. But, nano Ag-S caused signaling pathway changes that were not altered by AgNO₃ such as NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response inflammation, cell membrane signaling, and cell proliferation. Nano Ag-S also affected p53 signaling, survival, apoptosis, tissue repair, lipid synthesis, angiogenesis, liver fibrosis and tumor development. Several of the pathways affected by nano Ag-S are hypothesized as major contributors to nanotoxicity. MicroRNA target filter analysis revealed additional affected pathways that were not reflected in the mRNA expression response alone, including DNA damage signaling, genomic stability, ROS, cell cycle, ubiquitination, DNA methylation, cell proliferation and fibrosis for AgNO₃; and cell cycle regulation, P53 signaling, cell proliferation, survival, apoptosis, tissue repair and so on for nano Ag-S. These pathways may be mediated by microRNA repression of protein translation.Our study clearly showed that the addition of microRNA profiling increased the numbers of signaling pathways discovered that affected by the treatments on HepG2 cells and gave US a better picture of the effects of these reagents in the cells.
Topics: Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Metal Nanoparticles; MicroRNAs; RNA, Messenger; Silver; Silver Nitrate
PubMed: 33980351
DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2021.19481