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Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jun 2021Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an opportunistic pathogen of significant concern to susceptible patient populations. This pathogen can cause nosocomial and...
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an opportunistic pathogen of significant concern to susceptible patient populations. This pathogen can cause nosocomial and community-acquired respiratory and bloodstream infections and various other infections in humans. Sources include water, plant rhizospheres, animals, and foods. Studies of the genetic heterogeneity of S. maltophilia strains have identified several new genogroups and suggested adaptation of this pathogen to its habitats. The mechanisms used by S. maltophilia during pathogenesis continue to be uncovered and explored. S. maltophilia virulence factors include use of motility, biofilm formation, iron acquisition mechanisms, outer membrane components, protein secretion systems, extracellular enzymes, and antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. S. maltophilia is intrinsically drug resistant to an array of different antibiotics and uses a broad arsenal to protect itself against antimicrobials. Surveillance studies have recorded increases in drug resistance for S. maltophilia, prompting new strategies to be developed against this opportunist. The interactions of this environmental bacterium with other microorganisms are being elucidated. S. maltophilia and its products have applications in biotechnology, including agriculture, biocontrol, and bioremediation.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Biofilms; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 34043457
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00030-19 -
Microbiology Spectrum Feb 2022Mastitis, a highly prevalent disease in dairy cows, is commonly caused by local infection of the mammary gland. Our previous studies have suggested that the gut...
Mastitis, a highly prevalent disease in dairy cows, is commonly caused by local infection of the mammary gland. Our previous studies have suggested that the gut microbiota plays an important role in the development of mastitis in mice. However, the effects of rumen microbiota on bovine mastitis and the related mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we assessed the effects and mechanisms of rumen microbiota on bovine mastitis based on the subacute rumen acidosis (SARA) model induced by feeding Holstein Frisian cows a high-concentrate diet for 8 weeks. Then, the inflammatory responses in the mammary gland and the bacterial communities of rumen fluid, feces, and milk were analyzed. The results showed that SARA induced mastitis symptoms in the mammary gland; activated a systemic inflammatory response; and increased the permeability of the blood-milk barrier, gut barrier, and rumen barrier. Further research showed that lipopolysaccharides (LPS), derived from the gut of SARA cows, translocated into the blood and accumulated in the mammary glands. Furthermore, the abundance of was increased in the rumen of SARA cows, and mastitis was induced by oral administration of in lactating mice. In conclusion, our findings suggested that mastitis is induced by exogenous pathogenic microorganisms as well as by endogenous pathogenic factors. Specifically, the elevated abundance of in the rumen and LPS translocation from the rumen to the mammary gland were important endogenous factors that induced mastitis. Our study provides a foundation for novel therapeutic strategies that target the rumen microbiota in cow mastitis. Mastitis is a common and frequently occurring disease of humans and animals, especially in dairy farming, which has caused huge economic losses and brought harmful substance residues, drug-resistant bacteria, and other public health risks. The traditional viewpoint indicates that mastitis is mainly caused by exogenous pathogenic bacteria infecting the mammary gland. Our study found that the occurrence of mastitis was induced by the endogenous pathway. Evidence has shown that rumen-derived LPS enters the mammary gland through blood circulation, damaging the blood-milk barrier and then inducing inflammation of the mammary gland in cows. In addition, a higher abundance of in the rumen was closely associated with the development of mastitis. This study provides a basis for novel therapeutic strategies that exploit the rumen microbiota against mastitis in cows.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Translocation; Cattle; Feces; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Lactation; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis, Bovine; Milk; Rumen; Stenotrophomonas
PubMed: 35196821
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02512-21 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Jul 2019The aim of these guidelines is to provide recommendations for decolonizing regimens targeting multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MDR-GNB) carriers in all...
SCOPE
The aim of these guidelines is to provide recommendations for decolonizing regimens targeting multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MDR-GNB) carriers in all settings.
METHODS
These evidence-based guidelines were produced after a systematic review of published studies on decolonization interventions targeting the following MDR-GNB: third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (3GCephRE), carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), aminoglycoside-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (AGRE), fluoroquinolone-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (FQRE), extremely drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (XDRPA), carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB), cotrimoxazole-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (CRSM), colistin-resistant Gram-negative organisms (CoRGNB), and pan-drug-resistant Gram-negative organisms (PDRGNB). The recommendations are grouped by MDR-GNB species. Faecal microbiota transplantation has been discussed separately. Four types of outcomes were evaluated for each target MDR-GNB:(a) microbiological outcomes (carriage and eradication rates) at treatment end and at specific post-treatment time-points; (b) clinical outcomes (attributable and all-cause mortality and infection incidence) at the same time-points and length of hospital stay; (c) epidemiological outcomes (acquisition incidence, transmission and outbreaks); and (d) adverse events of decolonization (including resistance development). The level of evidence for and strength of each recommendation were defined according to the GRADE approach. Consensus of a multidisciplinary expert panel was reached through a nominal-group technique for the final list of recommendations.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The panel does not recommend routine decolonization of 3GCephRE and CRE carriers. Evidence is currently insufficient to provide recommendations for or against any intervention in patients colonized with AGRE, CoRGNB, CRAB, CRSM, FQRE, PDRGNB and XDRPA. On the basis of the limited evidence of increased risk of CRE infections in immunocompromised carriers, the panel suggests designing high-quality prospective clinical studies to assess the risk of CRE infections in immunocompromised patients. These trials should include monitoring of development of resistance to decolonizing agents during treatment using stool cultures and antimicrobial susceptibility results according to the EUCAST clinical breakpoints.
Topics: Acinetobacter baumannii; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Europe; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
PubMed: 30708122
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.01.005 -
Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 2017Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, once regarded as an organism of low virulence, has evolved as a significant opportunistic pathogen causing severe human infections in both... (Review)
Review
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, once regarded as an organism of low virulence, has evolved as a significant opportunistic pathogen causing severe human infections in both hospital and community settings, especially amongst highly debilitated patients. Globally, S. maltophilia ranks third amongst the four most common pathogenic non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NFGNBs), others being Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc). The worth of accurate identification of S. maltophilia comes to the forefront as it needs to be differentiated from other NFGNBs such as Acinetobacter, P. aeruginosa and Bcc due to its inherently contrasting antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Consequently, its correct identification is essential as no single drug is amply effective against all NFGNBs, which hinders initiation of appropriate empirical treatment resulting in increased morbidity and mortality.
Topics: Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Global Health; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Opportunistic Infections; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
PubMed: 29405136
DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.IJMM_16_430 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2018is a multi-drug-resistant global opportunistic nosocomial pathogen, which possesses a huge number of virulence factors and antibiotics resistance characteristics. Iron... (Review)
Review
is a multi-drug-resistant global opportunistic nosocomial pathogen, which possesses a huge number of virulence factors and antibiotics resistance characteristics. Iron has a crucial contribution toward growth and development, cell growth and proliferation, and pathogenicity. The bacterium found to acquire iron for its cellular process through the expression of two iron acquisition systems. Two distinct pathways for iron acquisition are encoded by the genome-a siderophore-and heme-mediated iron uptake system. The operon directs the production of the enterobactin siderophore of catecholate in nature, while heme uptake relies on and potentially operon. Fur and sigma factors are regulators of under iron-limited condition. Iron potentially act as a signal which plays an important role in biofilm formation, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), extracellular enzymes production, oxidative stress response, diffusible signal factor (DSF) and siderophore production in . This review summarizes the current knowledge of iron acquisition in and the critical role of iron in relation to its pathogenicity.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Biofilms; Biological Transport; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Heme; Humans; Iron; Oxidative Stress; Siderophores; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 30483485
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00401 -
Viruses Jun 2021The isolation and characterization of bacteriophages for the treatment of infections caused by the multidrug resistant pathogen is imperative as nosocomial and... (Review)
Review
The isolation and characterization of bacteriophages for the treatment of infections caused by the multidrug resistant pathogen is imperative as nosocomial and community-acquired infections are rapidly increasing in prevalence. This increase is largely due to the numerous virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes encoded by this bacterium. Research on phages to date has focused on the isolation and in vitro characterization of novel phages, often including genomic characterization, from the environment or by induction from bacterial strains. This review summarizes the clinical significance, virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of , as well as all phages isolated and characterized to date and strategies for their use. We further address the limited in vivo phage therapy studies conducted against this bacterium and discuss the future research needed to spearhead phages as an alternative treatment option against multidrug resistant .
Topics: Bacteriophages; Genome, Viral; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Phage Therapy; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 34204897
DOI: 10.3390/v13061057 -
Anatolian Journal of Cardiology Dec 2017
Topics: Aged; Diagnosis, Differential; Echocardiography; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Pericarditis; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
PubMed: 29256885
DOI: 10.14744/AnatolJCardiol.2017.8024 -
Microbiology Spectrum Jan 2018Bacteria of the genus are found throughout the environment, in close association with soil, sewage, and plants. , the first member of this genus, is the predominant...
Bacteria of the genus are found throughout the environment, in close association with soil, sewage, and plants. , the first member of this genus, is the predominant species, observed in soil, water, plants, animals, and humans. It is also an opportunistic pathogen associated with the increased number of infections in both humans and animals in recent years. In this article, we summarize all species (mainly ) isolated from animals and food products of animal origin and further distinguish all isolates based on antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance phenotypes. The various mechanisms of both intrinsic and acquired antimicrobial resistance, which were mainly identified in isolates of nosocomial infections, have been classified as follows: multidrug efflux pumps; resistance to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, quinolones, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and phenicols; and alteration of lipopolysaccharide and two-component regulatory systems. The dissemination, coselection, and persistence of resistance determinants among isolates have also been elaborated.
Topics: Acetyltransferases; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Cross Infection; DNA Topoisomerases; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Food Microbiology; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Membrane Transport Proteins; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia; beta-Lactam Resistance; beta-Lactamases
PubMed: 29350131
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0005-2017 -
Microbiology Spectrum Aug 2023Tuberculosis (TB) is an important infectious disease suffered by many countries, including China. In this stage, accurate diagnosis and treatment are key measures for...
Tuberculosis (TB) is an important infectious disease suffered by many countries, including China. In this stage, accurate diagnosis and treatment are key measures for the prevention and control of TB. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a global emerging Gram-negative, multidrug-resistant (MDR) organism characterized by its high contribution to the increase in crude mortality rates. By single cell preparation and strain identification, we isolated S. maltophilia from stored cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). We found that S. maltophilia could not be removed from sputum by alkali treatment or inhibited by antibiotic mixture added to MGIT 960 indicator tubes. When co-cultured with Mtb on a Löwenstein-Jensen (L-J) slant, it could inhibit the growth of Mtb and liquefy the medium. More seriously, it was resistant to 10 of the 12 anti-TB drugs, including isoniazid and rifampin, and made the mixed samples display multidrug-resistant Mtb (MDR-TB) results in the drug sensitivity test, which might change a treatment regimen and increase disease burden. Following, we conducted a small-scale surveillance which showed that the isolation rate of S. maltophilia in TB patients was 6.74%, but these patients had no special characteristics and the presence of S. maltophilia was hidden. The effect of on TB and its mechanism are unclear and require more attention. China is a high-burden country for tuberculosis (TB), multidrug-resistant/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB), and HIV-associated TB. Increasing the positive rate of culture and the accuracy of antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) are important for diagnosis, treatment, and control of TB. In our study, we found that the isolation rate of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in TB patients was not neglectable and that this bacterium affects the isolation and AST results of TB. Due to a lack of relevant research, the impact of S. maltophilia on the course and outcome of TB is unclear. However, the characteristics of S. maltophilia that increase disease mortality require attention. Therefore, in the clinical testing of TB, in addition to mycobacteria, it is recommended to increase the detection of co-infected bacteria and improve the awareness of TB clinicians of these bacteria.
Topics: Humans; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia; Antitubercular Agents; Tuberculosis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Rifampin; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 37306591
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00944-23 -
Critical Care (London, England) Mar 2019This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2019. Other selected articles can be found online at... (Review)
Review
This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2019. Other selected articles can be found online at https://www.biomedcentral.com/collections/annualupdate2019 . Further information about the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine is available from http://www.springer.com/series/8901 .
Topics: Acinetobacter baumannii; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Community-Acquired Infections; Drug Resistance, Multiple; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Humans; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Pneumonia; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
PubMed: 30850010
DOI: 10.1186/s13054-019-2371-3